Tourism has social and economic benefits. Economic benefits are received through tourists visiting tourist attractions. Social benefits related to benefits tourists receive personally when visiting tourist attractions. The number of individuals that are obese are constantly increasing and leads to hazardous medical conditions. The aim of this research study was to determine the extent to which geocaching can be used to increase tourism and decrease obesity. Geocaching is similar to a treasure hunt where participant use clues and a Global Positioning System device to find a treasure that are called a cache. The cache is filled with trinkets that are exchanged by participants that find the cache. Students of the second avenue campus of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University were used as respondents and given information on what geocaching involve. Three geocaches were hidden in The Boardwalk Casino and Entertainment World in Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth. The respondents met at The Boardwalk Casino and Entertainment World where a clue and map was provided. After finding the cache the respondents was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The results were calculated and conclusions and recommendations were made. The primary research process was conducted over too short a period of time to conclude whether it can lead to a reduction in obesity. However geocaching experience by respondents did show that the process of geocaching involves physical exercise, which is needed for losing weight. Research also indicated that respondents would like to geocache with family and friends. Geocaching with family and friends involves support which secondary research have also proven is important to losing weight and decreasing obesity. Respondents indicated that they enjoyed geocaching and would like to geocache in their free time. The indication of enjoying geocaching, participating in geocaching during free time allows travelling for leisure purposes as to geocache travelling is necessary and the majority of geocaches is hidden at tourist attractions. The combination of travelling to tourist attractions, enjoying the experience and partaking in physical exercise with family and friends involve two of the three main aspects seen as helping to reduce obesity: enjoyable physical activity and support from family and friends. The conclusion is therefore that geocaching can be utilised to increase tourism and reduce obesity.

La problématique de mon travail de recherche de doctorat tourne autour de la question de l'activité du tourisme au service du développement des populations locales en basse Casamance. enclavée au nord par la république anglophone de la Gambie et au sud par la république lusophone de la Guinée Bissao, cette entité méridionale du Sénégal, actuelle région de Ziguinchor constitue l'épicentre de l'axe (Banjul, Bignona, Bissao) de peuples unis par l'histoire, la culture et le cadre naturel. la région considérée comme la Floride du Sénégal regorge des potentialités naturelles et culturelles qui la font un terroir recherché. sa dimension sociologique et linguistique la démarque du reste du pays et suscite la curiosité. en raison de cette admiration et de la beauté de son paysage, la région attire de plus en plus d'acteurs de développement touristique.la diversité de sa richesse constitue un enjeu pour son développement local. le patrimoine est détenu par l'ethnie Diola qui est majoritaire et se caractérise par un particularisme sociolinguistique correspondant aux entités satellites suivantes : les Diola Karone, les Diola du Blouf, les Diola du Fogny et les Diola du Kassa. ces communautés régies par des us et coutumes ont un dénominateur commun le « boekin », le génie protecteur et garant de l'abondance des pluies. elles peuvent regrouper une vingtaine de villages dont les limites territoriales remontent aux premiers occupants des lieux. aujourd'hui avec la croissance rapide du tourisme due aux technologies de l'information et de la communication, les acteurs, les professionnels et les touristes sont à la quête de nouveaux horizons susceptibles de satisfaire leurs attentes. cependant cette croissance ne manque pas d'effets négatifs au nombre desquels la perturbation des structures sociales et la dégradation de l'environnement naturel. face à cette envergure de l'activité du tourisme, notre approche essayera de répondre au thème ; tourisme et population en basse Casamance : enjeux pour un développement local. / Tourism and populations in the Lower Casamance

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou cestovního ruchu, především ve smyslu jeho dopadů na územní celky. Práce je rozdělena na dvě části. První část, mající obecný charakter, má za účel popsat základní souvislosti týkající se cestovního ruchu a následně přiblížit přístupy k cestovnímu ruchu, které lze uplatňovat. Druhá část se již zabývá konkrétním sídelním celkem, jímž je město Tábor.

