[pt] Estima-se que até 2050, noventa por cento da população da América Latina esteja residindo em áreas urbanas (UN DESA, 2018), dado que impõe um desafio às cidades, que precisam buscar soluções para melhorar a qualidade de vida de seus habitantes e ainda ser capazes de atrair investimentos e visitantes, desenvolvendo estratégias que as destaquem mundialmente. Visando melhorar a qualidade de vida, a eficiência dos serviços e a competitividade dos centros urbanos, através da tecnologia, respeitando aspectos econômicos, sociais, ambientais e culturais, o conceito de Cidade Inteligente apresenta-se como uma solução para o presente e o futuro das cidades (ITU-T, 2016), influenciando ainda, a indústria do turismo, de onde emerge o Destino Turístico Inteligente, que se propõe a tornar a experiência geral dos visitantes mais divertida, eficiente e conveniente (BOES; BUHALIS; INVERSINI, 2015). O objetivo desta tese é compreender como os atributos de Cidades Inteligentes (GIFFINGER et al., 2007) influenciam a marca de uma cidade. Empregando uma estratégia de métodos mistos, foram coletadas percepções de turistas acerca dos atributos em dez capitais da América Latina. Em seguida, foram investigadas as iniciativas e a comunicação das cidades, através da análise dos sites e publicações nos perfis de turismo da rede social Instagram. Por fim, a trajetória do Rio de Janeiro para se tornar uma Cidade Inteligente e um Destino Turístico Inteligente (BUHALIS; AMARANGGANA, 2014) foi examinada. Os achados apontam dissonâncias entre o que é percebido e o que é comunicado, indicando oportunidades para que os gestores públicos, profissionais de branding e de turismo agreguem tais atributos aos posicionamentos de marcas de cidades, bem como ampliem o escopo de um Destino Turístico Inteligente, aproximando-o do conceito de Cidade Inteligente. A tese contribui com os estudos sobre marcas de lugares, ao investigar de que forma os atributos de Cidades Inteligentes podem influenciar as marcas de cidades ou de destinos turísticos e com a concepção de destinos turísticos, ao identificar que a dimensão Pessoas deve ser ressaltada. Envolver os cidadãos em uma cultura inteligente e adotar as dimensões de Cidades Inteligentes como premissas para direcionar a ideação do plano estratégico das cidades da América Latina, pode contribuir para a construção de sua reputação como Cidade Inteligente. / [en] It is estimated that by 2050, 90 percent of the population of Latin America will be living in urban areas (UN DESA, 2018), as this poses a challenge to cities, which need to seek solutions to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants and still be capable of attracting investments and visitors, developing strategies that make them stand out worldwide. Aiming to improve the quality of life, the efficiency of services and the competitiveness of urban centers, through technology, respecting economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects, the Smart City concept presents itself as a solution for the present and the future of cities (ITU-T, 2016), also influencing the tourism industry, from which the Smart Tourism Destination emerges, which proposes to make the general experience of visitors more fun, efficient and convenient (BOES; BUHALIS; INVERSINI, 2015) . The objective of this thesis is to understand how the attributes of Smart Cities (GIFFINGER et al., 2007) influence the brand of a city. Employing a mixed methods strategy, tourists perceptions of attributes were collected in ten Latin American capitals. Then, the initiatives and the communication of the cities were investigated, through the analysis of the websites and publications in the tourism profiles of the social network Instagram. Finally, Rio de Janeiro s trajectory towards becoming a Smart City and Smart Tourist Destination (BUHALIS; AMARANGGANA, 2014) was examined. The findings point to dissonances between what is perceived and what is communicated, indicating opportunities for public managers, branding and tourism professionals to add such attributes to the positioning of city brands, as well as to expand the scope of an Smart Tourism Destination, bringing it closer to the Smart City concept. The thesis contributes to studies on place branding, by investigating how the attributes of Smart Cities can influence the brands of cities or tourist destinations and with the design of tourist destinations, by identifying that the People dimension should be highlighted. Involving citizens in an intelligent culture and adopting the dimensions of Smart Cities as premises to direct the ideation of the strategic plan of cities in Latin America, can contribute to building their Smart Cities reputation.

This doctoral thesis approaches literary tourism initially from an historical perspective in order to define the phenomenon through a review of the existing academic literature in the field. The forms of literary tourism are analysed to provide a typology and from this the value of literary tourism is explained both from the visitor's point of view and the destination manager's. Current theories underpinning the existing literature on literary tourism, including Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital are reviewed. To extend the current state of research and to answer the research questions a case study of successful urban literary tourism is identified, in this case in Brittany, France. The uses of French literature in literary tourism are reviewed to provide a sound basis on which to examine French texts and tourist destinations. Novel methods of field research are developed to formalise and to make reproducible the methodology for this study and for future work drawing on, and seeking to combine both literary theory and ethnography. Following a pilot study on the French Riviera the full discovery instruments are designed and applied in fieldwork on the case destination, Concarneau, using the detective novel, The Yellow Dog, which is set in Concarneau. Analysis of the findings from this provide a new contribution to the field of literary theory, in the area of reader interpellation, and answer the research questions in the form of a new set of recommendations for DMOs and tourism stakeholders. From the empirical study that used Web 2.0 social media, only available since 2013, an analysis of which novels do stimulate literary tourism is presented for the first time. Out of the research process new methods have been evolved, and are presented in the conclusion, for the DMO to synthesise and leverage digital resources. This provides DMOs with interpretation processes for its managed heritage to use with its local stakeholders in hotels and in tourism businesses. Finally, an innovative conceptualisation of what constitutes tourism knowledge is proposed.

The aim of my thesis is to analyze the operation of selected organizations of destination management in the South Bohemian region or in other regions in the neighborhood. My work focuses especially on comparison the existence, operation, focus and also cooperation between individual subjects of destination managements. The thesis brings a real recommendations in order to improve efficiency in operation of these subjects.