A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master Degree in Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008. / Any development, be it tourism development needs to be well planned and executed so as to effectively benefit the broader society in any entrepreneurial environment. Municipalities, such as strategic management model, the national mandate to promote tourism development within their areas with a bias to enhance entrepreneurship and Black economic empowerment. The application of such principles is particularly needed in the GDMA mainly for addressing of basic needs, equity and redistribution of tourism wealth for the benefit of the previously disadvantaged communities. The main purpose of this study is therefore to advocate for the exploitation of tourism opportunities to the superlative degree by historically disadvantaged individuals. The focus of the study is on the identification of tourism business opportunities around the Durban Metropolitan Area. In addition, to develop strategic management approaches that could be used as a guideline to manage the tourism business and empowerment of the previously disadvantaged communities. Some of the objectives of the study are: (a) To reveal the extent of Black people's awareness of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area. (b) To establish the levels of stakeholder participation in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area. (c) To investigate whether the BEE policy contributes towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area. (d) To identify appropriate competitive strategies that can be widely applied in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area. (e) To propose a strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The methodology for collecting data comprised a stratified sample size of 178 respondents, which was distributed in the GDMA as follows: sample consisting of Black entrepreneurs [92], tourism officials [8], government officials [5], tourism business persons [27], local community and public [103]. The findings of the study indicated that, on the whole, a significant number of respondents were not sufficiently in support of many of the hypotheses. The findings of the study established that: (a) Black people are adequately aware of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area; (b) Black stakeholders do not participate significantly in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area; (c) The present BEE policy as practiced makes an inadequate contribution towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area; (d) The existing competitive strategies are not adequately successful in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area; (e) There is no readily existing strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by tourism entrepreneurs in the study area. In conclusion the study found that there was an urgent need for designing a strategic entrepreneurial development or management model that could be used as a blue print for tourism delivery in the study area. The study actually put forward a strategic BEE entrepreneurial management model with the hope that it would contribute to the solution of tourism entrepreneurial shortcomings, towards achieving an equitable distribution of tourism benefits to all stakeholders in the Durban Metropolitan Area. The prospects for future research in this area include: the sustainability of tourism entrepreneurial development initiatives, the community benefits from emerging BEE initiatives in the area, and the adjustment of tourism legislation so as to benefit the BEE infrastructural requirements within the study areas.

A dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters in Recreation and Tourism in the Centre for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2007. / The tourism industry is considered as the key towards Black people empowerment in uMhlathuze Municipality. This study examine whether Black Economic Empowerment [BEE] in tourism can contribute to the upliftment of Black people. Hence, the aim of this research inquiry, among other things, was to assess the impact and potential of the BEE policy towards promotion of tourism entrepreneurship among Black people in the study area. The aim was simplified into objectives also used to guide this study: The objectives focussed on examining the understanding, awareness, access to the BEE finances and the roles of stakeholders. The promotion of entrepreneurship among the Black people was view in this study as critical for success of the BEE policy in tourism. A research method followed by this study was the survey technique, using self-administered questionnaire. The structured survey used closed ended objective questions. A sample of 160 respondents was acquired, based on a statistical population of about 300 000 people in the study area. The collected data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] computer programme. The tabled numerical data was analysed. Literature was used to comprehend, give insight on the issues that needed investigation, to support the findings as well as to make conclusions. This study found that the BEE policy has the potential to contribute towards tourism entrepreneurship within the study area. The Black people were not sufficiently involved in the ownership of tourism businesses. The study has found that there is a lack of entrepreneurship skill access to information and finance for BEE related entrepreneurial activities. The uMhlathuze Municipality lacks the capacity to monitor the implementation of the BEE. The study concludes by suggesting that, because of the found shortcomings, the aims of the Black Economic Empowerment policy are not realised by the majority of Black people in the study area.