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City marketing is a recently developed process to assist communities in achieving development oriented aims. Changing economic circumstances created such a need and marketing contributed key concepts such as marketing mix and auditing procedures while the process usually occurs within a town planning context. Case studies of applied city marketing reveal predominantly growth related goals, diverse strategies, successes and problems concerning community involvement, equity and effectiveness. South African local authorities have only recently recognised the need for marketing, but tend to limit their actions to promotion. The Verwoerdburg Town Council which successfully established its new central business district, Verwoerdburgstad, through city marketing, has lost its impetus and direction. The Town Council should re-evaluate its goals and methods in order to market itself successfully. / Civil and Chemical Engineering / M.Sc. (Geography)

L'objet du présent travail est le droit forestier du point de vue comparé: entre la France et la Grèce. Dans ces deux pays, le droit forestier est très hétérogène, tant au niveau de ses structures qu'au niveau de ses missions. En effet, le droit forestier est un droit fortement centralisé qui doit concilier la valorisation de la ressource forestière et, en même temps, sa protection. En approfondissant ce défi d'harmonisation, plusieurs questions se révèlent. La définition de la forêt, la domanialité adaptée, le rôle de la propriété privée, les interventions réalisées pour la forêt sont des problématiques juridiques, auxquelles le droit forestier doit répondre. En Grèce, la Constitution de 1975 a expressément inscrit la protection de l'environnement dans son article 24 et a consacré un paragraphe à sa protection en posant le principe de non modification de la destination forestière des forêts publiques et des étendues forestières, sauf si cette modification est importante pour l'économie nationale. En France, une étape majeure pour la protection de l’environnement a été la loi constitutionnelle du 1er mars 2005 relative à la Charte de l'environnement qui donne aux principes environnementaux un rang constitutionnel. Les fondements de l'harmonisation souhaitée en matière forestière s'élaborent d'abord au niveau national. Cette harmonisation requiert la prise en compte des particularités de chaque pays, laquelle implique des réponses aux questions du droit forestier. Hormis le niveau national, il est évident que l'Union Européenne est susceptible d'harmoniser les objectifs du droit forestier. Or, pour l'instant il n'y a pas de politique forestière européenne. C'est pourquoi il convient d'examiner l'intérêt que représenterait son adoption à l'avenir. / The objective of the present work is forestry law from the point of view of comparative law between France and Greece. In these two countries, the forestry law is very heterogeneous, both in its structures and in terms of its missions. ln fact, forestry law is a highly centralized law and must reconcile the exploitation of forest resources and at the same time, its protection. As we delve deeper into the challenge of harmonization, several questions are revealed. The definition of the forest, the adapted state ownership, the role of private property, the interventions for the forest are legal issues, to which the forestry law should respond. ln Greece, Constitution of 1975 has expressly registered environmental protection in the article 24 and devoted a paragraph to its protection by establishing the principle of not changing forest destination of public forests and forest areas, unless the change is important to the national economy. In France, a major step for the protection of the environment was the Constitutional Law of 1 March 2005 on the Environmental Charter that gives to environmental principles constitutional status. Following the adoption of the Charter of the environment, the forest as part of the environment enjoys constitutional protection. The foundations of the desired harmonization in forestry will first develop nationally. This lignment requires consideration of the peculiarities of each country, which involves responses to forestry law's questions. Apart from the national level, it is obvious that the European Union is liable to harmonize the objectives of forestry law. But for the moment, there is no European forest policy. That is why it is appropriate to consider the interest that would present its adoption in future.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T23:47:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 11 Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues1.pdf: 492200 bytes, checksum: 58a76cc6fe996aa4bf28a375a384114b (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues2.pdf: 1212031 bytes, checksum: f26f0f41b45bbdccf6feff61cfde000a (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues3.pdf: 854172 bytes, checksum: f41449a9f6c72e94477e78529e67988a (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues4.pdf: 739533 bytes, checksum: c73243198b4da0b80400fbcaec963a95 (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues5.pdf: 1761537 bytes, checksum: 863b056709b55f1cf2fcf9e279c31750 (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues6.pdf: 1317174 bytes, checksum: d3be8678bef68fe7c20714897b70c015 (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues7.pdf: 1206477 bytes, checksum: 50d8c1545c7899f76ce5d08e94380a2a (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues8.pdf: 975588 bytes, checksum: f271bb16a8a8f81a9f31ca0f9cca0356 (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues9.pdf: 1525201 bytes, checksum: 9be6ee886d9177f6bf4ff92b676825c6 (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues10.pdf: 2421859 bytes, checksum: e37934e0f52465c699d651fb2bbf298b (MD5) Rodrigo Ramon Rodrigues11.pdf: 1478177 bytes, checksum: 433f35139977272c5103b898d8b8ca0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / This work presents a description-contextual study about the city of Curitiba origins, in its urban and architectural development process, since 1853 - the year of the province of Parana political emancipation, until the first decades of the 20th century, which was the city modernization phase. It objectifies to raise, describe and analyse some works considered demarcation in this development. The Three Squares: Tiradentes (Largo da Matriz), Rui Barbosa (Campo do Olho D'Água), Eufrásio Correia (Largo da Estação) and Passeio Público, in their features of creation and importance regarding the city landscape, and the internal and external influences from those who planned and executed them. The methodical design demanded documentary and photographic survey besides the mapping existing in public and private files, and through the analysis of documents and contents, the research was accomplished. The characters, facts, works and historical situations were brought out as relevant to the urban and architectural development of Parana capital city, considered important in the outline of the contours of this city, considered the urban planning model. / Apresenta estudo histórico-contextual sobre as origens da cidade de Curitiba-PR, em seu processo de desenvolvimento urbano e arquitetônico, desde 1853 - ano da emancipação política da província do Paraná, até as primeiras décadas do século XX, fase do início da modernização da cidade. Objetiva levantar, descrever e analisar algumas obras tidas como demarcatórias nesse desenvolvimento: as Três Praças - Tiradentes (Largo da Matriz), Rui Barbosa (Campo do Olho D'Água) e Eufrásio Correia (Largo da Estação) e o Passeio Público, em suas características de criação e de importância no desenhar da cidade, a partir de influências internas e externas daqueles que as planejaram e executaram. O design metodológico exigiu levantamento documental, fotográfico e de mapeamentos existentes em arquivos públicos e privados e, através da análise documental e de conteúdo, efetivou-se a pesquisa. Destaca personagens, fatos, obras e situações históricas de relevância para o desenvolvimento urbano e arquitetônico da capital paranaense considerados relevantes no delineamento dos contornos desta que é considerada cidade modelo de planejamento urbano.