Thesis advisor: Gary M. Gurtler / Aristotle’s Sophistical Refutations (SE) investigates the five devices which sophists employ to appear wise in dialogue. The sophist’s primary device is the sophistical refutation which is a particular kind of fallacy. A sophistical refutation is a merely apparent refutation. Thus, the fallacy has two causes: the “causa apparentiae” and the “causa non existentiae." A genuine refutation is a syllogism based on an interlocutor’s opinions that leads necessarily to a conclusion which contradicts some other established position of the interlocutor. The sophist desires especially the apparent refutation of his opponent because the greatest glory follows upon seeming to expose the ultimate defect in opponent’s understanding, a contradiction. The SE neither accounts for every cause of error nor every type of false reasoning; “ad” arguments like ad baculum or ad hominem are not in investigated in the SE because they are not apparent refutations. After a description of the SE’s subject matter, the dissertation’s introduction locates the role of the SE in Aristotle’s Organon and explains why a dialectician would investigate and untie sophisms. Sophistic is the sham portion of the dialectic which is a universal art (τέχνη) of syllogizing from endoxes to the contradiction of an interlocutor. Unlike principles of demonstrations, endoxes are premises that are in accord “with the expectation (ἔνδοξος) of all or most or the wise, and of all the latter or most or of the most knowing.” They do not need to be certain or true; instead, they must be acceptable to a dialectical opponent. Dialecticians derive endoxes from dialectical places (τόποι), i.e., extrinsic and most universal principles which usually affirm relations between logical intentions and may be employed in any given subject matter. Sophists use sophistical places which may be expressed as universal propositions and provide the foundation for the apparent reasonability of the sophistical refutations. That said, unlike dialectical places, Aristotle does not present sophistical places as universal conditional statements of logical intentions; they are presented as common distinctions—such as the distinction between the different senses of a word—that a sophist may exploit to produce a sophistical refutation. A dialectician will study sophistic for the same reasons he will learn dialectic; it is useful for exercise, conversation, and in the philosophical sciences. Moreover, investigating sophisms facilitates appreciation of distinctions that are fundamental to Aristotelian philosophy, protects the philosopher from error, and preserves his reputation. Although translation of Aristotelian logical works is difficult—especially one which contains many examples of linguistic fallacies—the dissertation provides a faithful and consistent translation of the treatise. The line by line commentary contains explanation of the order, purpose, and meaning of the text, clarification of Aristotle’s difficult examples, discussion of scholarly treatment of controversial passages, and references to other relevant passages in the Organon. The dissertation ends with two appendices to provide a thorough treatment of Aristotle’s two most deceptive fallacies: the fallacy of equivocation and the fallacy of the accident. The first appendix locates equivocation as a kind of proper naming (as opposed to figurative) and offers an original interpretation of Aristotle’s argument for the necessity of equivocation based on his understanding of how we name. Afterward, the appendix unfolds the nature and solution to the fallacy, explains Aristotle’s places (τόποι) for detecting equivocation, and categorizes the kinds of equivocation. The second appendix unfolds a unique and overlooked explanation of the fallacy of the accident that allows Aristotle to be read consistently, distinguishes the fallacy from the other fallacies, and accounts for Aristotle’s examples. The fallacy of the accident occurs when a middle term’s connection to one extreme term is accidental to its connection to the other. The appendix locates the fallacy through a reduction of all fallacies outside of speech to ignorance of refutation, offers four distinct meanings of ‘accident’ in Aristotle, shows which meaning Aristotle attributes to the fallacy, divides the fallacy into three species, and answers objections to its explanation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Invasive alien species are the second biggest threat to global biodiversity. Biodiversity loss results in loss of ecosystem functions and resilience. Freshwater ecosystems are more sensitive to invasions; therefore, their biodiversity is decreasing at a much faster rate in comparison to terrestrial ones. This thesis focuses on one of three invasive alien aquatic plants present in Sweden: Nymphoides peltata, a sediment-rooted, floating-leaved plant originating from middle Europe and Asia. Since the early 1980’s N. peltata has been present in Lake Galten, the most western part of Mälaren. The current eradication work is carried out by light depletion through floating frames that shade the N. peltata colony. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of this method by assessing eventual recolonization of N. peltata in eradicated sites and suggesting possible improvements. Information and data were collected by reviewing existing literature on invasive species eradication as well as conducting interviews with experts followed by field observations in Munkhammar bay of Lake Galten. The choice of floating frames as the main eradication method has been proven valid since it counters N. peltata clonal growth and fragmentation capacity. Despite a reduction by 1.7% of total N. peltata coverage from 2019 to 2020, correlated with the increase in frame coverage, field observations showed that recolonization is happening. Suggested improvements are the use of frames as spreading barrier, to reduce clonal growth and fragmentation of large colonies, together with introducing a free-floating fiber sheet to properly seal the gap between shoreline and frames. A proactive covering of vulnerable shores with fiber sheet is also recommended. However, the lack of a coordinated national action plan and laws’ inadequacy weakens the possibility of a successful eradication. Tempestive adjustments of current legislations are needed since climate change will allow N. peltata to spread further north and produce viable seeds.

