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Spin dynamics ande topological effects in physics of indirect excitons and microcavity polaritons / Dynamique de spin et effets topologiques en physique des exitons indirects et des polaritonsNalitov, Anton 06 May 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse est consacrée à de nouveaux phénomènes en physique liées au spin et à la topologie des quasi-particules lumière-matière dans des hétérostructures. Elle est divisée en quatre parties. Chapitre 1 donne un fond nécessaire et introduit les propriétés fondamentales des polaritons et des excitons indirects dans des puits quantiques couplés. Chapitre 2 est concentré sur la dynamique de spin et sur formation de défauts topologiques dans des systèmes aux excitons indirects. Les 2 derniers chapitres considèrent les structures basées sur les microcavités. Chapitre 3 est consacré à la dynamique de spin des polaritons dans des oscillateurs paramétriques optiques. Finalement, chapitre 4 étudie les réseaux des microcavités en forme des piliers et introduit l’isolant topologique polaritonique. / The present thesis manuscript is devoted to new phenomena in physics of light-matter quasiparticles in heterostructures, related to spin and topology. It is divided into four parts. Chapter 1 gives a necessary background, introducing basic properties of microcavity polaritons and indirect excitons in coupled quantum wells. Chapter 2 is focused on spin dynamics and topological defects formation in indirect exciton many-body systems. The last 2 chapters are related to microcavity-based structures. Chapter 3 is devoted to polariton spin dynamics in optical parametric oscillators. Finally, Chapter 4 studies pillar microcavity lattices and introduces the polariton topological insulator.
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Nouvelles tendances dans les condensats d'exciton-polaritons spineurs : défauts topologiques et structures de basse dimensionnalité / New trends in the physics of spinor exciton-polariton condensates : topological defects and low dimensional structuresFlayac, Hugo 13 September 2012 (has links)
Au long de ce manuscrit de thèse je présenterai des effets non linéaires émergents dans les condensats d'exciton-polaritons spineurs. Après un chapitre d'introduction amenant les notions de bases nécessaires, je me concentrerai dans une première partie sur les défauts topologiques quantifiés par des nombres demi-entiers et discuterai leur stabilité, accélération et nucléation en présence de champs magnétiques effectifs. Nous verrons que ces objets se comportent comme des charges magnétiques manipulables démontrant une analogie fascinante avec les monopoles de Dirac. De manière remarquable nous verrons également que ces objets peuvent être utilisés comme des signaux stables pour sonder la physique d'analogues acoustiques de trous noirs. Dans une seconde partie j'étudierai des structures de basse dimensions. Plus particulièrement, je décrirai la formation de solitons de bande interdite et les oscillations de Bloch des exciton-polaritons dans des microfils comportant des structures périodiques et d'autre part les oscillations Josephson à température ambiante dans des paires de micropilliers couplés. / Along this thesis manuscript I shall present some emergent nonlinear phenomena in spinor exciton polariton condensates. After an introductory chapter bringing the necessary background, I will in a first part focus on half-integer topological defects discussing their stability, acceleration and nucleation in the presence of effective magnetic fields. We will see that these objects behave as magnetic charges being fascinating dirac's monopole analogues. Remarkably we will see as well how they can be used as stable signals allowing to seed the physics acoustic black holes analogues. In a second part I will concentrate on low dimensional structures. Especially, I'll describe the formation of gap solitons and the Bloch oscillations of exciton-polaritons in periodically patterned microwires, and besides, the room temperature Josephson oscillations within pairs of coupled micropillars.
