O objetivo desse estudo foi testar as hipóteses de simetria e assimetria entre reforçamento e punição utilizando análise oriunda da Economia Comportamental. Foram utilizados cinco ratos Sprague Dawley, treinados em uma cadeia comportamental mantida por economia de tokens, em uma caixa tendo como operanda duas rodas e uma barra: respostas de girar a roda produziam tokens (LEDs) e as de pressionar a barra trocavam os tokens por sacarose. O elo de produção de tokens consistia em um esquema concorrente, sendo um oferecendo reforçamento positivo (adição de tokens) e o outro um esquema misto de reforçamento positivo e punição negativa (adição ou remoção de tokens, respectivamente). A variável independente foi a exigência de determinado número de respostas de girar a roda para liberação de 1ml de sacarose (preço unitário), sendo a variável dependente a alocação de respostas entre os dois esquemas concorrentes. Todos os sujeitos estabeleceram distribuições estáveis de respostas (analisados como pacotes de respostas) entre os dois esquemas, os quais variaram em função do preço unitário. Os resultados confirmaram que os LEDs tiveram função de estímulo discriminativo, mas não foram claros sobre a sua função punitiva quando removidos contingente à resposta. Consequentemente, os dados obtidos não permitiram que se concluísse sobre as hipóteses testadas. Os resultados foram então analisados por três modelos explicativos do comportamento de escolha: melioração, maximização e satisficing. O modelo de satisficing foi o que produziu a melhor explicação das escolhas molares de todos os sujeitos, sob todos os preços unitários. O modelo de melioração ofereceu explicações adequadas para três sujeitos, especialmente quando o preço unitário era baixo, enquanto o de maximização foi adequado na condição de preços unitários altos, mas apenas para dois sujeitos / The objective of this study was to test the hypotheses of symmetry and asymmetry between reinforcement and punishment using an analysis that stems from behavioral economics. Five Sprague Dawley rats were used, submitted to a behavioral chain maintained by a token economy. The operant chamber had two response wheels and a lever: wheelspinning responses produced tokens (LEDs) and lever-presses exchanged tokens for sucrose. The token-production link was a concurrent condition: a positive reinforcement (token production) schedule, and a mixed schedule with a positive reinforcement and a negative punishment component (token production and removal, respectively). The independent variable was unit price, that is, the number of wheel-spins required to produce 1 cc of sucrose; the dependent variable was response allocation between the two concurrent schedules. All subjects established stable response distributions (considered as response packages) between the two schedules, which varied according to unit prices. The results confirmed that the LEDs acted as discriminative stimulus, but were not clear as to their punitive function when removed, response-contingently. Therefore, the results did not support any conclusion about the tested hypotheses. They were then analyzed based on three choice models: melioration, maximization, and satisficing. The satisficing model produced the most comprehensive explanation of molar choices among all subjects and unit prices. The melioration model produced adequate explanations for three subjects, mostly when unit prices were low, while maximization was adequate in the condition when unit prices were high, but only for two subjects