Bristande kompetensnivå när studenterna når mer avancerade kurser inom optik tyder på att universitetet har ett problem i upplägget av detta ämne. Denna studie djupdyker in i den första optikkursen som ges på Uppsala Universitet, “Vågor och Optik” för Fysikkandidater och Civilingenjörer i vissa program. Genom att delta på laborationer, analysera kursutvärderingar och uppgifter som ges under kursens gång kan tydliga problem identifieras och bland annat ge en insikt i studenternas eget perspektiv på kursen.  För att sedan åtgärda dessa problem undersöks ett antal alternativa sätt att bedriva undervisningen med ett speciellt intresse av digitala hjälpmedel då denna studie bidrar med en vetenskaplig grund till ett parallellt projekt att utveckla en pedagogisk app för att ytterligare förbättra utbildningen. Studien avslutas sedan med sju steg för att förbättra kursen genom att åtgärda de problem som identifierats i kursen.

This monograph explores the development and variety of signs for musical expression and discusses strategies for identifying and teaching them, enabling students to communicate musical expressivity. Chapter 1 provides a background for this study, including a brief survey of how writers from ancient times to the present conceived of expression, along with findings from recent psychological research into the connection between emotion and music. Chapter 2 delves into the signs themselves and proposes how students can learn to recognize them at different levels of study. An overview of musical topics and structural features that contribute to musical expression leads to an analysis of the expressive states in the first movement exposition of Mozart's Sonata in C minor, K. 457. Chapter 3 discusses particular strategies for connecting the discovered signs with performance at the piano. To help their students communicate expressively, teachers first need to guide students to a recognition of musical signs, then help them to highlight expressive features through deviations in tempo, dynamics, and articulation. Instructors can use a variety of strategies ranging from metaphors and specific language through aural and physical modeling. Additional work with Hevner's mood wheel, supplemented by student projects in the visual arts, writing, movement, and drama, can create a connection between students and musical expression. / Music Performance

The aim of this report is to introduce the reader to the field of integrability in classical and quantum physics. The report begins with a reminder of Hamiltonian mechanics and explains the notion of Liouville integrability. The introduction of the Lax formalism is then used to show a method for generating conserved quantities that lends itself well to a generalisation to classical field theory. In this context, the fundamental concepts of r-matrix, monodromy and transfer matrix are presented. To close the section on classical integrability, the classical inverse scattering method is presented on the example of the Korteweg - de Vries equation. Solving the spin chain XXX 1/2 using the coordinate Bethe ansatz is then used to open the door to the field of quantum integrability. The generalisation of the classical concepts introduced previously to the quantum domain will allow us to implement the algebraic Bethe ansatz method, which is a more general approach. Using this procedure, the examples of the spin chains XXX s and XXZ s are treated, clearly highlighting the importance of symmetries in the field of integrability. Finally, a brief overview of the Gauge/Bethe correspondence is presented.