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of IsiZulu at the University of Zululand, 2002. / The study aims at re-awakening the interest in the places of importance in KwaZulu Natal, interest in the revival of the cultural traditions, the beliefs, food preparations, crafts and being aware of the job opportunities offered by the government's plans about the Lebombo Spatial Development Initiative (LSDI). The underlying motive of the study is to create awareness that KwaZulu Natal is, and forever will be a tourist attraction destination. It is aimed at encouraging the people in their communities to be involved in one way or another in creating a conducive atmosphere that will make tourists feel welcome in KwaZulu Natal. The satisfied tourists will keep on coming back again and again which will in turn create job opportunities and result in alleviation of poverty and unemployment in our province. Speaking of the benefits of tourism, Gill (1996: vi) says in his preface; Tourism today has been acknowledged as an industry, and both the government and the private sector have planned tourism as an essential component of their economics. For further development tourism needs planning investment and scientific study. This acknowledgement of tourism as a viable industry by the government has been shown by our Government by structuring a number of Spatial Development Initiatives, such as Lebombo SDI which is part of this study. This study serves to show that there should be a link m a relationship between history and tourism and that the two can work wonders in contributing towards the development of the country's economy. Natural resources and the places of historical importance make KwaZulu Natal the most attractive tourist destination of the world, with its World Heritage site at St Lucia. KwaZulu Natal offers everything in a rich variety - its mountains and bills, valleys, scenic beauty, monuments and memorials, traditional arts and dances, fairs and festivals and dozens of other precious things that make the country a mosaic of living traditions. So the objective of this study is to remind the people in their communities that, as schools today speak of outcomes based education with its emphasis on entrepreneurial skills and job creation rather than job-seeking, so does the government speak of mobilizing communities to work together to bring about change and better life for all its citizens. It is therefore the objective of this study to make the communities aware that it is not too late to start being involved in building our communities. Let us dream and have high hopes and visions for the future of our province, our country and ultimately our future generations.

A dissertation of submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's in Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2009. / There has been turmoil between the Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority and the Khula village community located adjacent to it. Khula village community members have been trespassing into the park and conducting illegal activities. Some of these include: killing wild animals, cutting trees for wood carving and medicinal purposes without permission from the Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority. In addition, the number of hijacked tourist cars in the area is increasing and other serious criminal activities directed to tourists are becoming very common. All these illegal activities are progressively contributing, not only to the gradual deterioration of the status of the resources, but also to the spoiled relationship between the authorities, tourists and the community around the Isimangaliso Wetland Park. These occurrences are impacting adversely on the park as a tourist destination. What is implicit is that tourist visitation numbers at the Wetland Park will drop, and these reduced numbers of tourists that will affect the employment rate within the local community. Pursuant to these observations and problems, the researcher found it appealing and necessary to explore the relationship between the Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority and Khula village community. This would be achieved by investigating the participation, practices, and patterns associated with the administration of the Isimangaliso Wetland Park. In an attempt to address the research question or problem, the following research objectives were set up: • To reveal the extent to which the local community is aware of the importance of tourism in the study area • To establish whether the communities do participate in the reserve activities that bring in income • To determine the existing type of relationship between the local communities and the park authorities • To explore whether the communities are given a platform to express their preferences about the park • To investigate whether there are any development initiatives the reserve is offering to the local community. The research methodology used to execute the objectives of the research study involved collecting information from the local community of Khula Village, Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority and KwaZulu-Natal Ezemvelo Wildlife. Data was collected by means of sets of questionnaires. The data collected was analysed using the SPSS computer statistical package, which led to