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Les villes africaines croissent en population d’au moins 5% l’an et dépassent fréquemment 7% l’an. Or, lorsqu’une ville croît au taux de 7% annuellement, elle double sa population tous les dix ans. Cela signifie qu’il faudrait doubler la capacité des infrastructures et des équipements. Les pays en développement n’ont pas la capacité financière pour y faire face. D’où, entre autres problèmes, ceux de la dégradation des équipements, de l’environnement et des quartiers précaires. Comment planifier de telles agglomérations ? L’analyse des villes d’Abidjan, Lomé, Ouagadougou à travers leurs documents de planification, nous renseigne sur les pratiques utilisées. La ville de Bangui sert de cas d’étude approfondi à notre démarche. Planifier, c’est articuler les enjeux stratégiques à l’agir local Il faut donc relier les documents d’urbanisme et les documents complémentaires (schéma de drainage, commercial, de transport…). / Cities in Africa often grow in population develop at the rate of 5% yearly and sometimes go beyond 7%. When a city grows at the rate of 7% per year, its population doubles every ten years. This means that the capacities of infrastructures and equipments should be doubled. But developing countries do not have the financial capacities to stand it. As a result, there are many problems among which the degradation of equipments, the environment and precarious areas. How to plan such cities? After a study of large cities such as Abidjan, Lomé, Ouagadougou and their planning documents methods used, Bangui is chosen as the main site of the research. To plan is to articulate strategic stakes to local practices. This involves to link planning documents to other sectoral documents (for sewage, retail trade, transports…).

Basé sur l’analyse de plusieurs ensembles archéologiques, ce travail propose une étude de l’habitat urbain d’Alexandrie, en Égypte, depuis sa fondation par Alexandre le Grand (331 av. J. -C.) jusqu'à la fin du Haut Empire. La thématique de l'architecture domestique dans la cité antique est à replacer dans un contexte méditerranéen plus étendu, cette ville étant enracinée dans la tradition grecque et romaine. Il est également essentiel de comprendre quelle a été l'influence de la civilisation égyptienne sur les modèles importés. Ces dernières années, des avancées considérables, grâce aux fouilles effectuées au cœur d'Alexandrie, ont élargi de manière substantielle la documentation archéologique disponible pour l'étude de l'architecture domestique de la cité. Une étude globale visant à proposer une définition de l'espace privé dans l'Alexandrie gréco-romaine nécessite l'analyse de la structuration de l'espace privé et de l’espace public, qui sont des entités complémentaires et indissociables formant une unité : « la ville ». Les questions de mise en œuvre, d'organisation fonctionnelle et symbolique de l'espace privé, en relation directe avec l'organisation, tout autant fonctionnelle et symbolique, de l'espace urbain seront abordées afin de mettre en évidence d'éventuelles affinités avec les schémas d'habitat domestique connus ailleurs en Méditerranée. L'objectif visé est la réalisation d'une étude du cas alexandrin incluant l'analyse des transformations et de l'évolution d'espaces d'habitat ainsi que l'explicitation des démarches de projets architecturaux et urbains qui ont régi, dans le temps, à travers de multiples ajustements, les évolutions de la ville antique d'Alexandrie. / Developed through the analysis of several archaeological sites, this research project focuses on the urban housing of the city of Alexandria in Egypt, from its foundation by Alexander the Great (331 B.C.) until the end of the High Empire. The theme of domestic architecture in ancient Alexandria has to be seen in a wider Mediterranean context, this city being rooted in the Greek and Roman tradition. It is also important to understand what the influence of Egyptian civilization was on imported models. In recent years, considerable progress achieved thanks to the excavations performed in the heart of Alexandria, has led to a substantial increase of the archaeological documentation available for the study of the domestic architecture of the city. A comprehensive study proposing a definition of private space in the Greco-Roman Alexandria requires the analysis of the structuring of private and public spaces, which are complementary and inseparable components of a single entity: "the city". Issues of implementation, functional and symbolic organization of private space in direct contact with the urban space organization, also functional and symbolic, will be discussed to highlight possible affinities with domestic housing schemes known elsewhere in the Mediterranean. The objective is to achieve a study of the Alexandrian case including the analysis of transformations and evolutions of habitat areas as well as the explanation of architectural and urban projects that have governed in time, through multiple adjustments, changes in the ancient city of Alexandria.