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosania Felix Nakasaki.pdf: 549665 bytes, checksum: 73f1980de400e0da43fd0f33741a1354 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Reading and writing are the basis for a critical reading of the world, and it is from them that starts the process of awareness of rights and duties of citizens, essential to the process of democratization. The main goal of teaching Portuguese at any level of education should be to provide conditions for the development of the student's language, its discourse, its capacity of expression in oral and written language (Koch, 2002). By the way, says Freire (2001), the educator who does not have a critical baggage and do not make a creative educational work is considered "dumb" before the world and himself. Second Demo (1996), the formation of critical-creative and participatory specifically depends on learning to learn, learn to think better act, innovate, and this, educators need to be prepared, as are the trainers. As a teacher of Portuguese believe I have, more than other professionals, the task of studying the importance of language, whether in oral texts, whether in writing, in real use - language - and investigate how these texts can be worth of speech acts, direct or indirect inducement, thus building a textual world (Downing, 2003), 'realities' are not always compatible with the factual world. According to Fowler (1991), any aspect of linguistic structure carries ideological meaning - lexical selection, syntactic option, etc.. - All have their raison d'etre. There are always different ways of saying the same thing, and these alternative modes are not accidental. One of the factors which contribute to enable the blending of facts and interests of various kinds, not always perceptible to the reader, and that underlie the text, is the Appraisal (Appraisal) (MARTIN, 2000, 2003), a reticular system of descriptions of options semantics to evaluate people, things and phenomena. He and his group have developed techniques to be applied systematically to the full text of any record, working within the general framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Persuasion, in particular the implicit persuasion (attitude tokens), it is not always realized by adjectives and adverbs clearly persuasive, but also thanks to certain choices lexicogrammatical not considered in the interpersonal tradition, but that, combined with specific contexts and that cumulatively occur as the text unfolds - the logogênese (Halliday 1992, 1993; Halliday, Matthiessen 1999), makes them highly effective. This research aims to examine the persuasion that runs two different genres: a chronic and talk show on TV, to see how it is done through the tokens of attitude in these contexts of use of language. To do so, must answer the following research questions: (a) how is persuasion through the tokens in the chronic attitude and talk show? (b) what choices lexicogrammatical are more used to the achievement of tokens in each gender? The results show that the criticism is built by irony, alternating alignments with explicit evaluative attitude and tokens. Such resources involve tokens signed on facts known to the reader, thus ideational, the speech of the animator, but enclosing Social Assessments negative, leaving the role of author (Goffman 1979) to the caller / A leitura e a escrita são a base para uma leitura crítica do mundo, e é a partir delas que se inicia o processo de consciência dos direitos e deveres do cidadão, indispensável ao processo de democratização. O principal objetivo do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, em qualquer nível de ensino, deve ser o de proporcionar condições para o desenvolvimento da linguagem do aluno, da sua discursividade, da sua capacidade de expressão na linguagem oral e escrita (KÖCHE 2002). A propósito, diz Freire (2001), que o educador que não possuir uma bagagem crítica e não fizer um trabalho educativo criativo é considerado mudo , perante o mundo e a si mesmo. Segundo Demo (1996), a formação de sujeitos críticos-criativos e participativos depende especificamente de aprender a aprender, saber pensar para melhor intervir, inovar, e isto, os educadores têm que estar preparados, já que são os formadores. Como professora de Língua Portuguesa acredito ter, mais que outros profissionais, a incumbência de estudar a importância da língua, seja em textos orais, seja na escrita, em situação real de uso a linguagem -, e investigar em que medida os textos podem se valer de atos de fala diretos ou indiretos de persuasão, construindo, assim, um mundo textual (DOWNING 2003), de 'realidades' nem sempre compatíveis com o mundo factual. Segundo Fowler (1991), qualquer aspecto da estrutura linguística carrega significação ideológica - seleção lexical, opção sintática, etc. todos têm sua razão de ser. Há sempre modos diferentes de dizer a mesma coisa, e esses modos não são alternativas acidentais. Um dos elementos que concorrem para possibilitar a mesclagem de fatos e interesses de várias naturezas, nem sempre perceptíveis ao leitor, e que subjazem ao texto, é a Avaliatividade (Appraisal) (MARTIN 2000; 2003), um sistema reticular de descrições de opções semânticas para avaliar pessoas, coisas e fenômenos. Ele e seu grupo desenvolveram técnicas para ser aplicadas sistematicamente a textos inteiros de qualquer registro, trabalhando dentro do enquadre geral da Linguística Sistêmico- Funcional. A persuasão, em especial a persuasão implícita (tokens de Atitude), nem sempre é realizada por adjetivos e advérbios claramente persuasivos, mas graças também a determinadas escolhas léxico-gramaticais, não consideradas interpessoais na tradição, mas que, combinadas a contextos específicos e que acontecem cumulativamente conforme o texto se desenrola - a logogênese (HALLIDAY 1992, 1993; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN 1999), tornam-nas altamente eficazes. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar a persuasão que percorre dois gêneros diferentes: a crônica e o talk show na TV, para verificar como ela é feita através dos tokens de Atitude nesses contextos de uso de língua. Para tanto, deve responder às seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: (a) como é feita a persuasão através dos tokens de Atitude na crônica e no talk show? (b) que escolhas léxico-gramaticais são mais utilizados para a realização dos tokens em cada um dos gêneros? Os resultados mostram que a crítica é construída através da ironia, que alterna alinhamentos com Avaliatividade explícita e com tokens de Atitude. Esse tokens envolvem recursos firmados em fatos de conhecimento do leitor/ouvinte, portanto ideacionais, na fala do Animador, mas que encerram Apreciações Sociais negativas, deixando o papel de 'Autor' (GOFFMAN 1979) para o interlocutor

