<p>Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u debljini makule kod pacijenata sa glaukomom otvorenog ugla (POAG) u odnosu na zdravu populaciju i u zavisnosti od stepena progresije bolesti, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji povezanost između promene debljine makule i stepena o&scaron;tećenja vidnog polja i debljine peripapilarnog sloja nervnih vlakana u zavisnosti od stepena progresije bolesti. Materijal i metode: U ovu kliničku prospektivnu studiju je uključeno 186 pacijenata. Na osnovu kliničkog nalaza formirane su tri grupe. Prva grupa (kontrolna &ndash; grupa zdravih): 68 pacijenata bez očnih oboljenja, sa najboljom korigovanom vidnom o&scaron;trinom &ge; 0.9, intraokularnim pritiskom (IOP) &le; 21 mmHg, normalnim odnosom ekskavacije i povr&scaron;ine glave vidnog živca i normalnim nalazom vidnog polja. Druga grupa (rani glaukom): 78 pacijenata sa klinički dijagnostikovanim primarnim glaukomom otvorenog ugla (sa karakterističnim o&scaron;tećenjem glave vidnog živca i sloja nervnih vlakana retine i kod kojih je srednja vrednost devijacije standardne automatske perimetrije MD &gt; -6 dB, prema Hodap klasifikaciji), bez drugih očnih ili sistemskih oboljenja, koja bi imala uticaj na nastanak glaukoma i sa najboljom korigovanom vidnom o&scaron;trinom &ge; 0.5. Treća grupa (glaukom srednjeg stepena): 40 pacijenata sa klinički dijagnostikovanim primarnim glaukomom otvorenog ugla (sa karakterističnim o&scaron;tećenjem glave vidnog živca i sloja nervnih vlakana retine i kod kojih je srednja vrednost devijacije standardne automatske perimetrije -6 dB &gt; MD &gt; -12 dB, prema Hodap klasifikaciji), bez drugih očnih ili sistemskih oboljenja, koja bi imala uticaj na nastanak glaukoma i sa najboljom korigovanom vidnom o&scaron;trinom &ge; 0.5. Svim pacijentima je bio urađen kompletan oftalmolo&scaron;ki pregled, kompjuterizovano vidno polje (Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany, SITA Standard, test C 24-2) i optička koherentna tomografija sloja nervnih vlakana peripapilarno i u predelu makule (SOCT Copernicus HR, Optopol Tech. SA, Zawiercie, Poland). Rezultati: Perifovea i parafovea, pokazuju statistički značajno smanjenje debljine i zapremine sloja nervnih vlakana u odnosu na stepen progresije glaukoma otvorenog ugla, pri čemu je ono nagla&scaron;enije u perifovei (p&lt;0,05). U svim segmentima makule (TPeriF, IPeriF, SPeriF, NPeriF, TParaF, SParaF, IParaF i NParaF) dolazi do smanjenja debljine i zapremine sloja nervnih vlakana sa progresijom bolesti (p&lt;0,05). Segmenti makule TPeriF, IPeriF, a potom i SPeriF, prema navedenom redosledu, predstavljaju segmente sa najvećim potencijalom za predikciju ranih glaukomskih o&scaron;tećenja s obzirom na uočeno najveće smanjenje debljine i zapremine nervnih vlakana (p&lt;0,05). Segmenti makule SParaF i NParaF predstavljaju segmente sa najvećim potencijalom za predikciju napredovanja glaukomskih o&scaron;tećenja srednjeg stepena s obzirom na uočeno najveće smanjenje debljine i zapremine nervnih vlakana (p&lt;0,05). Debljina RNFL glave vidnog živca se statistički značajno smanjuje sa progresijom bolesti u svim posmatranim segmentima (p&lt;0,05). Međusobni odnos između grupe zdravih i grupe pacijenata sa ranim glaukomom ukazuje da je statistički značajno smanjenje debljine RNFL prisutno u svim segmentima osim u segmentima P3 i P4 (p&gt;0,05). Merenja debljine RNFL u segmentu P6 imaju najbolji potencijal za predikciju ranog glaukoma s obzirom na najizraženije smanjenje debljine nervnih vlakana upravo u ovom segmentu (p&lt;0,05). Merenja debljine RNFL u segmentu P1 ima najbolji potencijal za predikciju dalje progresije bolesti. Debljina sloja nervnih vlakana makule srazmerna je smanjenju debljine RNFL na glavi vidnog živca, pri čemu je ona uočljivija na nivou segmenata koji su okarakterisani kao dobri prediktori za nastanak, odnosno progresiju bolesti (P6 sa IPeriF i TPeriF, odnosno P1 sa SPeriF), &scaron;to dodatno nagla&scaron;ava njihovu važnost u dijagnostici glaukoma otvorenog ugla. Debljina makule kod pacijenata sa glaukomom otvorenog ugla je opisana umerenom do dobrom povezano&scaron;ću sa stepenom o&scaron;tećenja vidnog polja, pri čemu je ona najjača kod TPeriF, IPeriF i SPeriF segmenata i srazmerna je stepenu o&scaron;tećenja vidnog polja. Koeficijenti korelacije između vrednosti srednje devijacije vidnog polja i debljine RNFL, odnosno&nbsp; sloja nervnih vlakana makule, pokazuju snažniju povezanost u odnosu na parametre dobijenog smanjenja debljine nervnih vlakana u makuli, &scaron;to otvara mogućnost za dalja istraživanja. Segmenti glave vidnog živca i makule, koji su pokazali najbolju diskriminaciju u smislu predikcije nastanka POAGa, kao i oni koji sugeri&scaron;u na njegovu progresiju, sme&scaron;teni su na lokacijama koje su međusobno povezane opisanim prirodnim tokom nervnih vlakana.&nbsp; Zaključak: Optička koherentna tomografija makule je važna pomoćna metoda u dijagnostici glaukoma kojom je moguće izdvojiti pacijente sa ranim glaukomom u odnosu na zdravu populaciju, odnosno utvrditi progresiju glaukoma otvorenog ugla.</p> / <p>All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, SAP (Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany, SITA Standard, test C 24-2) and optical coherent tomography scans of RNFL and macula (SOCT Copernicus HR, Optopol Tech. SA, Zawiercie, Poland). Results: Perifoveal and parafoveal nerve fiber layer have shown significant reduction of thickness and volume compared to stage of POAG progression, where perifovea showed higher significance (p&lt;0,05). All macular segments (TPeriF, IPeriF, SPeriF, NPeriF, TParaF, SParaF, IParaF i NParaF) showed reduction in thickness and volume compared to disease progression (p&lt;0,05). Macular segments TPeriF, IPeriF, as well as SPeriF, represent segments with highest potential to predict early glaucomatous damage according to the most significant reduction of nerve fiber layer thickness and volume (p&lt;0,05). Macular segments SParaF and NParaF represent segments with highest potential to predict progression of POAG according to the most significant reduction of nerve fiber layer thickness and volume (p&lt;0,05). Optic nerve head (ONH) RNFL thickness showed reduction compared to POAG progression in all segments (p&lt;0,05). All ONH segments except P3 and P4 showed significant reduction of RNFL comparing control group to early glaucoma group patients (p&gt;0,05). ONH segment P6 was found to be the highly specific for early glaucoma prediction according to the most significant reduction of RNFL thickness (p&lt;0,05), while segment P1 was found to have highest potential for POAG progression. Macular nerve fiber layer thickness reduction follows ONH RNFL thickness reduction and there is mutual relation between both macular and ONH segments (P6 to IPeriF and TPeriF, P1 to SPeriF) with highest specificity for early defects and POAG progression. It was shown that macular thickness changes have moderate to good correlation with visual filed changes and it was highest in TPeriF, IPeriF and SPeriF segments. This correlation was found to be higher in macula then in ONH RNFL thickness changes, compared to visual field changes. Both macular and ONH RNFL segments, which were found to have highest specificity to POAG prediction and progression, are located in areas which mutually connect following natural course of nerve fiber layer between them. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography of macula represents important ancillary method in POAG diagnosis and follow up, allowing to differentiate between early glaucoma patients and healthy individuals, as well as to determine progression of glaucomatous disease.</p>