This thesis examines and evaluates the British Columbia Community Tourism Action Program (CTAP), a provincial program that aims to help communities broaden their economic bases by developing tourism. Specifically, it questions how isolated single-industry towns implement the British Columbia CTAP, and how they evaluate it, using the examples of Golden and Ucluelet, both of which have been using the program since 1991. The thesis does not base its conclusions on financial data, but on the communities' responses to a questionnaire about the CTAP, on meetings with each community's tourism action committee, and on a comparison of theories of tourism planning with the actual workings of the British Columbia CTAP. After establishing why single-industry towns may have a special need to diversify their economies, the thesis traces the evolution of the British Columbia CTAP from two other programs: its predecessor—British Columbia Tourism Development Strategy— and the Alberta Community Tourism Action Program. Following this history is a brief description of why tourism planning is necessary, including some of the environmental, economic and social effects of tourism, and then a review of the literature concerning tourism planning. A detailed study of the Golden and Ucluelet plans, several evaluations of the program, and recommendations for future research complete the thesis. Since the town representatives responses to the British Columbia CTAP have been favourable and since the program matches several of the most important theoretical requirements of tourism planning, the thesis concludes with qualified approval of the program. Reservations about the program's effectiveness include concerns about how well all the residents of a town are represented, how the program is evaluated, and how the program deals with sustainability issues. The final recommendations section sketches in how these problems might be addressed and also suggests some supplements to the CTAP. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Not only is tourism becoming one of the fastest growing industries of both the developed and developing countries, it is also the point of entry into a country and its culture. The movement of people between countries and the burgeoning size of the tourism industry has created the need for the professionalisation of tourist guides within countries. Furthermore, there has also developed a need for implementing tourist guiding legislation to better regulate the tourism sector. The tourist guide has become one of the key industry players, because he or she is usually the first point of contact between the tourist and the country. As such, this study will focus on the development and implementation of tourist guiding legislation in three destinations: South Africa, Canada and Australia. It will compare the different regulatory measures each country has implemented and also look at the relationship between the tourist guide and government, as well as the relationship of the tourist guide and the tourist. The importance of the tourist guide as mediator or interpreter will also be focused on. Lastly the concept of cross-border tourism will also be considered, this is because people usually visit more than one country when they go on holiday and tourist guides will often have to operate between the two countries and take part in cross-border tourism. In short, this study will be a comparative one primarily concerned with tourist guiding legislation within South Africa, Canada and Australia. It will consider the place of the tourist guide within the historical and practical context. / Dissertation (MHSC)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted

This study centres upon Manchester and its spatial understanding as accrued by tourists. The assessment of urban tourist experience embraces three distinct concepts that discern this work from previous approaches to date. Namely, that tourist experience consists of behaviour and meaning, with either part incomplete without the other. This then, incurs the need to quantify elements of place and people whilst embracing subjectivity as both an empirical and perennial problem within qualitative analysis. Lastly, to measure such aspects by 'consensus' by assessing ways of 'doing, seeing and thinking' within a city that is unfamiliar. A central tenet of this study is the belief that the overall tourist experience is dependent upon the personal goals, values and beliefs of the tourist, evaluated from a position of self-reference. Urban tourism unites the disciplines of physical and human geography into one occurrence, assessed as the ' tourist experience.' Graefe and Vaske (1987) explain this as the culmination of a given experience, influenced by individual, environmental, situational and personality-related factors as forms of communication. As a result, the 'tourist' interacts on two levels; initially, in a physical way as behaviour becomes enacted and assembled. Simultaneously, the stranger accumulates knowledge of somewhere different from home. Reflecting this, the study commences with a traditional behaviourist approach to define the tourist location. Secondly, a phenomenological approach explores the individual sensitivities, associations and values of tourists towards new and unfamiliar surroundings. Both perspectives are incorporated within a sequential and progressive research design conducted within the city of Manchester, U.K. The stages include: the construction of a GIS based tourist map founded upon ordnance survey co-ordinates. The completion of a tourist survey to ascertain the knowledge, mobility and visits conducted during each visit (N=l46). The third stage quantifies the diversity of experience through personal interviews, photo elicitation techniques and factor analysis (Q Sort). The fourth stage implements qualitative software analysis to reveal aspects of social appreciation and cultural diversity (Nudist NVivo). Consequently, the study provides an interpretative assessment to unite both urban behaviour and tourist experience. Thus, the assessment moves beyond the traditional study of behaviour yet regards such an approach to be an essential building block to a study moving from 'maps to meaning.' A Q methodological design of a non - probability sample includes: interviews (N = 30) and factor analysis techniques in seeking to understand the composition and depth of the urban tourist experience. Subsequent comparison between emergent groups explores the divergence of opinions and personal values between individuals. This triangulation of data seeks to unite quantitative and qualitative data collection methods within an interpretative framework of enquiry. An innovative research design implements the use of a varied range of contemporary software packages. The results suggest that it is the inherent characteristics of people, and not the places they visit that provide the foundation of experience. To conclude any meaning of place as remaining enmeshed within the cultural context of origin to be individually defined and inherently valued.