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning har grundat sina studier i att ett medlemskap i styrelsen är lika med att individer har denna påverkan över bolagets presterade resultat. Vidare återstår dilemmat om det går att fastställa att ett medlemskap i styrelsen, oavsett roll och person, medför att ledamöterna har inflytande.  Syfte: Studien syftar till att via utvecklingen av ett inflytandeindex förklara styrelseledamöters och styrelsegrupperingars inflytande över bolagsprestationer.  Metod: Den metod som har genomförts är en tvärsnittsstudie med en deduktiv ansats. Studiens hypoteser har formulerats med grund i resursberoendeteorin, upper echelon-teorin, teorin om tokens samt tidigare forskning. Hypoteserna syftar till att testa studiens inflytandeindex.  Slutsats: Studien finner att det konstruerade indexet kan fånga individers och gruppers inflytande i en styrelse på ett mer teoretiskt grundat sätt gentemot de traditionella måtten andel och kritisk massa. Det framkom genom indexet att styrelseledamöternas inflytande inte har någon betydelse för bolagsprestationer. / Background: Previous studies have conducted its research on the premise that a membership on the board means that you have a certain impact on the results of the company. Further on, it remains a dilemma whether it’s possible to determine if a member of the board has this impact regardless of which person it is and which role they have on the board.  Purpose: The study aims to explain the influence of board members and board groups on company performance through the development of an index of influence.  Method: The method used is a cross-sectional study with a deductive approach. The hypothesis of the study has been formulated based on resource dependence theory, the upper echelon-theory, the theory of tokens and previous studies. The purpose of the hypothesis is to test the index of influence of the study.  Conclusion: The study finds that the constructed index can capture the influence of individuals and groups on a board in a more theoretically grounded way compared to the traditional measures of proportion and critical mass. It emerged from the index that the board members' influence has no significance for company performance.

In a recent paper, Bentzen proposes a semantically characterised logic called Action Type Deontic Logic, where normative concepts are applied to action expressions, rather than propositional statements. The logic offers solutions to many of the paradoxes of deontic logic. In particular, Bentzen's semantics solves many puzzles involving the interaction of permission with conjunction and disjunction. One of the reasons for these positive results is the assumption that agents always act according to norm. This assumption means that only agents with ideal behaviour are modelled; there is no possibility for norm-violation. In this thesis, proof techniques and decision procedures for Action Type Deontic Logic in the style of semantic tableau are investigated, and soundness, completeness and termination results are obtained. In order to account for the possibility of norm-violation, a new semantics based on a generalisation of Action Type Deontic Logic models is proposed. The new semantics keeps the possibility of norm-violation open, while many of the virtues of Action Type Deontic Logic remain.

Iterative rounding has been an increasingly popular approach to solving network design optimization problems ever since Jain introduced the concept in his revolutionary 2-approximation for the Survivable Network Design Problem (SNDP). This paper looks at several important iterative rounding approximation algorithms and makes improvements to some of their proofs. We generalize a matrix restatement of Nagarajan et al.'s token argument, which we can use to simplify the proofs of Jain's 2-approximation for SNDP and Fleischer et al.'s 2-approximation for the Element Connectivity (ELC) problem. Lau et al. show how one can construct a (2,2B + 3)-approximation for the degree bounded ELC problem, and this thesis provides the proof. We provide some structural results for basic feasible solutions of the Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree problem, and introduce a new problem that arises, which we call the Prize-Collecting Generalized Steiner Tree problem.