<p>Cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ispita uticaj centralne debljine makularne regije (CMT) i prisustva subretinalne tečnosti na vidnu o&scaron;trinu (VA) kod pacijenata obolelih od dijabetesnog makularnog edema, kao i uticaj očuvanosti kontinuiteta spoja spolja&scaron;njeg i unutra&scaron;njeg segmenta fotoreceptora (IS/OS &ndash; kompleks) i spolja&scaron;nje granične membrane (ELM) kao prognostičkih faktora u pobolj&scaron;anju vidne o&scaron;trine nakon primenjene terapije kod pacijenata obolelih od dijabetesnog makularnog edema (DME). Materijal i metode: u ovu retrospektivno prospektivnu kliničku studiju nasumično je uključeno 100 pacijenata koji su podeljeni u dve grupe. Grupu A &ndash; prospektivni deo studije je činilo 50 pacijenata (50 očiju) kod kojih je dijagnostikovan dijabetesni makularni edem i kod kojih je inidikovana primena terapije, laserftotkogaulacije i/ili anti-VEGF terapije (bevacizumab). Grupu B &ndash; retrospektivnu grupu je činilo 50 pacijenata (58 očiju) koji su prethodno lečeni od dijabetesnog makularnog edema primenom laserfotokoagulacije i/ili anti-VEGF terapije (bevacizumab). Nakon kompletnog oftalmolo&scaron;kog pregleda koji se sastojao od određivanja vidne o&scaron;trine (optotipima po Snellenu), biomikroskopije, merenja intraokularnog pritiska i pregleda očnog dna &ndash; fundusa primenom panfundoskopa izvr&scaron;ena je optička koherentna tomografija u svih pacijenata (primenom aparata Stratus&reg; OCT, Carl Zeiss, Meditec i Copercnicus&reg; Optopol). Analiza OCT snimka, je obuhvatila određivanje centralne debljine makule (CMT), prisustva subretinalne tečnosti kao i procenu stanja očuvanosti kontinuiteta spoja spolja&scaron;enjeg i unutra&scaron;njeg segmenta fotoreceptora (IS/OS kompleks) i očuvanost kontinuiteta spolja&scaron;nje granične membrane (ELM). CMT je izračunat primenom softvera OCT aparata i izražen kao srednja vrednost za svih 9 ETDRS polja. Prisutvno subretinalne tečnosti je klasifikovano kao pozitivno ukoliko je identifikovano makar u jednom preseku OCT tomograma .Očuvanost kontinuiteta IS/OS kompleksa i ELM je analizirana u svakom pojedinačnom snimku i podeljena u 3 kategorije. Prva &ndash; ukoliko je očuvano u svim presecima, druga &ndash; ukoliko je očuvano samo u pojedinim presecima i treća &ndash; ukoliko se IS/OS kompleks i ELM nisu mogli identifikovati na nalazu OCT tomograma. Rezultati ukazuju da prisustvo subretinalne tečnosti pre primenjene terapije nema statistički značajnog uticaja na pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine nakon primenjene terapije u pacijenata grupe A (pA=0,915), a statistička značajnost nije potvrđena ni kod pacijenata koji su prethodno tretirani od DME &ndash; grupa B (pB=0,772). Srednja vrednosti CMT i VA u pacijaneta grupe A iznosila je 474&mu;m&plusmn;140,67&mu;m odnosno 0.25&plusmn;0.20. Nakon primenjene terapije srednja vrednost vidnih o&scaron;trina iznosila je 0.41&plusmn;0.25, dok su vrednosti srednje vrednosti CMT iznosile 343.68&mu;m&plusmn;99.03&mu;m. Potvrđeno je statistički značajno pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine nakon primenjene terapije (pVA=0,0001) i statistički značajno smanjenje centralne debljine makule (pCMT=0,0001). Korelacija VA sa vrednostima CMT pre primenjene terapije pokazuje statističku značajnost sa negativnom korelacijom (r=-0,391; p=0,005) dok se nakon primenjene terapije ne uočava statistički značajna korelacija (r=-0,047; p=0,746). Analizom vrednosti CMT pre primenjene terapije sa vrednostima VA nakon terapije se uočava statistički značajna negativna korelacija, odnosno veće vrednosti CMT pre primenjene terapije ograničavaju pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine nakon primenjene terapije (r=-0,393; p=0,005). Evaluacija OCT tomograma, pre primenjene terapije, u pacijenata grupe A utvrđen je u potpunosti očuvan kontinuitet IS/OS kompleksa i ELM u svim presecima u 23 odnosno 27 očiju, u pojedinim presecima u 18 odnosno 16 očiju, i nije mogao biti identifikovan u 9 odnosno 7 očiju. U pacijenata grupe A nakon primenjene terapije uočava se statistički značajno pobolj&scaron;anje vrednosti VA u zavisnosti od očuvanosti kontinuiteta IS/OS kompleksa (F=5,550, p=0,007) i ELM (F=5,428, p=0,008). Univarijantna odnosno multivarjiantna analiza podataka za granične vrednosti vidnih o&scaron;trina od 0,1 i koraka pobolj&scaron;anja od 0,1 ukazuje na statističku značajnost prediktora IS/OS kompleksa (p=0,012 i p=0,032) i ELM (p=0,003 i p=0,018) u pobolj&scaron;anju vrednosti vidnih o&scaron;trina nakon primenjene terapije. Pacijenti sa očuvanim kontinuitetom IS/OS kompelsa u svim presecima imaju 9,5 puta (OR=9,500 ) veću &scaron;ansu za pobolj&scaron;anje VA nakon primenjene terapije u odnosu na pacijente gde kontinuitet IS/OS kompleksa nije uočljiv. Pacijenti sa očuvanim kontinuitetom IS/OS kompleksa u pojedinim presecima imaju 7 puta veću &scaron;ansu (OR=7,000) za pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine nakon terapije u poređenju sa onima kod kojih IS/OS nije uočljiv. Pacijenti sa očuvanim kontinuitetom ELM u svim presecima imaju 34,5 puta (OR=34,500 ) veću &scaron;ansu za pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine u odnosu na pacijente gde ELM nije uočljiv. Pacijenti sa očuvanim kontinuitetom ELM u pojedinim presecima imaju 18 puta veću &scaron;ansu (OR=18,000) za pobolj&scaron;anje VA nakon terapije u odnosu na one kod kojih ELM nije uočljiv. Pored statistički značajnog uticaja očuvanosti kontinuiteta IS/OS kompleksa i ELM na pobolj&scaron;anje vrednosti vidnih o&scaron;trina nakon primenjene terapije, uočava se i pozitvna korelacija između vidnih o&scaron;trina pre i nakon terapije (r=0,869; p=0,0001). U pacijenata grupe B srednja vrednost CMT odnosno VA iznosila je 253,72&mu;m&plusmn;75,27&mu;m odnosno 0,68&plusmn;0,29. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u vrednostima VA u odnosu na očuvanost kontinuiteta IS/OS kompleksa (F=107,913, p=0,0001) i ELM (F=25,619, p=0,0001). Poređenjem vrednosti parametara za obe posmatrane grupe uočava se statistički značajna razlika u vrednostima CMT koje su bile manje u grupi B (t=5,355, p=0,0001) i srednjim vrednostima VA ( t=5,137, p=0,0001) koje su bile veće u grupi B. Analizom očuvanosti kontinuiteta IS/OS kompleksa (&chi;2=0,119, p=0,730) i ELM (&chi;2=2,957, p=0,085) ne uočava se statistički značajna razlika. Zaključak: Odnos vidnih o&scaron;trina sa centralnom debljinom makule prikazuje različite vrednosti vidnih o&scaron;trina za iste vrednosti centralne debljine makule. Značajan uticaj na vidnu o&scaron;trinu pacijenata obolelih od DME ima očuvanost integriteta spolja&scaron;nje granične membrane (ELM) i spoja unutra&scaron;njeg i spolja&scaron;njeg segmenta fotoreceptora (IS/OS kompleks) evaluiranih na osnovu OCT snimka &ndash; tomograma. Očuvanost integriteta ELM i IS/OS kompleksa u svim presecima na OCT tomogramu pre primenjene terapije u pacijenta sa DME se mogu smatrati pozitivnim prognostičkim faktorom u pobolj&scaron;anju vidne o&scaron;trine nakon primenjene terapije. U pacijenata kod kojih je kontinuitet ELM i IS/OS kompleksa očuvan u svim pravcima vrednost CMT pre primenjene terapije nema uticaj na pobolj&scaron;anje vidne funkcije nakon terapije. Integritet IS/OS kompleksa i ELM ima pozitivnu korelaciju sa vidnom o&scaron;trinom bez obzira na vrstu primenjene terapije, anti-VEGF odnosno laserfotokoagulacije. Prisustvo subretinalne tečnosti ne utiče na vidnu o&scaron;trinu pacijenata obolelih od DME. Vrednosti VA pre terapije utiču na pobolj&scaron;anje vidne o&scaron;trine nakon terapije.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the central macular thickness (CMT) and the presence of sub retinal fluid on visual acuity (VA) in patients with diabetic macular edema, as well as the impact of preservation and continuity of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction (IS / OS - complex ) and external limiting membrane (ELM) as a prognostic factor in improving visual acuity after the applied therapy in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: this retrospective - prospective randomized clinical study included 100 patients who were divided into two groups. Group A - a prospective part of the study, consisted of 50 patients (50 eyes), with the diagnosis of diabetic macular edema in which laser photocoagulation and / or anti-VEGF therapy (bevacizumab) was indicated. Group B - retrospective group, consisted of 50 patients (58 eyes), who were previously treated for diabetic macular edema either with laser photocoagulation and / or anti-VEGF therapy (bevacizumab). After complete ophthalmologic examination, which consisted of the determination of visual acuity (measured with Snellen charts), biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure measurement and inspection of the fundus, optical coherence tomography was performed in all patients (using the Stratus&reg; OCT, Carl Zeiss Meditec and Copercnicus&reg; Optopol). Analysis of OCT image, included the determination of the central macular thickness (CMT), presence of sub retinal fluid, as well as an assessment of the preservation of the continuity of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction (IS/OS - complex) and external limiting membrane (ELM). CMT is calculated using software of the OCT apparatus and expressed as the mean value for all 9 ETDRS fields. Presence of sub retinal fluid is classified as positive if it is identified in at least one cross-section of OCT tomogram. Preserved continuity of IS / OS complex and ELM is analyzed in each individual OCT cross-section image and divided into 3 categories. First - if it is preserved in all cross sections images, the second - if it is preserved only in certain sections and the third - if the IS / OS complex and ELM were not able to identify in OCT tomograms. The results indicate that the presence of sub retinal fluid before the applied therapy has no statistically significant effect on improving visual acuity after the applied therapy in patients of group A (pA = 0.915), and statistical significance was not also confirmed in any of the patients who were previously treated by DME - Group B (pB = 0.772). Mean CMT and VA values of patients in group A was 474&mu;m &plusmn; 140,67&mu;m and 0.25 &plusmn; 0.20. After receiving therapy mean visual acuity was 0.41 &plusmn; 0.25, while the value of the mean CMT was 343.68&mu;m&plusmn; 99.03&mu;m. Significant improvement in visual acuity was achieved after the treatment in group A (pVA = 0.0001) together with statistically significant reduction in central macular thickness (pCMT = 0.0001). Correlation of VA with the values of CMT before applied therapy shows statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.391; p = 0.005), while after the applied therapy statistical significance was not observed (r = -0.047; p = 0.746). Analyzing the values of CMT before the applied therapy with the values of VA after the treatment statistically significant negative correlation was observed, higher values of CMT before the applied therapy restrict visual acuity improvement after the applied therapy (r = -0.393; p = 0.005). Analyzing OCT tomograms in the patients in group A, before the applied therapy, fully preserved continuity of IS/OS complex and ELM in all the sections was found in 23 and 27 of the eyes, in certain sections in 18 and 16 of the eyes, and could not be identified in 9 and 7 eyes. Statistically significant improvement in VA, after the applied therapy, in patients in group A is observed, depending on the preservation of continuity of IS/OS complex (F = 5.550, p = 0.007) and ELM (F = 5.428, p = 0.008). Univariate and multivariate analysis with cut off VA value of 0.1 and step improvements of 0.1 points to statistically significant predictor of IS/OS complex (p = 0.012 and p = 0.032) and ELM (p = 0.003 and p = 0.018) in improving the VA after the applied therapy. Patients with preserved continuity of IS/OS complex in all sections are 9.5 times (OR = 9.500) more likely to improve the VA after receiving therapy compared to patients where continuity of IS/OS complex is not noticeable. Patients with preserved continuity of IS/OS complex in the some sections are 7 times more likely (OR = 7.000) for the improvement of visual acuity after treatment compared to those in which the IS/OS is not detectable. Patients with preserved continuity of ELM in all sections are 34.5 times (OR = 34,500) a greater chance to