This thesis examines one of the major town planning projects of the post-war period, the British new towns programme. It is a comparative study of two 'mark one' new towns, designated after the passing of the New Towns Act in 1946, Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire. The thesis provides a fully integrated study examining the inter-relationship of three factors: the experiences of the new town migrants; the effects of the planned environment of the towns; and the administrative framework within which they were constructed. The thesis examines two main areas: firstly, the consequences of social development policy within the British new towns and, secondly, the nature of social changes experienced by the new town migrants. The thesis outlines the dichotomy between the idealistic intentions of the Labour Government of 1945-51 and the new town planners, and the practical difficulties of putting their plans into practice. There were three main constraints to this idealism: finance, administrative difficulties and the views of the new town migrants themselves. The new towns programme was thus typified by constant struggle between these conflicting forces. Nevertheless, the thesis concludes that the programme was successful as it gave many of the new town migrants the opportunity to have a new home for the first time. The evidence suggests that the new towns soon became examples of thriving communities with ample opportunities for social interaction. However, it should be noted that this social intercourse was often despite, rather than because of, the actions of the government, the new town Development Corporations and the town planners. The thesis draws upon a wide range of sources, both primary and secondary material, published and unpublished. In the area of social development these include the original new town master plans as well as the papers of the Ministry of Housing and the Local Government held at the Public Record Office, Kew. The papers of the Development Corporations and local authorities, which are held at the Hertfordshire County Record Office, have also been used. Reference has also been made to the contemporary planning and sociological literature. Moreover, the discussion and evaluation of the social changes experienced by the population of the new towns is reliant upon records produced by the residents themselves. These include newspapers and newsletters published by the local residents' federations, and personal memoirs.

Notre thèse porte sur le GATEPAC, Grupo de Arquitectos y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de la Arquitectura Contemporánea, qui est un groupe d’architectes créé en 1930, et affilié au mouvement moderne et aux CIAM. Le groupe, attiré par l'exemple international, est composé d’une vingtaine d’architectes et se divise en trois sous-groupes : l’un à Madrid, un deuxième au Pays Basque; et un troisième en Catalogne. Le GATEPAC se définit dès lors comme intégrant les problématiques internationales des CIAM et propose l’application de celles-ci dans la péninsule avec sa participation à des concours, des expositions, mais aussi de commissions. Leurs travaux sont synthétisés dans la revue de propagande du GATEPAC, A.C., Arquitectura Contemporánea.Ce groupe d’architectes espagnols, qui appartient à la seconde génération du mouvement moderne, naît à la croisée de deux moments importants dans l’histoire de l’architecture et dans l’histoire politique de l’Espagne : la naissance des CIAM et des CIRPAC de 1928, et l’avènement de la Seconde République espagnole, après sept années de dictature, le 14 avril 1931. Cela nous invite à nous interroger sur la manière dont le GATEPAC, compris comme la seconde génération du mouvement moderne, s'inspire de l’architecture européenne pour ensuite s’en affranchir et participer pleinement aux réflexions internationales, mais aussi sur la façon dont les sous-groupes régionaux gèrent leurs identités pour participer aussi aux politiques nationales et régionales. L’action de chaque sous-groupe est fortement imbriquée dans les politiques régionales issues de la Seconde République. / This thesis concerns the GATEPAC, Grupo de Arquitectos y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de la Arquitectura Contemporánea, a group of architects created in 1930 and affiliated both to the architectural modern movement and to the CIAM. This group, following the example of other international experiences, was composed by about twenty or so architects and was divided into three subgroups : one in Madrid, one in the Basque Country and the last one in Catalonia. The GATEPAC can be defined as a group integrating all the international issues ad subjects contained in the CIAM and proposes their application in the country by the participation to architect contests, expositions and commissions. Its work can be found synthesized in the propaganda magazine of the GATEPAC, A.C., Arquitectura Contemporánea.The GATEPAC, which belongs to the second generation of the modern movement, uprises at the junction of two important moments in architectural and in Spanish political histories : the CIAM and the CIRPAC’s births in 1928, and the advent of the Second Spanish Republic,on the 14th of april 1931, after seven years of dictatorship. These two conditions move us to think about how the GATEPAC, as part of the second generation of the architectural modern movement and inspired at the beginning by the European architecture gets to free itself and to participe in the international architectural discussions, but also about how the three sub-groups handle their identities in order to contribute to national and regional policies. Actually, the role of each subgroup is essential and strongly related to the regional policies implemented during the Second Republic.