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Collective dynamics of excitons and exciton-polaritons in nanoscale heterostructures / Dynamique collective des excitons et exciton-polaritons dans des hétérostructures nanométriquesVisnevski, Dmitri 09 July 2013 (has links)
Dans ma thèse, je discute des phénomènes collectifs dynamiques impliquant des excitons et des exciton-polaritons dans des nanostructures de semiconducteurs. Dans le premier chapitre j’introduis brièvement des éléments de physique des semiconducteurs. Les quatre chapitres suivants sont dédiés à la présentation de résultats originaux. Le chapitre 2 décrit les phénomènes d’interaction cohérente entre phonons et condensats d’exciton. Le chapitre 3 décrit un laser à boite quantique dont l’émission peut être amplifiée par l’excitation par un pulse acoustique. Les chapitres 4 et 5 sont respectivement dédiés à l’étude du phénomène de multistabilité des exciton-polaritons et à l’étude d’un condensat d’excitons indirects. / In my thesis I will discuss some aspects of collective dynamics of excitons and exciton-polaritons in nanoscale heterostructures. In the first Chapter I will make a brief introduction to the modern semiconductor physics and willdescribe the general elements and notions which will be used further. Other four chapters would be devoted to four works in which I participated, notably, in Chapter 2 I will speak about the coherent interactions between phonons and exciton orexciton-polariton condensates, in Chapter 3 I will discuss the quantum dots lasing and its amplification by an acoustic pulse. Chapter 4 and 5 will be devoted respectively to the polariton multistability and to the condensates of indirect excitons.
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Lichtinduzierte magnetische Defekte in ultradünnen Filmen / Light-induced Magnetic Defects in Ultra-Thin FilmsEggebrecht, Tim 22 January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Phénomènes émergents et topologiques dans les systèmes BKT sur réseau / Topological and Emergent Phenomena in Lattice BKT SystemsFaulkner, Michael 16 March 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse s'intéresse aux phénomènes électrostatiques émergents dans les modèles magnétiques toroïdaux bi-dimensionnels à symétrie XY, fournissant ainsi un support pour de plus amples recherches dans le domaine de la transition de phase Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT).Dans de nombreux systèmes bi-dimensionnels, dont le modèle bi-dimensionnel XY du magnétisme, la transition BKT contrôle la dissociation thermique de paires de défauts topologiques liés. Le modèle XY est analogue au gaz de Coulomb bi-dimensionnel, à ceci près qu'il peut être simulé sans avoir à modéliser les interactions à longue distance du système Coulombien. Cette thèse élucide ce paradoxe en démontrant que l'approximation de Villain appliquée au modèle XY est strictement équivalente au modèle électrostatique de Maggs-Rossetto (MR) appliqué au système Coulombien bi-dimensionnel.Cette équivalence est utilisée pour sonder la transition BKT par l'application de l'algorithme MR au gaz de Coulomb bi-dimensionel. En simulant le système Coulombien, il est prouvé que les fluctuations dans l'organisation des charges autour du tore sont activées à la température de transition BKT. Ces fluctuations du champ électrique indiquent ainsi la phase de haute température de la transition.Il est ensuite montré que l'exposant critique effectif de la théorie de Bramwell-Holdsworth (BH) peut être mesuré dans les films d'hélium 4 superfluide, qui correspondent à des gaz de Coulomb effectifs dans la limite de systèmes de grandes tailles finies. / This thesis addresses the emergent electrostatics of two-dimensional, toroidal magnetic models that possess XY symmetry, providing a platform for novel investigations into the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition.The BKT transition drives the thermal dissociation of bound pairs of topological defects in many two-dimensional systems, including the two-dimensional XY model of magnetism. The XY model is closely analogous to the two-dimensional Coulomb gas, but can be simulated without computing the long-range interactions of the Coulombic system. This thesis elucidates this paradox by showing that Villain's approximation to the XY model is strictly equivalent to the Maggs-Rossetto (MR) electrostatic model when applied to the two-dimensional Coulomb gas.The mapping is used to probe the BKT transition through the application of the MR algorithm to the two-dimensional Coulomb gas. By simulating the Coulombic system, fluctuations in the winding of charges around the torus are shown to turn on at the BKT transition temperature. These topological-sector fluctuations in the electric field therefore signal the high-temperature phase of the transition.It is then shown that the effective critical exponent of Bramwell-Holdsworth (BH) theory can be measured in superfluid 4He films, which correspond to effective Coulomb gases in the limit of large but finite system size. With the Coulombic system taken as the base BKT system, it is inferred that BH theory is a general property of BKT systems.
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Fases geométricas, quantização de Landau e computação quâantica holonômica para partículas neutras na presença de defeitos topológicosBakke Filho, Knut 06 August 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We start this work studying the appearance of geometric quantum phases as in the relativistic
as in the non-relativistic quantum dynamics of a neutral particle with permanent
magnetic and electric dipole moment which interacts with external electric and magnetic
fields in the presence of linear topological defects. We describe the linear topological
defects using the approach proposed by Katanaev and Volovich, where the topological
defects in solids are described by line elements which are solutions of the Einstein's equations
in the context of general relativity. We also analyze the in
uence of non-inertial
effects in the quantum dynamics of a neutral particle using two distinct reference frames
for the observers: one is the Fermi-Walker reference frame and another is a rotating frame.