improve visual acuity compared to patients where ELM is not apparent. Patients with preserved continuity of ELM in the some sections are 18 times more likely (OR = 18,000) to improve the VA after treatment compared to those in which the ELM is not apparent. In addition to statistically significant impact of preservation of continuity of IS/OS complex and ELM for VA improvement after the treatment, statistically significant positive correlation between visual acuity before and after treatment (r = 0.869; p = 0.0001) was observed. In Group B patients, the mean CMT and VA value was 253,72&mu;m&plusmn;75,268&mu;m and 0.68 &plusmn; 0.29. There is a statistically significant difference in the VA values compared to the preservation of continuity of IS/OS complex (F = 107.913, p = 0.0001) and ELM (F = 25.619, p = 0.0001). Comparing the values of parameters for both groups, statistically significant difference in CMT values and mean VA was observed. CMT values were lower (t = 5.355, p = 0.0001) while VA values were higher (t = 5.137, p = 0.0001), in group B. The analysis of preservation of continuity of IS/OS complex (&chi;2 = 0.119, p = 0.730) and ELM (&chi;2 = 2.957, p = 0.085) did not show a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The relationship of visual acuity with central macular thickness shows the different levels of visual acuity for the same value of the central macular thickness. A significant impact on VA in patients with DME has maintained integrity of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and the photoreceptors inner/outer segments junction (IS/OS complex) evaluated on the basis of OCT - tomograms. Preservation of the integrity of the ELM and IS/OS complex in all sections of the OCT tomogram before applied therapy in patients with DME can be considered a positive prognostic factor in improving visual acuity after receiving therapy. In patients with preserved continuity of ELM and IS/OS complex in all sections before applied therapy the CMT value has no effect on the improvement of visual function after treatment. Regardless of the type of applied therapy, anti-VEGF and/or laser photocoagulation preserved integrity of IS/OS complex and ELM has a positive correlation with visual acuity. The presence of sub retinal fluid does not affect the visual acuity in patients with DME. The values of VA before treatment influence the improvement of visual acuity after treatment.</p>

As afecções que acometem a via óptica anterior podem acarretar perda de fibras das células ganglionares retinianas, gerando alterações na camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de comparar a capacidade da tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-1), do OCT 3 (Stratus OCT) e do polarímetro de varredura a laser (GDx) em diferenciar olhos normais de olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e hemianopsia temporal, assim como, comparar o desempenho de tais tecnologias entre si. Foram estudados 37 indivíduos num total de 46 olhos divididos igualmente em dois grupos. O Stratus OCT, o OCT 1 e o GDx se mostraram capazes de identificar corretamente a redução global (average) da espessura da CFNR dos indivíduos com AB comparados com uma população normal. Observamos uma melhora progressiva das sensibilidades/especificidades e das AROC, com o desempenho melhor do OCT1 sobre o GDx e do Stratus OCT sobre o OCT 1 / Most diseases that affect the optic pathways present clinically with loss of one or more visual functions.When optic pathway injuries involve the anterior visual pathways they may cause loss of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and "band atrophy" (BA). The purpose of this study was therefore to compare the ability of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1, the OCT 3 (Stratus OCT) and the scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) to differentiate normal eyes from eyes with BA of the optic nerve and temporal hemianopsia. Thirty-seven individuals in a total of 46 eyes divided equally in two groups were studied. Each one of the parameters, except the values from the nasal quadrant measured by the GDx, showed statistically significant difference when we compare normal patients with the BA group. The study also showed a gradual improvement of the sensibilities/specificities and of the AROC, with a better performance of the OCT1 compared to GDx and of the Stratus OCT compared to the OCT 1

Objetivos: avaliar as alterações morfofuncionais da retina de pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM) e espectro da neuromielite óptica (ENMO), com ou sem histórico de neurite óptica (NO), por meio de eletrorretinografia de campo total e multifocal (ERGct / ERGmf) e a tomomografia de coerência óptica (TCO). Avaliar as correlações de tais achados entre si e com o potencial evocado visual (PEV), o campo visual (CV) e a sensibilidade ao contraste (SC). Métodos: Pacientes com EM (n = 30), ENMO (n = 30) e controles (n = 29) foram submetidos a avaliação oftalmológica completa incluindo CV, TCO, ERGct, ERGmf, PEV e medida da SC. Os olhos foram distribuídos em 5 grupos: EM com ou sem história de NO (EM + NO e EM - NO), ENMO com ou sem NO (ENMO + NO e ENMO - NO) e controles. Com a TCO foram medidas as espessuras das camadas de fibras nervosas da retina na região macular (CFNRm), camada de células ganglionares (CCG), camada plexiforme interna (CPI), camada nuclear interna (CNI), camada plexiforme externa (CPE), camada nuclear externa (CNE), complexo camada de fotorreceptores + epitélio pigmentário da retina(CFR+EPR) e da camada de fibras nervosas peripapilar (CFNRp). Dados das ondas a, b e potenciais oscilatórios (POs) do ERGct, medidas de amplitude e latência de N1 e P1 do ERGmf, ondas do PEV e medidas do desvio da normalidade do CV foram analisados. Os grupos foram comparados usando equações estimadas generalizadas. Correlações entre as medidas foram avaliadas. Resultados: Redução da sensibilidade do desvioda normalidade do CV, da SC e aumento da latência das ondas do PEV foram identificadas para ambos os grupos. Nos pacientes ENMO+NO apresentaram redução de amplitude ao PEV em relação aos controles, diferentemente aos demais grupos. As medidas de espessura da CCG e da CPI foram significativamente menores nos grupos de olhos dos pacientes em relação aos controles. A RNFLm foi menor em todos os grupos de olhos de pacientes, exceto o grupo ENMO-NO. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos de olhos estudados nas comparações referenetes às demais camadas da retina. Comparado aos controles, as amplitudes do POs foram maiores nos olhos de pacientes com ENMO, enquanto as latências de N1 e P1 do ERGmf foram menor nos olhos de pacientes com EM. Essas anormalidades foram fortemente correlacionadas com a espessura da camada retiniana intermediária e externa. Os achados do PEV, assim como do CV e SC, se correlacionaram fortemente com as camadas retinianas. Conclusões: as camadas retinianas internas se mostraram reduzidas à TCO tanto nos olhos de pacientes com EM quanto no naqueles com ENMO, mas os achados POs e ERGmf sugerem também envolvimento das outras camadas retinianas nessas afecções. O PEV apresentou alterações distintas para cada doença. O uso combinado da TCO, do ERG e PEV podem ajudar a entender como as duas condições diferem em relação aos danos retinianos / Objectives: To evaluate the morphofunctional alterations of the retina of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spectrum of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), with or without a history of optic neuritis (ON), using full field electroretinogram (ERG) and multifocal electroretinography (mf- ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). To evaluate the correlations of such findings among themselves and with visual evoked potential (VEP), visual field (VF) and contrast sensitivity (CS). Methods: Patients with MS (n = 30), NMOSD (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 29) were submitted to a complete ophthalmologic evaluation including VF, OCT, ERG, mf-ERG, VEP and SC measurement. The eyes were distributed in 5 groups: MS with or without history of ON (MS + ON and MS - ON), NMOSD with or without ON (NMOSD + ON and NMOSD - ON) and controls. With the OCT were measured the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layers in the macular region (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor layer (PHOT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). The data of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the ERG, amplitude and peak time of N1 and P1 of mf-ERG, waves of the VEP and VF deviation were analyzed. The groups were compared using generalized estimating equations. Correlations between measurements were evaluated. Results: Reduction of the oVF deviation, CS and increased VEP wave\'s peak times were identified for both groups. In the NMOSD + ON patients, an amplitude redeuction was found in the VEP in relation to the controls, unlike the other groups. The thickness of GCL and IPL was significantly lower in patients\' eyes than controls. mRNFL was lower in all patients, but NMOSD-ON. No significant difference was observed for the remaining layers. Compared to controls, the amplitudes of the POs were higher in the NMOSD group, whereas the mf-ERG\'s N1 and P1 peak time was lower in the MS patients. These abnormalities were strongly correlated with the thickness of the intermediate and outer retinal layers. The findings of the VEP, as well as the VF and SC, correlated strongly with the retinal layers. Conclusions: the inner retinal layers were reduced in both the MS and the NMOSD, but the findings OPs and mf-ERG suggest involvement of the other retinal layers. The VEP presented different alterations for each disease. The combination of OCT, ERG and VEP may help to understand how the two conditions differ in relation to retinal damage

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade do potencial visual evocado multifocal (PEV-mf) em diferenciar pacientes portadores de hemianopsia temporal de controles normais e avaliar a correlação entre o PEV-mf, o campo visual (CV) realizado com a perimetria automatizada e a tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio fourier (TCO-dF). MÉTODOS: Vinte sete olhos de 21 pacientes com defeito de campo visual temporal secundário a compressão quiasmática e 43 olhos de 23 controles normais foram submetidos aos exames PEV-mf, CV e TCO-dF (3D OCT-1000®, Topcon) da mácula e da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR). Foi calculada a média das respostas do PEV-mf global, do PEV-mf central e a média de espessura do TCO-dF da mácula para cada quadrante e para cada hemicampo, enquanto a espessura da CFNR foi dividida em 12 setores ao redor do nervo óptico. A perda de CV foi calculada para os quatro quadrantes e para os hemicampos temporal e nasal no CV 24-2 e CV 10-2. Os dois grupos foram comparados utilizando equações de estimativas generalizadas (GEE) e as correlações entre o PEV-mf, CV e o TCO-dF foram calculadas. RESULTADOS: As médias das amplitude P1 e N2 do PEV-mf global e central para os hemicampos e os quadrantes temporais foram significativamente menores nos pacientes que nos controles (p < 0.004). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos para os parâmetros de amplitudes do PEV-mf nos setores nasais. Não houve diferença estatística nas médias das latências do PEV-mf global e central entre os pacientes e os controles normais. Foi encontrada correlação moderada, estatisticamente significativa, entre os parâmetros de amplitudes temporais do PEV-mf - global e central com a perda de CV 24-2 e 10-2 temporal, assim como com as medidas de espessura macular e da espessura CFNR na TCO-dF. CONCLUSÕES: As médias das amplitudes do PEV-mf foram capazes de diferenciar olhos de pacientes com hemianopsia dos controles normais e apresentaram correlação significativa com os dados obtidos pela perimetria automatizada e pelo TCO-dF. Estes dados sugerem que o PEV-mf global e central podem ser utilizados na detecção de anormalidades do campo visual em pacientes portadores de compressão quiasmática / PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) to differentiate patients with temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression from normal controls. To assess the relationship between mfVEP, standard automated perimetry (SAP) and fourier domain-optical coherence tomography (fd-OCT). METHODS: Twenty-seven eyes of 21 patients with permanent temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression and 43 eyes of 23 healthy controls underwent mfVEP, SAP and fd-OCT (3D OCT-1000®, Topcon) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements. It was averaged the responses for global mfVEP, central mfVEP and fd-OCT macular measurements were averaged in quadrants and halves, while peripapillary RNFL thickness was averaged in 12 sectors around the disc. VF loss was estimated in four quadrants and each half of 24-2 and 10-2 strategy test points. The two groups were compared using generalized estimated equations (GEE). Correlations between mfVEP, VF and fd-OCT findings were verified. RESULTS: Global and central mfVEP P1 and N2 amplitude parameters of temporal measurements were significantly smaller in patients than controls (p < 0.004). No significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to mfVEP amplitude parameters from the nasal measurements. No significant differences were observed in global and central mfVEP latency parameters for all averaged measurements between patients and healthy controls. A significant moderate correlation was found between global and central mfVEP amplitude parameters of temporal measurements and temporal VF 24-2 and 10-2 loss as well as with corresponding fd-OCT macular and RNFL thickness measurements. CONCLUSIONS: mfVEP amplitude parameters were able to differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia from controls and were significant correlated with VF and fd-OCT findings. These data suggest that it is a useful technology for detecting visual abnormalities in patients with chiasmal compression