« L’urbanisation ruralisée », présente dès les premiers écrits d’Ildefonso Cerdá (1815-1876), occupe dans son oeuvre une place grandissante, au point de faire l’objet d’un traité qui ne nous est malheureusement pas parvenu. A travers ce concept, l’ingénieur catalan, connu pour son plan d’extension de Barcelone, entend d’une part, dans une perspective hygiéniste, assainir la ville en y systématisant les espaces verts, d’autre part penser l’extension urbaine et désenclaver le territoire espagnol par le biais d’une urbanisation totale où la frontière entre villes et campagnes disparaîtrait. La présente thèse retrace la genèse de cette notion en revenant sur le parcours de Cerdá, sur l’émergence de ce qu’il appelle lui-même « l’idée urbanisatrice » et sur la manière dont elle fut mise en oeuvre à Barcelone, sous la forme si caractéristique du quartier de l’Eixample. En voulant adapter la ville contemporaine aux exigences de la société industrielle, dont l’essence est le mouvement, Cerdá emprunte la « voie romaine » en puisant son inspiration dans l’Antiquité : l’organisation territoriale qu’il préconise, basée sur l’étalement urbain, l’habitat dispersé, l’orthogonalité et l’homogénéité de l’espace – ce que recouvre précisément la notion d’« urbanisation ruralisée » – réactualise en effet les modèles antiques d’occupation et de colonisation de l’espace. L’analyse de ce concept invite donc à porter un nouveau regard sur Barcelone et sur son extension, certes synonyme de modernité voire de modernisme, mais dont les principes viennent paradoxalement de la campagne et du passé. L’évolution de « l’idée urbanisatrice » vers « l’urbanisation ruralisée » étant particulièrement perceptible dans les deux premiers livres de la Théorie générale de l’urbanisation (1867), une traduction en est proposée en annexe, afin de permettre au lecteur francophone d’éprouver par lui-même la richesse d’une pensée encore largement méconnue. / The notion of “ruralized urbanization”, present in Ildefonso Cerdá’s (1815-1876) first writings, plays a more and more important role in his work. At the end of his life, it also was the subject of a treaty that never reached us. With this concept, the Catalan Engineer, known for his plan of the extension of Barcelona, aims, in a hygienist perspective, to improve health conditions in the city by the introduction of a green system. He also wants to think the urban development and the opening up of Spanish territory by a total urbanization that would transcend boundaries between rural and urban spaces. This thesis attempts to trace the genesis of this concept by exploring Cerda’s life, the advent of the “urbanization idea” and the manner in which it was achieved in Barcelona, in the so typical form of the Eixample area. Whilst intending to adapt the contemporary city, based on the movement, to the industrial society needs, Cerdá takes the roman road, inspired by the Antiquity. The territorial organization he recommends, based on urban spreading, orthogonal structure and space uniformity – what “ruralized urbanization” really means – gives an up-to-date dimension to the ancient models of space occupation and colonisation. This analysis of this concept encourages a new view on Barcelona and on its extension, surely synonymous of modernity and modernism, but which principles come ironically from the countryside and from the past. Considering the evolution of the “ruralized urbanization” is the very subject of the two first parts of the General theory of urbanization (1867), a translation into French is given in the appendix, what could allow to a francophone reader to experiment the depth of a still unrecognized thinking by himself.