This dissertation examines how tourists used photography during a period when economic prosperity and guaranteed vacation time meant increasing numbers of Americans gained the ability to travel for vacation; cameras and film became less expensive and travel photography more ubiquitous; and photographs produced by tourists helped shape the visual imaginary of the West. Tourists used the activity of photographing to be engaged in their vacations and their photographs represent authentic interactions among traveling companions. Typically, cultural critics view tourists as passive consumers who unthinkingly follow guidebooks' prescriptions and whose photographic practices prevent them from having authentic vacation experiences. While photographs in guidebooks, travel magazines, and other advice literature showed potential tourists what they should capture on film, tourists did not strictly follow that advice. Instead, tourists creatively engaged with photography to enhance their vacation experiences. My examination of tourist photographs reveals that tourists made choices about their photographic subjects, even as they also photographed iconic western scenes. Vacationers shot a variety of subjects, many of which are unexpected. As they traveled through the West, tourists used their cameras to connect with their companions, to amuse and entertain themselves and to create vacation stories to share with family and friends. My argument restores agency to tourist subjects by engaging concretely with their photographs. Because I emphasize tourist photographs, reading them as aesthetic constructions that enact the processes of creating meaning and identity, my project intervenes to quarrel with scholars and cultural critics who have often viewed tourists and the activity, aesthetics, and meaning of their photographs as inauthentic, vacuous and overly mediated.

To respond to the research question, “by what processes do new industries emerge?”, the author identified different models of innovation development and industry emergence. Relevant streams of literature included economics, innovation, sociology, economic sociology, and institution theory. A functional goal innovation development theory, referred to as the accumulation model, states that many organizations, from both the public- and private-sectors, collect and accumulate resources in three major social functions. Previous research defined the model state-of-the-art at a high level of abstraction, identifying the three main components (industry infrastructure elements), depicted as separate boxes with arrows between them. This research uses grounded theory extension to identify microscopic processes, delving within and between the three macroscopic infrastructure elements. The industry context of this research was the emerging human suborbital space transportation (“space tourism”) industry. Data came from secondary sources, archival data, and primary sources. This research collected more than 8,400 pieces of secondary and archival data from news aggregator web sites, distilled them into approximately 600 significant events, and categorized them within the accumulation model framework’s three main components: Institutional Arrangements, Resource Endowments, and Proprietary Functions. Industry structure and disruptive innovation studies provided additional analytical perspectives. Primary data, collected via 40 interviews of industry members, filled in and validated data gaps. The combined analyses resulted in a deeper understanding of the industry emergence process. Observations of the sequence of events, and of linkages between events and actors, allowed the author to propose a set of processes, describing how the accumulated industry resources resulted in industry emergence. Description of these processes required modifications to the original framework. Furthermore, this research analyzed a high-profile prize event that initiated the industry emergence, to propose a supplemental set of processes, describing how prizes influence industry emergence. The current research proposes that institutional activities contribute primarily to the accumulation of sociopolitical legitimacy, and resource endowment activities contribute primarily to cognitive legitimacy. Both forms of legitimacy are a significant moderator of interactions between the three infrastructure elements. Furthermore, prizes positively contribute to sociopolitical legitimacy, positively moderate the creation of cognitive legitimacy, and positively moderate many steps in the business development cycle. The proposed processes identify the steps of legitimacy creation and industry emergence. This research provides new insights into the industry emergence and evolution processes, for entrepreneurs, managers, policy-makers, and for developing countries on the African continent.

