Mass spectrometry is a technique that analyzes the chemical compositions of compounds based on the mass-to-charge ratio of their ionized constituents. Miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometry finds application in a wide range of fields where portable, rugged, and reliable analytical instruments are required. Ion traps of various designs have been introduced over the past decades, each with their own unique advantages and capabilities. However, the process of developing a novel miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometer continues to be fraught with challenges. This dissertation discusses simulation studies pertaining to the development of a novel dual ion trap, the simplified coaxial ion trap, consisting of a simplified toroidal ion trap and a cylindrical ion trap. Ions are initially trapped in the toroidal region and the target ions are transferred to the cylindrical region where they are fragmented and mass analyzed, while the rest of the ion population remains securely trapped in the toroidal region. The compact design and extended trapping volume secure several advantages that are not available to conventional ion trap designs. The simulations were geared towards the determination of an optimized geometry and optimal operating conditions for the simplified coaxial ion trap. Four main criteria were used in the determination of the ideal geometric and operating conditions; namely, mass-selectivity of transfer from the toroidal to cylindrical traps, transfer and trapping efficiency in the cylindrical ion trap, mass resolution, and unidirectional ejection. The optimized geometry demonstrates successful trapping of ions in the toroidal region and selective transfer of target ions to the cylindrical region. Unidirectional inward ejection of ions could be achieved with a positive hexapole component in the electric field. The mass resolution under optimized conditions of the toroidal trap was 0.3 Da (FWHM), which agrees with the experimental value. The simplified coaxial ion trap yielded a total transfer and trapping efficiency of 25%. A number of suggestions to improve the efficiency are also discussed as part of this work.

La dynamique des plasmas de fusion par confinement magnétique dans la configuration Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) est ´étudiée en utilisant la description magnétohydrodynamique (MHD) incompressible. Une méthode pseudo-spectrale et une technique de pénalisation en volume sont utilisées pour résoudre le système d’équations dans un cylindre. Les simulations numériques montrent que la pression joue un rôle important dans la dynamique des RFP et ne peut pas être négligée. Ainsi, ß n’est plus le paramètre principal pour décrire la dynamique des RFPs mais plutôt ß’ ∇, un nouveau paramètre qui équivaut le rapport du module de gradient de pression et le module de la force de Lorentz. A un autre niveau, l’effet du changement de la section poloïdale du RFP sur la dynamique est étudié. Les simulations des écoulements RFP ayant le même nombre de Lundquist et des sections différentes (circulaire et elliptique), montrent une grande différence dans les spectres et la diffusion turbulente radiale. Finalement, les écoulements RFP sont utilisés pour étudier l’effet dynamo. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les écoulements RFP sont capables d’amplifier un champ magnétique passif qui aura une tendance à être plus non-linéaire que le champ magnétique du RFP dans les régimes turbulents. / The dynamics of magnetic fusion plasmas in the Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) configuration are studied using an incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) description. A pseudospectral method combined with a volume penalization method are used to resolve the governing equations in a straight cylinder. Numerical simulations show that the pressure effects on the RFP dynamics cannot be neglected, and thus the _ parameter is not adequate to characterize the importance of pressure in the dynamics. A new parameter, _0r , which is the ratio of the pressure gradient’s magnitude to the Lorentz force’s magnitude, is proposed to be the proper parameter to describe the RFP dynamics. Another investigated influence on the RFP dynamics is the shaping of the poloidal cross-section. Simulations of flows with the same Lundquist number and different cross-sections (circular and elliptic) show a clear change in the spectral behaviour, as well as in the radial turbulent diffusion. Finally, the RFP flows are used to study the dynamo effect. Numerical results show that RFP flows are capable of amplifying a seed magnetic field, which will have tendency to be more nonlinear than the RFP magnetic field in the turbulent regime.

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

Blend recognition and suppression from a tessellated model is important in applications such as model simplification in analysis and collaborative design where tessellated models are being used. This could also be used to pre-process the model before attempting to recognize form features in it. A procedure is described for recognizing and subsequently suppressing blends (fillets/rounds) in a tessellated model of a part. Earlier efforts on recognizing secondary features such as blends have used the boundary representation (B-Rep) of the part as input. Blend recognition and suppression from a tessellated model has not been addressed to the best of our knowledge. There has been work reported on the related problem of segmentation of tessellated surfaces. Segmentation refers to the decomposition of the object into regions where the underlying surfaces having similar characteristics. The segmented surface may be of any of surface like plane surface. There are two broad approaches to segmentation - vertex-based and edge-based. The vertex-based method clusters triangles consisting of connected vertices having the same attribute. One drawback of this method is that the boundaries of the clustered regions are not clearly defined due to difference in the labels of contiguous vertices. The edge-based method is based upon the dihedral angle at each edge in the tessellated model. The main drawback of this method is that edges in the boundary of the segmented patches are disconnected. This will result in an incomplete bounding loop when used for recognizing features. Smooth transitions at the boundary of features cannot be trapped with this approach. These techniques cannot be therefore used for recognizing blends. There have been efforts to recognize and suppress blends in a B-Rep model. Suppressing blend features in a B-Rep model is easier (compared to suppression from tessellated model) because smooth edges provide a clue to presence of blends. In the case of a tessellated model, the bounding loop of blends will not consist of smooth edges and no explicit signature is available for blends. In B-Rep model, information about the radius of blend is also available while this is not directly available in a tessellated model. Constant radius blends meet the requirements of most blending features encountered in mechanical part design. The surfaces forming a constant radius blend may be classified as cylindrical, spherical and toroidal surfaces. Spherical blend is formed by a blending operation at a vertex at which either three concave linear edges or three convex linear edges are incident. Blending operation on a linear edge forms cylindrical blend. Toroidal blend is formed by a blending operation on a circular edge. This circular edge may be closed (end vertices are identical) or open. Toroidal blend is also formed at a vertex at which at least one convex and one concave edge is incident. So toroidal blend can be classified into closed toroidal blend, open toroidal blend and vertex toroidal blend. In recognition process, for every triangle, cylindrical, spherical and toroidal surface parameters are calculated. In the second step, triangles having same surface parameters are clustered. The cluster of triangles are then classified as a blend or a form feature. Finally, toroidal blends are classified as one of the three types of toroidal blend. Procedures for the suppression of edge cylindrical blend and edge toroidal blend are described. At the present time, vertex blends are not suppressed individually. Rather in the process of suppressing edge blends, vertex blends are also suppressed. The parent surfaces that were blended are identified using the bounding loops of the blends. Triangles in the blend are then deleted and the parent surfaces are extended to suppress the feature. The key issues in suppression are - identification of all the surfaces at the blend, identification of the entities that were blended (edges and vertices) and updating the tessellated model. Results of constant radius blend recognition and suppression, on benchmark parts from NIST design repository are presented. This is followed by a discussion on the correctness of the recognition procedures. The thesis concludes by summarizing the contributions and identifies the following are as recognition of variable radius blends, blends on non-linear surfaces, suppression of all small volumetric feature as areas for further research.