Prehistoric Town Planning in Crete" was published in 1950 by Richard Hutchinson. He determined there was no evidence of town planning on Minoan Crete except for two instances. Hutchinson's approach compared the layout of the few excavated Minoan towns to other contemporary sites, such as Kahun, Egypt and Harrappa, India. These towns were laid out in grid-like squares, on flat, level ground. Compared to these sites the settlements on Crete appeared as an amalgamation of disorganized, organic growth. More than half a century has elapsed between Hutchinson's article and this study. Within that time many more Minoan sites and towns have been excavated and published. This greater corpus offers an opportunity to examine Minoan town planning with a new eye. This greater number of excavated Minoan towns allows for a study of town planning by comparing Minoan communities to one another. When an investigation is done comparing sites within Crete only, a pattern starts to emerge. To accomplish this analysis nine elements of Minoan town planning are defined, examined at individual sites, and compared among settlements. These nine elements are: 1. A street system adhering to the natural contours of the land 2. Buildings arranged in irregular, attached blocks defined by the street system 3. A large plateia or centrally located community court easily accessible from all parts of the town 4. Other open public spaces throughout the settlement 5. An elite building near the plateia 6. Public buildings in which there is no habitation 7. Semi-public buildings 8. Built fortifications 9. Extramural dependencies, which are structural features or natural areas outside the borders of the town proper but are an integral part of the community This comparison elucidates a very specific and existing type of Minoan town planning. It began at least as early as Early Minoan II and reached its apogee in Late Minoan I. What at first glance looks random, is not. Minoan towns were laid out within the constraints of the local landscape and with the desired aesthetic. The result was a lifestyle in LM I far beyond subsistence living. / Art History

City marketing is a recently developed process to assist communities in achieving development oriented aims. Changing economic circumstances created such a need and marketing contributed key concepts such as marketing mix and auditing procedures while the process usually occurs within a town planning context. Case studies of applied city marketing reveal predominantly growth related goals, diverse strategies, successes and problems concerning community involvement, equity and effectiveness. South African local authorities have only recently recognised the need for marketing, but tend to limit their actions to promotion. The Verwoerdburg Town Council which successfully established its new central business district, Verwoerdburgstad, through city marketing, has lost its impetus and direction. The Town Council should re-evaluate its goals and methods in order to market itself successfully. / Civil & Chemical Engineering / M.Sc. (Geography)

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This dissertation studies how city planning is affected by notions on urbanity and ideas of the value of local places. Empirically, the dissertation deals with the development of the city of Norrköping in the 1990’s and the early 2000’s. The physical urban environment is formed with influences from general ideas of what a city is and should be, but also out of conceptions of the unique local place. The local history is an important factor for understanding the possibilities and obstacles in contemporary city planning. Theoretically, the dissertation is inspired by geographic, historical and sociological perspectives on space and time. Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad is a central reference. The dissertation focus on three places in the city of Norrköping; Söder Tull, Skvallertorget and Nya Torget. Through a broad archival material and interviews with planners, politicians and other actors, the development of the places in 1990-2005 is analyzed in the light of urban development in Norrköping in the industrial and post-industrial eras. / I denna avhandling studeras hur stads- och trafikplanering påverkas av idéer om urbanitet och föreställningar om platsers värde. Fokus ligger på hur stadsmiljöer i Norrköpings innerstad formats och utvecklats under 1990-talet och i början av 2000-talet. Avhandlingen belyser hur den fysiska stadsmiljön formas av trender, strömningar och idéer; dels generella föreställningar om staden som begrepp, dels uppfattningar om lokala miljöers särart och värden. Studien har ett historiskt perspektiv, där den historiska framväxten av staden ligger till grund för förståelsen av den samtida stadsutvecklingens möjligheter och hinder. Teoretiskt hämtar studien inspiration från kulturgeografiska, historiska och sociologiska perspektiv på tid och rum. Henri Lefebvres beskrivning av rummet i tre dimensioner är en central utgångspunkt. Empiriskt behandlas tre platser i Norrköpings innerstad; Söder Tull, Skvallertorget och Nya Torget. Genom ett brett arkivmaterial och genom intervjuer med planerare, politiker och andra aktörer studeras platsernas utveckling under perioden 1990-2005 i ljuset av hur Norrköpings innerstad formats under de industriella och postindustriella epokerna.