getting the research findings. There were various findings that emerged and were deduced from the research data analysed. The findings showed that a dual relationship between the local community and Park Authorities. On the one side it was good because of the social involvement of local communities in the activities of the Park, whereas, on the other side, the lack of economic participation affected the relationship negatively. The findings showed that, among the respondents from the study area, a limited number of people had had access to tertiary education. It is believed that the lack of tertian7 education influenced the availability of skills that resulted in a small number of people participating in activities that would bring economic benefit as opposed to social benefits. Social benefits were enjoyed by a larger number of the respondents whereas economic benefits were only experienced by few. Furthermore, these economic benefits were experienced through activities, which brought income to the local communities such as harvesting wood for carving and craft making. Some benefits involved the performance of cultural activities to tourists, whereby community participants were paid money for the services. The cited benefits reflect some of the important solutions to the research problem of this study.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2017 / The key purpose of this study was to evaluate how heritage resources are managed, assessing various strategies of management used and how these management strategies are implemented at tourism destinations. The effectiveness of these management strategies rely on the skills of those who manage heritage resources and their underlying understanding of cultural heritage tourism. The overall purpose of this study was based on the ‘objectives’ of heritage tourism; amongst the objectives mentioned, is the evaluation of the management strategies of heritage resources and the accurate interpretation of resources at destinations. It was vital to know that heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification of resources but the management and protection of heritage values has a great impact on the sustaining of heritage tourism. The potential of heritage tourism should be valued and fully realised. There should be an integrated framework on the management of heritage resources at tourism destinations. Heritage resources tend to be misrepresented through uninformed interpretation during tours and this compromises the integrity and authenticity of heritage tourism. Findings of the study indicated that, management of heritage resources at these provinces is mainly based on policies formulated at national or local level. It was evident that management of heritage resources was often done for economic purposes at local communities. The local community described indigenous knowledge implementation as a management strategy which should be the primary strategy since it adds value to the culture of the community.

A dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course-work degree of Master of Recreation and Tourism in the Centre for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2003. / Tourism is an industry that will be able to alleviate poverty problems for many developing countries. The great multiplier effect in this industry means that every unit of tourist expenditure goes through several rounds of income creation before its effect is exhausted. South Africa, regarded as one of the new destinations, has a chance to plan tourism activities so as to promote sustainable development and avoid the known pitfalls and negative effects of this industry. This means that all its tourism related policies, such as Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Sports and Recreation and Reconstruction and Development, should be based on the principles of sustainable development. The Durban Metropolitan Area, and its sub-areas, is one of the popular destinations in the KwaZulu-Natal. The mission of the Durban Metro, also called Ethekwini Municipality, is to turn this region into South Africa's premier 'playground'. Its strategies to realise this dream include among other things: the development of Ushaka Marine Island Park, the Suncoast casino, the Sugar Mill casino, and many other initiatives. Amanzimtoti District is part of Ethekwini Municipality, known as the South Operational Entity (SOE). It therefore should share the vision of the Durban Metro, and also contribute to alleviating unemployment as well as congestion problems for the total area. This study was conducted with a view of finding out if there were any recreation and tourism-related developments taking place in Amanzimtoti, as well as its potential and standing as a tourist destination. On the whole, the lack of tourism awareness in the study area has been identified as a major hindrance to a superior level of tourism development, promotion and delivery. There seem to be lapses in communication between the tourism stakeholders such as authorities, local communities, service providers and the tourists themselves. The findings of this study went a long way and conclusively established that Amanzimtoti, as an important component of the Durban Metropolitan area, has not reached its full potential as a tourist destination in terms of the existing recreation and tourism infrastructure and facilities. In addition, perceptions of local authorities, communities and visiting tourists, indicate that the area has not reached maturity as a tourism resort, service area and destination.

Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative to the many Third World countries, and many have capitalized on the industry which has become known as a "passport to development." In recent years the situation has worsened for these former exporters of primary agricultural products. These products are suffering from the general fall in world commodity prices and competition from larger and more efficient agricultural producers. In addition, the world economic impact has been translated to ever-burgeoning foreign debt crisis and the further deterioration of balance of payments. The need for foreign currency has been intensified by the new export promotion policies which are replacing import substitution as the dominant development policy in Third World manufacturing. Tourism under these circumstances is a mixed blessing, and until very recently economists have pondered tourism's contribution carefully and have applied a wide range of theories to a description of the benefits of extended tourism business. In addition, with the new surge in tourism literature not only have the economic benefits of tourism been questioned, but tourism's social, cultural, and environmental impacts have become major issues of contention. The complex matrix of advantages and disadvantages ensures that governments must face an unenviable task of trying to weigh gains from new income and employment against certain less direct and long-term losses. While tourism on the one hand is blessed as the passport to development," on the other hand it has been characterized as a force which destroys uncomprehendingly and unintentionally cultural values and social customs. In order to enhance and secure the positive influences of tourism in the long run and ensure its sustainability as an alternative means of income, an elaborated national tourism policy is required. An effective policy would guide the industry through certain development plans in accordance with the overall national development policies. The current study suggests that Turkey's tourism development was subject to various deliberate influences and spontaneous dynamics without a prior policy formulation in the form of a national tourism policy. This study further suggests that the tourist boom of 1980s caught the government and private sector by surprise because of the lack of pre-planning or policy research. This is obvious when one examines the tourism organization and administration which is centrally controlled and implemented. The interaction between various levels of government is a critical point. This study also suggests that Turkey's position as a new tourist destination related positively to its new export promotion policies or the shift from an import substitution industrialization (lSI) economy to an export-oriented growth (XOG) economy. To note, motivations to develop tourism in Turkey are first, to gain foreign exchange, and second, to establish that Turkey represents a politically stable environment for foreign investment. However, the lack of a national tourism policy has confined the industry to only a "short term economic gain" objective which has ruled out any effort to measure its net economic value instead of gross economic revenue. Furthermore the "planning" process has remained limited to physical planning to the detriment of social, environmental, and territorial planning. The lack of regional planning with goals to reduce disparities are obvious signs of the failure of planning in the tourism sector. Therefore, this study suggests that tourism has not been employed in a fashion to alleviate or minimize spatial inequalities, but rather the trend has been to its intensification. "Domestic tourism" has been neglected in terms of policy and planning, and social tourism, will likely disappear because many will not be able to afford the uncontrolled tourist prices in the new crowded tourist centers. The result of the study, suggests that tourism development cannot be separated from the "development" ideologies and theories which are translated to policies in the national level. In order to achieve a better understanding of tourism's role within the national development policy, one needs to examine the extension of analysis beyond the core periphery relation which is manifested in "dependency theory." The new international division of labor will most likely devise a new pattern for capital accumulation. This new process has been manifested in "dependent development" which produced new formations (i.e., NICs) or "semiperipheral" economies. In order for tourism to be a viable economic and social sector, it must overcome the disadvantages of "dependent development." The prime task of this study was to examine the complex nature of the tourism industry in Turkey as it relates to the government's effort to tourism development. The study reveals that the government's involvement in the tourism industry was hampered by an impasse in development strategies and ideologies due to the retreatment from the etatist philosophy to the export oriented/privatization scenario. This resulted in a distortion characterized by inactivity in tourism (i.e., the absence of a national tourism policy. Tourism was perceived as a short-term remedy to the lack of foreign capital as an invisible sector (replacing worker's remittances from abroad). All told, the tourism industry, regardless of its myriad potentials, was confined to a few enclave developments as directed by market forces rather than as a derivative of formal planning decisions. The government's role remains passive at this point despite a requirement for active intervention in tourism activity_