Increasingly, tourists desire to have more genuine experiences with both nature and foreign cultures through ecotourism and adventure tourism. The industry has shifted to be more concerned with its environmental footprint, which can be beneficial, but has a complex set of consequences. While more universally lucrative for governments and foreign entrepreneurs, the benefitsof ecotourismÕs increased popularity rarely extend to the towns and villages in which resorts are built. Culturally rich neighborhoods across the United States face similar consequences as they are gentrified by entrepreneurs with no stake in the existing community looking to profit from the online short term rental boom. Parallel disconnects exists in both international and domestic tourism between the actual and perceived authenticity of place. Small farms that participate in the local food movement have made great strides in advocating against the unhealthy and unsustainable practices of the industrial agricultural complex that dominate o global food system. This has lead to a higher quality of food production and environmentally sustainable consumption practices have become the expectation. Many small farmsÕ dependency on exploitation of migrant labor, going against our romanticized image of the family farm, shows a disconnect between our popular concern for ethical cultivation of produce and livestock and concern for the ethical treatment of the laborers who do it. The romanticized image of what an American farm looks like has also become racially homogeneous in the United States as a history of oppression and racially prejudiced policies have forced African-Americans out of organized agriculture with few left to advocate for the vital role agriculture plays in the defense of black land ownership. This thesis looks to analyze the opportunities culturally threatened neighborhoods within American cities have through intersection with the tourism industry and the local and organic food movements. Through critique of the successes and shortcom gs of tourism and farming, an argument will be made for the potential neighborhood farms have to utilize the flourishing agritourism industry as a way of promoting more sustainable lifestyle practices through connecting tourists with the process of growing food, its relationship to the larger environment, and the communities most influenced by injustices that exist within AmericaÕs food system. It will look at tourism through a lens of knowledge and self improvement rather than leisure and the opportunity to develop resorts as community and education centers rather than places of privilege. Through this model, neighborhood farms would advocate for food and environmental justice while fostering resilience within communities of color who have been less visible despite being just as active in AmericaÕs agricultural revolution. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Literary tourism refers to any travel inspired by literature. This dissertation considers literary tourism from the perspective of a contemporary literary tourism attraction. It investigates the origins of literary tourism both in the historical context as well as in academic writing as interdisciplinary research between geography and literature. The current state of literary tourism research is also considered and the main research themes at present are identified, that is, authenticity and who the literary tourists are. This study also considers what the future might hold for literary tourism by looking at popular contemporary examples, including the works of J.K. Rowling, G.R.R. Martin, J.R.R. Tolkien, Dan Brown, Stieg Larsson and L.J. Smith. In this context, literary tourism’s reciprocal relationship with film tourism is unpacked. This dissertation then moves on to discuss the main focus of this investigation. A mere decade ago, the world was unaware of a book series called The Twilight Saga by Stephenie Meyer. Yet in a few short years, the literary tourism associated with this series has turned a small town in northwest Washington State into a tourism phenomenon. This study considers the development, extent and impact of literary tourism on this town, called Forks. It also considers other literary and film tourism sites associated with The Twilight Saga to show the vast range of the impact literature can have on tourism. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Historical and Heritage Studies / MHCS / Unrestricted