Iterative rounding has been an increasingly popular approach to solving network design optimization problems ever since Jain introduced the concept in his revolutionary 2-approximation for the Survivable Network Design Problem (SNDP). This paper looks at several important iterative rounding approximation algorithms and makes improvements to some of their proofs. We generalize a matrix restatement of Nagarajan et al.'s token argument, which we can use to simplify the proofs of Jain's 2-approximation for SNDP and Fleischer et al.'s 2-approximation for the Element Connectivity (ELC) problem. Lau et al. show how one can construct a (2,2B + 3)-approximation for the degree bounded ELC problem, and this thesis provides the proof. We provide some structural results for basic feasible solutions of the Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree problem, and introduce a new problem that arises, which we call the Prize-Collecting Generalized Steiner Tree problem.

Ce travail est composé de trois volumes, le premier étant l’analyse des objets de notre étude, le deuxième étant le volume d’illustrations et le troisième constituant un corpus d’étude composé de presque quatre-cent jetons différents (pratiquement tous conservés à la Bibliothèque nationale de France). L’analyse de ces objets suit trois axes de recherche principaux. Le premier consiste à observer les enjeux de la mécanisation de la frappe des jetons en France entre 1610 et 1661. Si le roi s’appuie sur les graveurs de jetons et cette nouvelle machinerie pour établir sa propre gloire dès 1610, les officiers de la Cour des Monnaies qui utilisaient la frappe au marteau perçoivent cet outil moderne comme un danger pour leurs privilèges. Notre analyse offre un nouveau regard sur cette administration centrale de l’Ancien Régime, trop longtemps observée comme une institution répréhensive, alors qu’elle donna naissance à de nouveaux offices qui ont participé à l’amélioration de la frappe des jetons et à leur usage commémoratif envers la couronne. Le deuxième axe entend renouveler la pensée sur l’institutionnalisation des devises visibles sur le revers des jetons. Alors que la Petite Académie créée en 1663 par Colbert est considérée comme pionnière dans l’invention de ces images symboliques, les prémisses de cette organisation sont déjà perceptibles en 1610. Enfin, une confrontation des objets de notre étude avec d’autres supports artistiques aide à comprendre que les jetons appartenaient à un univers visuel commun constitutif d’un langage aristocratique qui renforçait le lien entre le monarque et ses sujets. En s’appuyant sur les recueils de monnaies antiques, les traités symboliques, notre étude offre une nouvelle étude interprétative de ces devises jetonnières. / This work is in three volumes, the first volume is the analysis of royal tokens, the second volume is made up illustrations and the third volume is a study corpus composed of four hundred tokens (essentially from the collections of the National library of France). The analysis consists of three parts. The first part involves understanding issues in the invention of the mechanical press and its use in France between 1610 and 1661. As the king supported engravers of tokens and their new machine as they rose to glory from 1610 onwards, officers of the Monetary Court used to strike with the hammer saw the modern tool as a threat for their privileges. Our study shows the need to go beyond former perceptions of this institution and examine how the Monetary Court created offices that improved the manufacture of tokens. The second part is a new consideration of how a designs for the back of tokens were already institutionalized in 1610’s, before the creation of the Academy of inscriptions and Belles-Lettres by Colbert. Lastly, by comparing tokens with other artistic mediums, we consider how these items belong to a visual and common language developed for aristocratic people, that strengthened the link between the king and his favorites. Based on collection of antique coins, symbolic treaties, our study deliveries news interpretations of the tokens and their production.