M. Tech. (Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Human Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Given that the competition in the tourism industry has intensified worldwide, there is a need for more effective tourism marketing. Tourism marketing lies in designing the marketing strategies and communications appropriate for target markets so that profits can be generated. Through tourism marketing, tourism establishments could also attract more tourists, anticipate and satisfy the existing and potential tourists’ needs and wants. This study therefore, determines the key success factors (KSFs) for marketing of tourism establishments in Lesotho. KSFs are factors that allow tourism establishments to compete effectively and to attract more tourists. The primary objective of this study was to determine the KSFs for marketing of tourism establishments in Lesotho. To achieve the primary objective of this study, two secondary objectives were identified in Chapter1 and achieved in the subsequent chapters. The first objective was to analyse the KSFs for marketing of tourism establishments in by means of an in-depth literature review. This objective was achieved in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. Chapter 2 provided an overview of marketing and the following were discussed: marketing in tourism, characteristics of service marketing in tourism, specific features in services, importance of marketing, description of marketing as a process and a marketing strategy, market as well as the marketing mix. In Chapter 3, various KSFs for marketing tourism establishments were discussed. The second objective was to assess empirically the KSFs for marketing tourism establishments in Lesotho. This objective was met in Chapter 5 by means of descriptive statistics, which included biographic information of the respondents in this study. In addition, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the marketing-related aspects implemented by tourism establishments in Lesotho and to identify the KSFs for marketing tourism establishments in Lesotho. Last but not least this objective was also achieved by making recommendations based on the KSFs for marketing. A quantitative approach was employed for this study. The sampling consisted of two phases: During the first phase, convenience sampling, a non-probability sampling method, were used to identify the regions in Lesotho that formed part of this study and the following regions were selected to be part of the study, namely Maseru, Leribe, Berea and Mafeteng. During the second phase of the sampling, all tourism establishments in the specified regions that appeared on a list provided by the Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation (LTDC) were selected to be part of the study.137 questionnaires were distributed and completed by either the managers or marketers of the establishment between June and July 2017. The questionnaire included sections about biographic profile of tourism establishments in Lesotho that participated in this study, implementation of KSFs, importance of KSFs, questions about establishments’ marketing information and comments or suggestions of the respondents from the following sectors: airline, travel trade, attraction and accommodation. Data were captured and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS). The data analysis for this study was done in two phases. Phase 1 included descriptive statistics and Phase 2 consisted of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to summarise data on the KSFs for marketing of tourism establishments in Lesotho. The factor analysis for this study was run with Oblim with Kaiser Normalisation as a rotation method and the principal component analysis as an extraction method for better interpretation of results. The eigenvalues criterion was also used to determine the number of principal components based on the assumption that only eigenvalues greater than 1. The data were tested using the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin 0.801(KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett test of sphericity. From the results a total of ten KSFs for marketing of tourism establishments in Lesotho were identified. These include the following: conduct thorough marketing planning, enhance the attractiveness of the tourism establishment, effectively advertise the establishment, ensure the accessibility of the tourism establishment, and perform strategic marketing management to improve tourist satisfaction, conduct marketing research, manage service quality, effectively communicate with staff and tourists, promote the tourism establishment through different marketing mediums and achieve tourist loyalty. All ten factors accounted for 71% of the total variance. It was recommended that the tourism establishments in Lesotho implement these KSFs in order to successfully address the needs and requirements of their target markets. In addition results revealed the KSFs that are implemented by tourism establishments in Lesotho namely: conduct thorough marketing planning, enhance customer relationship through effective communication, advertise the establishment, manage customer satisfaction, manage customer loyalty and monitor business environments. All six factors accounted for 53% of variance. It was also recommended that this research be repeated annually, as the findings would assist tourism managers or marketers of tourism establishments in Lesotho with the KSFs for marketing to better market their tourism products both nationally and globally. This study is of value not only for clear understanding of the KSFs for marketing of tourism establishments but also for improving the profitability and overall success of tourism establishments.

No description available.

Using semi-structured interviews, this research brings to light the lived experiences of thirteen men informally employed as sex workers in Jamaica and concentrates on both determining the motivations of Jamaican men involved in the informal sex trade and understanding the men's perceptions and understandings of the tourist women with whom they become involved with. Female sex tourism is found to be used in part as a mechanism for escaping poverty, allowing men to provide for their families, an important area for male identity in Jamaica. The sex tourism of Western women also allows Jamaican men an arena to both secure sexual access to women as well as associated social status. The link between sex tourism and racism, and the racial stereotypes that precede black men are very familiar to the male sex workers who regard racial motivations, ranging from the desire to experience 'something new' to wanting to engage in sexual relations with 'real black men' to be the primary motivating factor for women who travel to Jamaica to engage in sexual relations with local men. Using the conceptualizations of the Rude Boy and Rasta performances of masculinity, it is found that local men have cultivated the ability to deploy their masculinity and sexuality in ways that maximized their desirability to tourists, allowing them to perform the stereotyped roles of Jamaican masculinity in ways that accord to tourist women’s expectations. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)