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento padrão estabelecido pelo Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) para retinopatia diabética proliferativa (RDP), com ou sem edema macular clinicamente significativo (EMCS), é a panfotocoagulação com laser. Essa forma de tratamento reduz o risco de perda visual, mas não proporciona ganho de visão. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do acetonido de triancinolona associado à panfotocoagulação na RDP. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo e aberto com portadores de RDP bilateral e simétrica, submetidos à panfotocoagulação com laser em ambos os olhos. Portadores de EMCS foram tratados com fotocoagulação focal na região macular no primeiro episódio da panfotocoagulação. A injeção intravítrea de acetonido de triancinolona (4 mg/0,1 ml) foi administrada aleatoriamente em um dos olhos (grupo estudo), após último episódio da laserterapia, e o contralateral foi adotado para comparação (grupo controle), sendo seguidos por 6 meses. Os parâmetros adotados para avaliar os efeitos terapêuticos foram: acuidade visual com melhor correção óptica (tabela do ETDRS), medidas de espessura central e de volume macular por meio da tomografia de coerência óptica e taxa de sangramento (hemorragia pré-retiniana ou vítrea). As potenciais complicações da droga foram avaliadas durante o seguimento (pressão intra-ocular, catarata, endoftalmite e pseudo-endoftalmite). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 28 (vinte e oito) indivíduos com diabetes melito tipo 2. Quanto ao EMCS, 22 olhos apresentaram no grupo estudo e 23, no grupo controle (p= 0,317). A média de idade foi de 61,36 ± 5,77 anos, com predominância do sexo ferminino (57,1%). A maioria era portadora de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (82,1%) e usuária de insulina (75,0%). Não houve diferença significante nas médias de número de disparos da panfotocoagulação e da fotocoagulação na região macular entre os grupos. Quanto à acuidade visual, o grupo estudo apresentou pior acuidade antes do tratamento em relação ao grupo controle (p= 0,040), não havendo diferença significativa na primeira semana do tratamento. Durante o seguimento, o grupo estudo evoluiu com melhora na acuidade visual no primeiro (p< 0,001), no terceiro (p< 0,001) e no sexto meses (p< 0,001) em relação ao controle. Em relação às medidas de espessura central e de volume macular, os grupos não apresentaram diferença significativa antes do tratamento, no entanto, o grupo estudo apresentou medidas significativamente menores na primeira semana, no primeiro, no terceiro e no sexto meses em relação ao controle. Quanto à taxa de sangramento, 9 olhos (32,1%) do grupo controle evoluíram com sangramento e nenhum do grupo estudo (p< 0,001). Os grupos apresentaram diferença na pressão intra-ocular apenas na primeira semana do tratamento, quando as medidas do grupo estudo foram maiores que as do controle (p< 0,05). Nenhum dos olhos apresentou catarata com indicação cirúrgica, endoftalmite ou pseudo-endoftalmite. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona é um procedimento seguro e pode melhorar o prognóstico funcional e estrutural da mácula em olhos com RDP submetidos a panfotocoagulação com laser. / INTRODUCTION: The gold standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopahty (PDR) with and without clinically significant macular edema (CSME), as stablished by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), is panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). This treatment lowers the rate of severe vision loss, but does not increase vision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide associated to PRP for the management of PDR. METHOD: This is a prospective, randomized clinical trial for patients with bilateral and symmetrical PDR who had undergone PRP in both eyes. Patients who had CSME were treated with macular focal photocoagulation on the first episode of the PRP. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg/0.1 ml) was given to the study eye after the last episode of PRP and the fellow eye was used as control. Follow up was 6 months long. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using ETDRS charts, central macular thickness and macular volume as measured by the optical coherence tomography software, and the amount of bleeding (both preretinal and vitreous) were the parameters chosen to analyse outcome. Side effects of triamcinolone acetonide such as intraocular pressure, cataracts and severe inflammation, were also followed during the study. RESULTS: Twenty eight diabetes type 2 patients were included. Twenty two study eyes and 23 fellow eyes (controls) presented with CSME (p= 0.317). Mean age was 61.36 ± 5.77 years, with 57.1% females. Many patients had hypertension (82.1%) and used insulin (75.0%). There was no significant difference on the number of spots used for PRP or macular photocoagulation in between the groups. The study eyes had lower BCVA on baseline than the control eyes (p= 0.040). One week after the treatment, there was no difference on BCVA between the study and control eyes. During the follow up, the study group increased their BCVA on the first (p< 0.001), third (p< 0.001) and sixth month (p< 0.001) compared to control. Even thought there was no significant difference on central macular thickness and macular volume between groups on baseline, the study eyes had significant lower measurements on the first week and first, third and sixth months in comparison to controls. Nine control eyes (32.1%) had hemorrhages and none study eyes (p< 0.001). Injected eyes had higher intraocular pressure than controls on the first week of treatment (p< 0.05). None of the eyes developed cataracts that needed surgery, endophthalmits or severe inflammation. CONCLUSION: This study suggests intravitreal injection of triamcinolone is a safe procedure that increases funcional and anatomical prognosis of the macula in PDR eyes that underwent PRP.