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

Στο πρώτο μέρος της διατριβής περιγράφεται η "στρατηγική του μιγαδικού επιπέδου" (cxps) και εξηγείται ο λόγος για τον οποίο προκρίνεται αυτή. με την cxps συνεργάζεται στενά η "τεχνική της πολλαπλής διαμερισης" (MTP), η οποία χρησιμοποιείται στους σχετικούς υπολογισμούς. κατασκευάζεται το μοντέλο ενός διαφορικά περιστρεφόμενου πολυτρόπου αστέρα υπό την επίδραση τυροειδούς μαγνητικού πεδίου. εισάγεται η ποσότητα h σαν παράμετρος διαταραχής και u παράμετρος διαφορικής περιστροφής. αναπτύσσεται η θεωρία που περιλαμβάνει όρους μέχρι και πρώτης τάξης στις παραμέτρους διαταραχής u, h και ευρίσκονται οι διαφορικές εξισώσεις, στις οποίες, υπακούουν οι συναρτήσεις του προβλήματος. ακολούθως γίνεται αριθμητική εφαρμογή των προηγούμενων για όλες τις ενδιαφέρουσες καταστάσεις περιστροφής. το δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής διαπραγματεύεται μοντέλα, στα οποία η διαφορική περιστροφή προκύπτει από το ιξώδες υλικό του αστέρα με επίλυση της λεγόμενης "εξισώσεως ζεύξης", η οποία είναι συνέπεια της εξισώσεως Navier-Stokes για ιξωδοπολυτροπικούς αστέρες. παρουσιάζονται αριθμητικά αποτελέσματα για τη δομή διαφόρων μοντέλων με ασθενές, μέτριο και ισχυρό μαγνητικό πεδίο. δίνεται έμφαση στον υπολογισμό της "ενεργειακής απώλειας" λογω ιξώδους τριβής. ακολουθει σχολιασμός των αριθμητικών αποτελεσμάτων με έμφαση στο γεγονός ότι η ύπαρξη του μαγνητικού πεδίου περιορίζει δραστικά την ενεργειακή απώλεια. στην περίπτωση αυτή το μαγνητικό πεδίο δρα ως "λιπαντικό" και προστατεύει τον αστέρα από την υπερβολική απώλεια ενέργειας λογά ιξώδους τριβής των διαφορικώς περιστρεφόμενων φλοιών του. / In the first part, it has primarily been described the "complex plane strategy"(cxps) and has also been explained the reason of implementing this method in the present investigation. With the cxps collaborates the "multiple partition technique" (MTP) which is involved in the corresponding computations. In particular, the model of a differentially rotating polytropic star is constructed, which is under the cooperating influence of a toroidal magnetic field. To this purpose, perturbation theory is used on the basis of the fundamental magnetic perturbation parameter h. the theory including terms up to the first order in both the perturbation parameters u (rotation) and h (magnetic field),is developed and the corresponding differential equations are set up. Our computation concerns mainly critical rotations. In the second part of the thesis, we consider models with differential rotation owing to the viscous material of the star, on the basis of the so called "coupling equation" that is consequence of the Navier-Stokes equation for viscous polytropic stars. Emphasis is given on the study of dissipative effects due to viscous friction, as they are determined by the combined action of rotation and magnetic field. The computations show that a toroidal magnetic field can play the role of an efficient "lubricant" injected into the material of the particular magnetic model, thus reducing drastically the energy dissipated due to viscous friction.

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto.

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto.

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica para aplicação em sistemas de tração automotiva. Compreende o estudo e a análise do perfil de carga e das grandezas eletromagnéticas e eletromecânicas através da construção de modelos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais. Através destes, são propostos critérios para o dimensionamento geométrico e para a escolha dos materiais. A topologia da máquina elétrica possui fluxo axial no entreferro, duplo rotor com ímãs permanentes setoriais, núcleo estator toroidal sem ranhuras e enrolamentos setoriais. Os modelos analíticos tridimensionais para a geometria e o volume dos enrolamentos são uma contribuição relevante em termos científicos. Experimentalmente, a máquina é acionada como gerador síncrono, com um rendimento interno de até 91,75%. Como gerador em regime de frenagem regenerativa obteve-se um rendimento interno de 78,61% no barramento CC. Ao final, utilizando o modelo automotivo de perdas, é feita uma análise em regime permanente do sistema acoplado, visando à caracterização da eficiência energética global do sistema. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma avaliação adequada da máquina no modo de operação proposto.