As a result, we shall see that the difference between these two reference frames is in the
presence/absence of dragging effects of the spacetime which makes its in
uence on the
phase shift of the wave function of the neutral particle. In the following, we shall use our
study of geometric quantum phases to make an application on the Holonomic Quantum
Computation, where we shall show a new approach to implement the Holonomic Quantum
Computation via the interaction between the dipole moments of the neutral particle
and external fields and the presence of linear topological defects. Another applications for
the Holonomic Quantum Computation is based in the structure of the topological defects
in graphene layers. In the presence of topological defects, a graphene layer shows two
distinct phase shifts: one comes from the mix of Fermi points while the other phase shift
comes from the topology of the defect. To provide a geometric description for each phase
shift in the graphene layer, we use the Kaluza-Klein theory where we establish that the
extra dimension describes the Fermi points in the graphene layer. Hence, we can implement
the Holonomic Quantum Computation through the possibility to build cones and
anticones of graphite in such way we can control the quantum
uxes in graphene layers.
In the last part of this work, we study the Landau quantization for neutral particles as in
the relativistic dynamics and non-relativistic dynamics. In the non-relativistic dynamics,
we study the Landau quantization in the presence of topological defects as in an inertial
as in a non-inertial reference frame. In the relativistic quantum dynamics, we start our
study with the Landau quantization in the Minkowisky considering two different gauge
fields. At the end, we study the relativistic Landau quantization for neutral particles in
the Cosmic Dislocation spacetime. / Neste trabalho estudamos inicialmente o surgimento de fases geometricas nas dinâmicas quânticas relativística e não-relativística de uma partícula neutra que possui momento de
dipolo magnético e elétrico permanente interagindo com campos elétricos e magnéticos externos
na presença de defeitos topológicos lineares. Para descrevermos defeitos topológicos
lineares usamos a aproximação proposta por Katanaev e Volovich, onde defeitos lineares em sólidos são descritos por elementos de linha que são soluções das equações de Einstein
no contexto da relatividade geral. Analisamos também a
inuência de efeitos não-inerciais na dinâmica quântica de uma partícula neutra em dois tipos distintos de referenciais para
os observadores: um é o referencial de Fermi-Walker e outro é um referencial girante.
Vemos que a diferença entre dois referenciais está na presença/ausência de efeitos de arrasto
do espaço-tempo que irá influenciar diretamente na mudança de fase na funçãao de
onda da partícula neutra. Em seguida, usamos nosso estudo de fases geométricas para
fazer aplicações na Computação Quântica Holonômica onde mostramos uma nova maneira de implementar a Computação Quântica Holonômica através da interação entre momentos
de dipolo e campos externos e pela presença de defeitos topológicos lineares. Outra
aplicação para a Computação Quântica Holonômica está baseada na estrutura de defeitos
topológicos em um material chamado grafeno. Na presença de defeitos topológicos lineares,
esse material apresenta duas fases quânticas de origens distintas: uma da mistura
dos pontos de Fermi e outra da topologia do defeito. Para dar uma descrição geométrica para a origem de cada fase no grafeno usamos a Teoria de Kaluza-Klein, onde a dimensão extra sugerida por esta teoria descreve os pontos de Fermi no grafeno. Portanto, a implementação da Computação Quântica Holonômica no grafeno está baseada na possibilidade
de construir cones e anticones de grafite de tal maneira que se possa controlar os fluxos
quânticos no grafeno. Na última parte deste trabalho estudamos a quantização de Landau
para partículas neutras tanto na dinâmica não-relativística quanto na dinâmica relativística. Na dinâmica não-relativítica, estudamos a quantização de Landau na presença
de defeitos em um referecial inercial e, em seguida, em um referencial nãoo-inercial. Na
dinâmica relativística, estudamos inicialmente a quantização de Landau no espaço-tempo
plano em duas configurações de campos diferentes. Por fim, estudamos a quantização de
Landau relativística para partículas neutras no espaço-tempo da deslocação cósmica.
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