As afecções que acometem a via óptica anterior podem acarretar perda de fibras das células ganglionares retinianas, gerando alterações na camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de comparar a capacidade da tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-1), do OCT 3 (Stratus OCT) e do polarímetro de varredura a laser (GDx) em diferenciar olhos normais de olhos com atrofia em banda do nervo óptico e hemianopsia temporal, assim como, comparar o desempenho de tais tecnologias entre si. Foram estudados 37 indivíduos num total de 46 olhos divididos igualmente em dois grupos. O Stratus OCT, o OCT 1 e o GDx se mostraram capazes de identificar corretamente a redução global (average) da espessura da CFNR dos indivíduos com AB comparados com uma população normal. Observamos uma melhora progressiva das sensibilidades/especificidades e das AROC, com o desempenho melhor do OCT1 sobre o GDx e do Stratus OCT sobre o OCT 1 / Most diseases that affect the optic pathways present clinically with loss of one or more visual functions.When optic pathway injuries involve the anterior visual pathways they may cause loss of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and "band atrophy" (BA). The purpose of this study was therefore to compare the ability of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) 1, the OCT 3 (Stratus OCT) and the scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) to differentiate normal eyes from eyes with BA of the optic nerve and temporal hemianopsia. Thirty-seven individuals in a total of 46 eyes divided equally in two groups were studied. Each one of the parameters, except the values from the nasal quadrant measured by the GDx, showed statistically significant difference when we compare normal patients with the BA group. The study also showed a gradual improvement of the sensibilities/specificities and of the AROC, with a better performance of the OCT1 compared to GDx and of the Stratus OCT compared to the OCT 1

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade do potencial visual evocado multifocal (PEV-mf) em diferenciar pacientes portadores de hemianopsia temporal de controles normais e avaliar a correlação entre o PEV-mf, o campo visual (CV) realizado com a perimetria automatizada e a tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio fourier (TCO-dF). MÉTODOS: Vinte sete olhos de 21 pacientes com defeito de campo visual temporal secundário a compressão quiasmática e 43 olhos de 23 controles normais foram submetidos aos exames PEV-mf, CV e TCO-dF (3D OCT-1000®, Topcon) da mácula e da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (CFNR). Foi calculada a média das respostas do PEV-mf global, do PEV-mf central e a média de espessura do TCO-dF da mácula para cada quadrante e para cada hemicampo, enquanto a espessura da CFNR foi dividida em 12 setores ao redor do nervo óptico. A perda de CV foi calculada para os quatro quadrantes e para os hemicampos temporal e nasal no CV 24-2 e CV 10-2. Os dois grupos foram comparados utilizando equações de estimativas generalizadas (GEE) e as correlações entre o PEV-mf, CV e o TCO-dF foram calculadas. RESULTADOS: As médias das amplitude P1 e N2 do PEV-mf global e central para os hemicampos e os quadrantes temporais foram significativamente menores nos pacientes que nos controles (p < 0.004). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos para os parâmetros de amplitudes do PEV-mf nos setores nasais. Não houve diferença estatística nas médias das latências do PEV-mf global e central entre os pacientes e os controles normais. Foi encontrada correlação moderada, estatisticamente significativa, entre os parâmetros de amplitudes temporais do PEV-mf - global e central com a perda de CV 24-2 e 10-2 temporal, assim como com as medidas de espessura macular e da espessura CFNR na TCO-dF. CONCLUSÕES: As médias das amplitudes do PEV-mf foram capazes de diferenciar olhos de pacientes com hemianopsia dos controles normais e apresentaram correlação significativa com os dados obtidos pela perimetria automatizada e pelo TCO-dF. Estes dados sugerem que o PEV-mf global e central podem ser utilizados na detecção de anormalidades do campo visual em pacientes portadores de compressão quiasmática / PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) to differentiate patients with temporal hemianopia due to chiasmal compression from normal controls. To assess the relationship between mfVEP, standard automated perimetry (SAP) and fourier domain-optical coherence tomography (fd-OCT). METHODS: Twenty-seven eyes of 21 patients with permanent temporal visual field (VF) defects from chiasmal compression and 43 eyes of 23 healthy controls underwent mfVEP, SAP and fd-OCT (3D OCT-1000®, Topcon) macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements. It was averaged the responses for global mfVEP, central mfVEP and fd-OCT macular measurements were averaged in quadrants and halves, while peripapillary RNFL thickness was averaged in 12 sectors around the disc. VF loss was estimated in four quadrants and each half of 24-2 and 10-2 strategy test points. The two groups were compared using generalized estimated equations (GEE). Correlations between mfVEP, VF and fd-OCT findings were verified. RESULTS: Global and central mfVEP P1 and N2 amplitude parameters of temporal measurements were significantly smaller in patients than controls (p < 0.004). No significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to mfVEP amplitude parameters from the nasal measurements. No significant differences were observed in global and central mfVEP latency parameters for all averaged measurements between patients and healthy controls. A significant moderate correlation was found between global and central mfVEP amplitude parameters of temporal measurements and temporal VF 24-2 and 10-2 loss as well as with corresponding fd-OCT macular and RNFL thickness measurements. CONCLUSIONS: mfVEP amplitude parameters were able to differentiate eyes with temporal hemianopia from controls and were significant correlated with VF and fd-OCT findings. These data suggest that it is a useful technology for detecting visual abnormalities in patients with chiasmal compression

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento padrão estabelecido pelo Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) para retinopatia diabética proliferativa (RDP), com ou sem edema macular clinicamente significativo (EMCS), é a panfotocoagulação com laser. Essa forma de tratamento reduz o risco de perda visual, mas não proporciona ganho de visão. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos do acetonido de triancinolona associado à panfotocoagulação na RDP. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo e aberto com portadores de RDP bilateral e simétrica, submetidos à panfotocoagulação com laser em ambos os olhos. Portadores de EMCS foram tratados com fotocoagulação focal na região macular no primeiro episódio da panfotocoagulação. A injeção intravítrea de acetonido de triancinolona (4 mg/0,1 ml) foi administrada aleatoriamente em um dos olhos (grupo estudo), após último episódio da laserterapia, e o contralateral foi adotado para comparação (grupo controle), sendo seguidos por 6 meses. Os parâmetros adotados para avaliar os efeitos terapêuticos foram: acuidade visual com melhor correção óptica (tabela do ETDRS), medidas de espessura central e de volume macular por meio da tomografia de coerência óptica e taxa de sangramento (hemorragia pré-retiniana ou vítrea). As potenciais complicações da droga foram avaliadas durante o seguimento (pressão intra-ocular, catarata, endoftalmite e pseudo-endoftalmite). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 28 (vinte e oito) indivíduos com diabetes melito tipo 2. Quanto ao EMCS, 22 olhos apresentaram no grupo estudo e 23, no grupo controle (p= 0,317). A média de idade foi de 61,36 ± 5,77 anos, com predominância do sexo ferminino (57,1%). A maioria era portadora de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (82,1%) e usuária de insulina (75,0%). Não houve diferença significante nas médias de número de disparos da panfotocoagulação e da fotocoagulação na região macular entre os grupos. Quanto à acuidade visual, o grupo estudo apresentou pior acuidade antes do tratamento em relação ao grupo controle (p= 0,040), não havendo diferença significativa na primeira semana do tratamento. Durante o seguimento, o grupo estudo evoluiu com melhora na acuidade visual no primeiro (p< 0,001), no terceiro (p< 0,001) e no sexto meses (p< 0,001) em relação ao controle. Em relação às medidas de espessura central e de volume macular, os grupos não apresentaram diferença significativa antes do tratamento, no entanto, o grupo estudo apresentou medidas significativamente menores na primeira semana, no primeiro, no terceiro e no sexto meses em relação ao controle. Quanto à taxa de sangramento, 9 olhos (32,1%) do grupo controle evoluíram com sangramento e nenhum do grupo estudo (p< 0,001). Os grupos apresentaram diferença na pressão intra-ocular apenas na primeira semana do tratamento, quando as medidas do grupo estudo foram maiores que as do controle (p< 0,05). Nenhum dos olhos apresentou catarata com indicação cirúrgica, endoftalmite ou pseudo-endoftalmite. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona é um procedimento seguro e pode melhorar o prognóstico funcional e estrutural da mácula em olhos com RDP submetidos a panfotocoagulação com laser. / INTRODUCTION: The gold standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopahty (PDR) with and without clinically significant macular edema (CSME), as stablished by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), is panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). This treatment lowers the rate of severe vision loss, but does not increase vision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide associated to PRP for the management of PDR. METHOD: This is a prospective, randomized clinical trial for patients with bilateral and symmetrical PDR who had undergone PRP in both eyes. Patients who had CSME were treated with macular focal photocoagulation on the first episode of the PRP. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg/0.1 ml) was given to the study eye after the last episode of PRP and the fellow eye was used as control. Follow up was 6 months long. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using ETDRS charts, central macular thickness and macular volume as measured by the optical coherence tomography software, and the amount of bleeding (both preretinal and vitreous) were the parameters chosen to analyse outcome. Side effects of triamcinolone acetonide such as intraocular pressure, cataracts and severe inflammation, were also followed during the study. RESULTS: Twenty eight diabetes type 2 patients were included. Twenty two study eyes and 23 fellow eyes (controls) presented with CSME (p= 0.317). Mean age was 61.36 ± 5.77 years, with 57.1% females. Many patients had hypertension (82.1%) and used insulin (75.0%). There was no significant difference on the number of spots used for PRP or macular photocoagulation in between the groups. The study eyes had lower BCVA on baseline than the control eyes (p= 0.040). One week after the treatment, there was no difference on BCVA between the study and control eyes. During the follow up, the study group increased their BCVA on the first (p< 0.001), third (p< 0.001) and sixth month (p< 0.001) compared to control. Even thought there was no significant difference on central macular thickness and macular volume between groups on baseline, the study eyes had significant lower measurements on the first week and first, third and sixth months in comparison to controls. Nine control eyes (32.1%) had hemorrhages and none study eyes (p< 0.001). Injected eyes had higher intraocular pressure than controls on the first week of treatment (p< 0.05). None of the eyes developed cataracts that needed surgery, endophthalmits or severe inflammation. CONCLUSION: This study suggests intravitreal injection of triamcinolone is a safe procedure that increases funcional and anatomical prognosis of the macula in PDR eyes that underwent PRP.