Un dommage dû au fait de l'immeuble peut engager deux types de responsabilité : une responsabilité ancienne fondée sur l'article 1386, sur l'article 1384, alinéas 1 et 2 et une responsabilité nouvelle fondée sur la théorie des troubles anormaux de voisinage. Si ces différents remèdes se sont accrus de 1804 à aujourd'hui, en raison de l'industrialisation et de l'urbanisation, ils ne sauraient offrir pour autant des principes cohérents et complets. En réalité, les responsabilités en rapport avec l'immeuble sont inutilement complexes. Parce que le fait de ruine, le fait d'incendie, certaines nuisances anormales n'ont aucune spécificité par rapport à un autre fait de l'immeuble. Il existe, en effet, une notion unifiée du fait de l'immeuble qui se manifeste de deux façons : le fait actif ou le fait passif. Le principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses fonde la responsabilité du fait de l'immeuble. Apparaît un nouveau droit : le droit du fait de l'immeuble. Cette responsabilité de plein droit se justifie par la théorie du risque. L'immeuble est un bien d'une nature particulière. Celui qui a la maîtrise de l'immeuble, c'est-à-dire celui qui doit prendre toutes les mesures pour prévenir le dommage, doit le réparer si le dommage survient. La prévention du dommage est assurée également par l'existence des règles d'urbanisme et des règles environnementales. / A damage attributable to a building can involve two types of liability: an old liability based on article 1386, clause 1 and 2 of article 1384 of the Civil code; and a new liability based on the theory of abnormal neighbouring problems. If these different remedies have increased from 1804 until now because of industrialisation and urbanisation, they can't offer coherent and complete principles. In reality, the liabilities in connection to the building are uselessly complex. Because in the matter of the ruin, the matter of the fire, certain abnormal nuisances have no specificity in connection to another matter of the building. There exists, in effect, a unified notion of the matter of the building that manifests itself in two ways : the active fact or the passive fact. The general principle of liability of the matter of things establishes the liability of the matter of the building. The appears a new right : the right of the fact of the building. This liability of full right justifies itself by the risk theory. The building is a belonging of a particular nature. Whoever is the master of the building, that is to say the one who must take all the measures to prevent the damage, has to repair if the damage occurs. Preventing the damage is also assured by the existence of town planning regulations and environmental regulations.

Lieux d'ouverture et de brassage culturel, les villes alimentent fantasmes et utopies. Elles grouillent, gagnent sur la campagne. L’enquête porte ici sur la ville antique, Carthage dans Salammbô de Gustave Flaubert et Abou de l’Égypte pharaonique dans L’Amante du pharaon de Naguib Mahfouz. La thèse interroge la représentation de la ville dans l’oeuvre romanesque de Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), et de Naguib Mahfouz, maître de la littérature arabe (1911-2006). Notre point de départ est la question suivante : "Quelle est l’importance de la ville chez nos deux romanciers ?". L’analyse combine une perspective comparative, historique, et thématique. Elle met en valeur la réception créatrice par Mahfouz du roman français du XIXe siècle. / Places of openness and cultural mixing, cities feed fantasies and utopias. They swarm, taking over the countryside. The subject of investigation here is the city in antiquity, Carthage in Gustave Flaubert's Salammbo, and the Egyptian city of Abou during the times of the Pharaohs in Naguib Mahfouz' Pharaoh's Lover. The thesis examines the representation of the city in the novels of Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), and Naguib Mahfouz, the master of Arabic literature (1911-2006). Our starting point is the following question, "What is the importance of the city for the two novelists?" The analysis brings together comparative, historic and thematic perspectives. It show cases the creative manner in which Mahfouz received French 19th century novels.