This thesis investigates a novel way to simulate cracks as an extension of the Mate- rial Point Method (MPM). Previous methods, like CRAMP (CRAcks with Material Points), often use an explicit crack representation to define the material crack. We use an implicit crack representation defined as the intersection between pieces of the original specimen created by a pre-fracture process. Material chunks are there- after forced together using massless particle constraints. The method has proven successful in tearing scenarios, and the main benefits are: (1) minor computational overhead compared to the initial MPM algorithm; (2) simple to implement and scales well in 3 dimensions; (3) gives easy and controllable setup phase for desired material failure mode. The development of the crack extension has required a fully general MPM solver that can handle arbitrarily many distinct bodies connected in the same simulation. Current collision schemes for MPM exists, however these are often focused on two-body collisions and does not scale well for additional objects due to inaccuracies in contact normal calculations. We present a method that uses an iterative pair-wise comparison scheme to resolve grid collisions that extends to any number of collision objects.

No description available.

The research aims to investigate the responses of teachers and learners in a particular rural context to a chapter from a South African English First Additional Language textbook which is currently being developed for commercial publication. The activities and content of the chapter aim to encourage learners to think critically about power relations in teenage relationships. The material was used in two classes of Grade 11 English learners by two English teachers from the same school. Data from classroom observations, from learners’ writing and from interviews with teachers and learners was analysed in order to respond to a series of questions which focus on teachers’ and learners’ responses to a theme which was assumed to be a sensitive and controversial one and responses to the design features of the material. Firstly, the theme appeared not to be considered sensitive or controversial by either teachers or learners. Secondly, the teachers ignored almost completely the pedagogic design of the materials and in doing so negatively affected opportunities for learners to learn. Possible explanations for both findings are discussed.

We are accustomed to think the phase of single particle states does not matter. After all, the phase cancels out when calculating physical observables. However, the geometric phase can cause interference even in single particle states and can be measured. Berry’s phase is a geometric phase the system accumulates as its time-dependent Hamiltonian is subjected to closed adiabatic excursion in parameter space. In this report, we explore how Berry’s phase manifests itself in various fields of physics, both classical and quantum mechanical. The Hannay angle is a classical analogue to Berry’s phase and they are related by a derivative. The Aharonov-Bohm effect is a manifestation of Berry’s phase. Net rotation of deformable bodies in the language of gauge theory can be translated as a Berry phase. The well-known BornOppenheimer approximation is a molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect and is another manifestation of Berry’s Phase.

Som en åtgärd för att försöka hjälpa den minskande populationen av rapphöna att återhämta sig tog HMKs Jaktklubb inspiration från ett lyckat projekt i England utfört av Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. De sådde blomremsor som en åtgärd för att gynna evertebrater som är kycklingarnas huvudföda. Jaktklubben etablerade dessa blomremsorna 2011 och vill nu undersöka om det gav en effekt på mängden evertebrater. Fönsterfällor och fallfällor placerades ut i och utanför blomremsan och tömdes två gånger i juni, en gång i juli och en gång i augusti. Det insamlade materialet har identifierats till familj med hjälp av litteratur för materialet från augusti, identifierat material från juni fanns redan tillgängligt. För skalbaggar identifierades allt material till art. Resultatet visade en stor diversitet och många olika grupper fanns representerade inom de insamlade materialet. De statistiska analyserna kunde inte med säkerhet visa att blomremsorna gynnade evertebrater. Detta är troligtvis snarare på grund av problematiken med experimentdesignen än att det inte var någon skillnad. Min uppfattning är att blomremsorna har en positiv effekt på biodiversiteten, även om det inte går att visa detta indikerar resultatet på det, vilket även backas upp av litteraturen. Åtgärder som dessa skulle potentiellt kunna vara ett steg i rätt riktning för att kunna lösa den minskade biodiversiteten runt om i världen.