Pas de résumé en français / The goal of our studies was to test the effect of segmentation, cueing, and 2D/3D presentations to foster complex animation rocessing. The material was an upright mechanical piano system. We used an eye tracking system which provides information about learners’ attention direction during the animation processing. We analyzed the effect of the format presentations and the eye movements during learning. Based on animation and multimedia research background, four experiments were conducted. In the first experiment the effect of the presentation of simplified external representations on learning from complex animation was investigated. Experiment two and three aimed at studying the cognitive processes involved in learning to complex mechanism system with new cueing techniques with spatial-temporal colored tokens. In the fourth experiment, 2D and 3D presentation of the same animated content were compared. Results of these experiments showed that (1) the use of a dual format presentation is better for developing a dynamic mental model from the animation than a single format, (2) the signaling strategies using cued tokens of dual format can guide efficiently learner’s building of mental model and can enhance learner’s comprehension of complex system, (3) a sequential format presentation followed by an animation format presentation helps the learner to understand the key stages of a dynamic process and to create a high quality mental model, (4) 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation presentation to direct attention on relevant component of the animation. For depth processing, comprehension with 3D animation presentation is better than 2D animation format. Eye tracking measures provided insights into how people understood and learned complex systems. The analysis of eye tracking also contributed to the understanding of the subject’s perceptual processing during learning. Overall, results provide a significant contribution in the field of learning with complex animation. Recommendations in the ergonomics area for the design of animations are proposed.

This thesis describes the design of a multiplatform authentication system that enables user authentication by using a wide variety of authentication tokens. The theoretical part is devoted to an overview of authentication interfaces with focus on modern methods of verification. There is also an overview of authentication schemes. The practical part gives requirements for an authentication terminal and sets a specific hardware structure, including the specification of individual functional blocks. The implementation of the software logic uses Java and JavaScript programming languages. Attention is also paid to the used authentication schemes including details and comparison of used platforms. Finally, we evaluate the user and security aspects of the proposed solution. It is also given the possibility of additional hardware and software optimization.

Titel: Hård respektive moderat reglering för jämställda bolagsstyrelser - En jämförande studie mellan Sverige och Norge  Bakgrund: Att använda en kvoteringslag som tillvägagångssätt för att uppnå jämställda bolagsstyrelser är ett omdiskuterat ämne i Sverige, såväl som i världen. Länder har valt olika metoder för att främja jämställda styrelser och vi ställer oss frågan om det kan finnas olika grader av reglering och vilka effekter dessa i sådana fall har.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara effekter på bolags styrelse och prestationer beroende på om de har uppnått jämställda styrelser genom hård eller moderat reglering.  Metod: Metoden som har genomförts är en förlängd tvärsnittsstudie med deduktiv ansats. Studiens hypoteser har formulerats med hjälp av institutionell teori, teorin om social identitet, teorin om token, teorin om kritisk massa samt tidigare empiriska studier.  Slutsats: Studien finner indikation på att det finns skillnader mellan bolag som verkar under hård respektive moderat reglering både när det kommer till bolagsprestationer och styrelseeffekter. Resultatet antyder att bolag under moderat reglering presterar bättre finansiellt och socialt samt att deras styrelseprocesser-, struktur och kompensation skiljer sig mot bolag under hård reglering. / Title: Hard or moderate regulation for gender equal corporate boards – A comparative study between Sweden and Norway  Background: Using a quota act as a method for achieving gender equal corporate boards is a hot topic in Sweden, as well as in the world. Countries have chosen different methods to promote gender equal corporate boards and we ask ourselves if there can be different degrees of regulation and, in that case, what their effects are on corporate boards and their performance.  Purpose: The study aims to explain effects on corporate boards and their performance depending on whether they have achieved gender equal boards through hard or moderate regulation.  Method: The method that has been used is an extended cross-sectional study with a deductive approach. The study´s hypotheses have been formulated by using institutional theory, social identity theory, token theory, critical mass theory and previous empirical studies.  Conclusion: Our study finds an indication that there are differences between firms that operate under hard and moderate regulation, both when it comes to firm performance and board effects. The results indicate that firms under moderate regulation perform better financially and socially and also that their board process- structure and compensation differ from firms under hard regulation.