L’importance du regard nocturne sur la ville et de l’intégration de l’éclairage artificiel dans le paysage s’intensifient alors même que le besoin d’une ville plus agréable et favorisant le lien social se fait sentir. Parallèlement, le contexte économique et social particulièrement difficile et les considérations environnementales de plus en plus fortes, imposent à la société et aux communes de s’adapter face aux enjeux et aux nouveaux paradigmes qui s’imposent. Dans ce contexte, l’éclairage urbain, au même titre que l’optimisation des politiques publiques dédiées aux transports, aux déchets ou à la gestion de l’eau, nécessite des approches nouvelles. L’aménagement nocturne de la ville cristallise des enjeux multiples et des besoins d’adaptation concernant la mise en valeur patrimoniale, la prise en compte des usages, le confort dans l’espace public, l’accompagnement des événements culturels, le balisage urbain, la maîtrise des coûts des dispositifs ou encore la préservation du ciel nocturne. Pour répondre aux besoins et mieux articuler l’éclairage public à la ville, la prise en compte des enjeux de la durabilité des lumières urbaines est essentielle. Les collectivités locales doivent concevoir des approches moins fonctionnalistes et plus qualitatives. Il s’agit de passer d’un éclairage public à l’aménagement des lumières urbaines ce qui appelle certaines questions. Quelles sont les politiques et les techniques de l’éclairage public mises en place pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable ? Quels sont ces enjeux, en quoi sont-ils importants à prendre en compte dans le contexte socio-économique actuel ? Quelles sont les approches et stratégies mises en oeuvre ? Quels sont les acteurs clés pour répondre à ces enjeux ? Sont-elles uniformes sur l’ensemble du territoire ? Répondent-elles à un éclairage durable ? À partir d’une enquête auprès d’une centaine de communes de France métropolitaine, notre travail vise à mieux comprendre la prise en compte de la durabilité dans les politiques d’éclairage qui semblent principalement guidées par des stratégies économiques et la volonté de répondre au volet « économique » du développement durable. Parallèlement la dimension humaine et sociale de la durabilité dans l’éclairage public semble se développer avec une prise en compte grandissante des usages dans la ville. Nous verrons que les orientations des politiques d’éclairage évoluent. Quelles sont les idées neuves qui se diffusent ? Quels sont les impacts de la ville et la manière de l’aménager. Ce travail permet également de rappeler l’importance de l’urbanisme-lumière dans les politiques publiques, et de la place des usagers. Les orientations retenues par les communes, ne semblent pas dictées par l’offre technique et les fabricants, ni par le prix de l’énergie, mais plus par un ensemble combiné d’enjeux nocturnes selon la taille, les politiques urbaines et leur contexte géographique, culturelle et économique. / The importance of having a nocturnal look on the city and of integrating artificial lighting into the urban landscape is growing at the same time as the need for a more pleasant environment in the city favouring social cohesion. At the same time, the particularly difficult social and economic climate and the ever stronger environmental considerations are forcing society and town councils to change faced with the stakes and new paradigms which are essential. In this context, urban lighting requires new approaches in the same way as the optimization of public policies devoted to transport, waste or water management. The nocturnal development in the cities cristallizes the multiple stakes and needs for change concerning the development of cultural heritage, consideration of practices, the comfort of public space, the support for cultural events, urban marking, the cost control of plans or preserving the night sky. To meet the needs and better articulate street lighting, it is imperative to take into consideration the stakes concerning the durability of street lighting. Local authorities have to find less functionalist and more qualitative approaches. It is a case of moving from street lighting to the development of urban lighting. This brings up certain questions. What are the policies and techniques of street lighting set up to meet the requirements of sustainable development ? What are the stakes ? In what way is it important to take them into account in the current socioeconomic context ? What approaches and strategies are being put into action ? Who are the key players to meet these stakes ? Are they the same ones over the whole country? Do they meet the requirements of long-term lighting ? Based on a survey of around one hundred towns in metropolitan France, our work aims at a better understanding of the consideration of durability in the public policies of lighting which seem mainly guided by economic strategies and the will to meet the requirements of the « economic » section of sustainable development. At the same time, the human and social dimension of sustainability in public lighting seems to be developing with an ever growing consideration for practices in the cities. We shall see that the tendencies of public policies on lighting are changing. What new ideas are spreading around ? What are the impacts on the city and the way of developing it ? This work also allows us to remind ourselves of the importance of lighting management in public policies and of the place of the users. The tendencies accepted by the town councils do not seem to be dictated either by the technical offer and the manufacturers or by the price of energy but rather by a combined mix of nocturnal issues depending on the size of the town, urban policies and the geographical, cultural and economic context.