Objetivo: Estudar as medidas de espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina(CFNR) peripapilar obtidas com as tomografias de coerência óptia (oCT) time domain (TD) e spectral domain (SD) em pacientes com perda assimétrica glaucomatosa de hemicampo visual, compará-las entre si e com aquelas de controles normais. Métodos: Trinta e seis pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e perda de campo visual em um hemicampo (afetado) e ausência de perda no hemicampo oposto (não afetado), e 36 controles pareados por idade tiveram o olho de estudo examinado com Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, Califoprnia, USA) e o 3DOCT-1000 (Topcdon, Tokyo, Japan). As medidas de espessura da CFNR peripapilar e a classificação normativa fornecida pelos aparelhos foram registrados para análise. A média aritmética dos valores do mapa total deviation em cada hemicampo (mean deviation do hemicampo) foi calculada para cada indivíduo. \"Ìndices de assimetria\" para o campo visual e para a CFNR foram calculados como a razão entre o mean deviation dos hemicampos afetado e não-afetado, e como razão entre a espessura da CFNR das hemirretinas afetada e não-afetada, respectivamente. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas usando os testes de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis ou Wilcoxon, quando apropriados. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas usando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi usado para testar as correlações entre as medidas de espessura da CFNR fornecidas pelos OCTs. A presença de afinamento da CFNR foi estabelecida com base nos dados normativos fornecidos pelos softwares dos OCTs. As espessuras de CFNR fora do intervalo de previsão de 95% para a mesma faixa etária foram consideradas anormais. Resultados: As medidas de CFNR corespondentes a hemicampos não-afetados [média (DP) 87,0 (17,1) um e 84,3 (20,2) um, para TD e SD-OCT, respectivamente] foram menores do que as dos controles [média (DP) 119,0 (122,2)um e 117,0 (17,7) um, para TD e SD-OCT, respectivamente, P < 0,001, para ambos]. O banco de dados normativo classificou como alterado 42% e 67% das hemirretinas correspondentes a hemicampos não-acometidos com TD e SD-OCT, respectivamente (P = 0,01). As medidas da CFNR foram consistentemente mais espessas com TD comparadas com SD-OCT. Os índices de assimetria da CFNR em pacientes com glaucoma foram semelhantes entre TD [média (DP) 0,76 (0,17)] e SD-OCT [média (DP) 0,79 (0,12), P = 0,89] e significantemente maiores do que o índice de assimetria do campo visual [média (DP) 0,36 (0,20), P < 0,001]. Conclusões: Os hemicampos normais de pacientes com glaucoma apresentaram CFNR mais fina do que de olhos saudáveis. As medidas da CFNR foram mais espessas com TD do que com SD-OCT, o qual por sua vez detectou anormalidades na espessura da CFNR mais frequentemente do que o TD-OCT / Objective: To study the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements obtained with time domain (TD) and spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucomatous patients with asymmetric visual hemifield loss, to compare themselves and with those obtained from normal controls. Methods : Thirty -six patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with visual primary open-angle glaucoma with visual field loss in one hemifield (affected ) and absence of loss in other (non-affected), and 36 age-matched healthy controls had the eye study imaged with Stratus-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, Califoprnia, USA) and 3D OCT-1000 (Topcon , Tokyo, Japan). Peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements and normative classification were recorded for analysis. Total deviation values were averaged for each hemifield (hemifield mean deviation) for ecch subject. Visual field and RNFL \"asymmetry indexes\" were calculated as the ratio between the mean deviation of affected versus non-affected hemifields and RNFL thickness between as affected versus non-affected hemiretinas, respectively. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon tests, when appropriate. Categorical variables were compared using the Pearson\'s chi-square test. The Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficient was used to test correlations between RNFL thickness measurements provided by both OCTs . The presence of RNFL thinning was establised based on normative data provided by the OCT\'s software. The RNFL thicknesses outside the prediction interval of 95% for the same age group were considered abnormal. Results: The RNFL measurements in non-affected hemifields [mean (SD 87.0 (17.1) e 84.3(20.2) um, for TD and SD-OCT, respectively] were thinner than those of normal controls [mean (SD) 119.0 (12.2) um and 117.0 (17.7) um, for TD and SD-OCT, respectively, P < 0.001 for both ] . The OCT normative database classified 42 % and 67% of hemiretinas corresponding to non-affected hemifields as abnormal in TD and SD-OCT, respectively (P =0.01). The RNFL measurements were consistently thicker with TD compared with SD -OCT. The RNFL thickness asymetry index in patients with glaucoma was similar with TD [ mean (SD) 0.76 ( 0.17 ) ] and SD-OCT [ mean (SD)0.79(0.12), P = 0,89] and significantly greater than the visual field asymmetry index [ mean (SD ) 0.36 (0.20 ), P < 0.001]. Conclusions: Normal hemifields of glaucoma patients had thinner RNFL measurements than healthy eyes, as measured by TD and SD-OCT. The RNFL measurements were thicker with TD than SD-OCT, SD-OCT detected abnormal RNFL more often than TD-OCT