Le concours international pour l'agglomération parisienne qui a eu lieu fin 2008, début 2009 a rassemblé une part importante du champ de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme sur la question de la ville territoire durable. Ce moment spécifique nous offre la possibilité d'étudier les cadres de la pensée aménagiste sur la question des rapports ville-nature et de les mettre en perspective avec les formes urbaines passées ainsi qu'avec les grands courants de pensée en aménagement. Nous commençons par le descriptif de ces rapports tels qu'ils se sont incarnés dans les formes historiques de la ville européenne ainsi que dans les textes théoriques ayant accordé une place spécifique à l'une des déclinaisons possibles de la « nature ». Nous comparons ensuite ces rapports et les représentations de la nature qui les ont motivés avec les utilisations des éléments naturels qui ont été faites dans les projets du Grand Paris. Grâce à un commentaire herméneutique des dossiers de rendu du concours, analysant non seulement les usages des éléments naturels mais aussi les valeurs associées à ceux-ci, comme la matérialité du discours sur la nature, nous identifions les échos et écarts en termes de représentations. / This work is trying to describe the current evolution of sustainable planning throughout the study of the Grand Paris international competition for a post Kyoto metropolis that took place in 2009. The answers that have been proposed by all teams for the competition, composed by a large and representative panel of international experts, architects, research center and universities are showing a real change in terms of representation concerning nature and the city. The thesis describes the poetic, therapeutic and structuring use of natural elements that has been done by the different teams in their proposal for the metropolis of tomorrow, making “nature” a real tool for sustainable planning.

Esta tese buscou desvendar os mecanismos de suburbanização do capital na metrópole de Fortaleza a partir da incorporação de porções territoriais situadas ao longo da avenida Washington Soares/CE 040, cerca de vinte quilômetros do centro. Os promotores imobiliários as nominaram de Região da Água Fria, contudo a utilização do velho conceito geográfico não serve apenas para delimitar uma área de forte produção imobiliária visto que é uma representação de um modo de viver, isto é, um estilo de vida suburbano privado das camadas médias. O fenômeno se manifestou como crescimento da construção de superfícies comerciais (shopping centers, supermercados e torres de escritório) e residenciais (condomínios residenciais horizontais e verticais), todavia refletir sobre essa temática exigiu conceder uma centralidade ao consumo produtivo do espaço. O local de reprodução da vida encontra-se esvaziado das suas dimensões qualitativas, alienado e estranhado do homem, portanto na condição de pura lógica. Nessa situação, possui um equivalente em mercadoria e atende as suas próprias necessidades, o que retroalimenta a urbanização capitalista que se move a nível mundial e se sustenta em estratégias, reunindo capitais nacionais e internacionais, portanto a acumulação articula diferentes escalas. Desse modo, o andar para o leste significou o deslocamento do valor em busca da sua reprodução, ainda que fictícia, em todos os níveis e recolocou a dialética entre centro (riqueza) e periferia (penúria) na ordem do dia. / This dissertation has sought to unravel the mechanisms of suburbanization of capital in the metropolis of Fortaleza through the incorporation of land portions located along Washington Soares Avenue/CE 040, about twenty kilometers from downtown. Though developers have named the area Região da Água Fria, the use of the traditional geographical concept serves not only to identify an area of strong real estate investment, but also to shape representations of a way of living, that is, the privatized suburban way of living of the middle classes. The phenomenon emerged with the growth in the construction of commercial (shopping malls, supermarkets and offices) and residential (high-rise condos and gated communities) spaces, but reflecting on this issue demanded that we give a central place to the notion of productive consumption of space. The site of the reproduction of daily life is deprived of its qualitative dimensions, alienated and estranged from man, and thus in the condition of pure logic. In these circumstances, it amounts to a commodity that attends its own needs, which reinforces capitalist urbanization, a process that moves on a global level and that relies on strategies that bring together domestic and international capitals in such a way that accumulation produces an articulation of different scales. Thus, the move towards the east amounts to a shift of capital that seeks its own reproduction, even if fictitious, in different levels, and this process has brought the dialectic between center (wealth) and periphery (deprivation) back on the agenda.