published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

The use of MEPLAN by the Metropolitan Transport Planning Branch of the Cape Town City Council since 1984 was not successful due to apartheid anomalies. EMME/2 was then introduced in 1991 in replacement of MEPLAN. The strengths and weaknesses of both MEPLAN and EMME/2 are recorded in this study.

Saint-Louis du Sénégal, sur la côte occidentale de l'Afrique, est une ville d'une rare spécificité. Première cité construite sur le Continent Noir par les Européens au XVIIe siècle, elle a hérité d'un patrimoine urbanistique et architectural riche de par sa diversité et son originalité. Pourtant ces vestiges de l'époque coloniale sont aujourd'hui menacés : des contingences économiques, climatiques, ainsi que l'usure du temps font qu'à présent, une grande partie des bâtisses sont au mieux en ruines, au pire ont disparu. A l'heure où les pouvoirs publics semblaient ne pas savoir comment faire face au problème des dégradations du bâti, un espoir est venu de l'Unesco qui a classé l'île de Saint-Louis au patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco. A cette première intervention est venu s'ajouter une réorganisation de la gouvernance locale dans un contexte de décentralisation jouant des partenariats avec des ONG mais aussi des atouts de la coopération décentralisée. En conséquence, le patrimoine architectural subit de multiples initiatives de restauration et de valorisation. Il est devenu le prétexte, le support et le cadre d'un dynamisme nouveau qui s'exprime de manière visible voire spectaculaire dans la progression de l'activité touristique, l'essor du commerce et des services ; un dynamisme qui n'est pas sans tensions allant jusqu'à remettre en question le patrimoine exploité. / Saint-Louis, of Senegal, is located in the West African coast. It is a very typical town. It was the first city ever built by Europeans on the Black Continent during the XVIIth century, and inherited a town-planning and architectural heritage which is consequent, because of its diversity and originality. However, those remains of the colonial era are threatened. Nowadays, most of the buildings are in ruins or have vanished, because of economic, climatic circumstances, or because of the wearing effect of time. While the public institutions seemed to be overwhelmed by this issue, the UNESCO gave hope by listing the city in the UNESCO World Heritage. In the meantime, the local government faced reorganization, and made partnerships up in a context of decentralization. Thus, the architectural heritage faces many initiatives of restoration and promotion. It now has become the pretext of a renewed process which is visible in a spectacular way, by the rise of the tourism and the development of trade and services. Moreover, this process is not without some strain, and it even put in question the exploited heritage.

Ce travail concerne essentiellement la gestion du petit patrimoine dont il faut bien dire qu'il a été assez dédaigné au travers des temps.Les pouvoirs publics peuvent s'en occuper et s'y intéresser grâce à deux approches:-l'une juridique-l'autre par des inventaires.Ceci implique une travail multidisciplinaire concernant de nombreux domaines.IL convient d'abord de connaître la réalité des choses et de ce qui peut être les richesses propres à un territoire et pour cela nous proposons une approche méthodologique efficace où l'expérience ne saurait se passer de considérations méthodologiques sur la façon de faire en précisant les difficultés et la façon de valoriser les données recueillies. Cela demandait à être conçue dans un cadre empirique afin d'aboutir à une prise en compte par une valorisation intelligente des objets et des sites dont l'importance ne peut être ignorée au point de vue économique, sociale et politique. / This work concerns essentially the management of the small heritage about which it is necessary to say that it was disdained enough through time.Public authorities can take care of it and be interested in it thanks to two approaches:- legal - by inventories.This implies multidisciplinary work concerning numerous domains.IT is advisable at first to know the reality of things and what can be the wealth appropriate for a territory and for it we propose an effective methodological approach where the experience would not know how to take place of methodological considerations on the way of making by specifying the difficulties and the way of valuing the meditative data. It asked to be conceived in an empirical executive to end in a consideration by an intelligent valuation of objects and sites the importance of which cannot be ignored in the economic point of view, social and political

Aux XIVe et XVe siècles, la plupart des villes d’Italie centrale expérimente des gouvernements seigneuriaux. Camerino passe sous la domination des da Varano, Fabriano des Chiavelli et Foligno des Trinci. Ces familles obtiennent de la commune la reconnaissance de leur pouvoir et du pape d’importantes délégations d’autorité. À côté de ces piliers de leur légitimité, elles en construisent un troisième ne dépendant que d’elles-mêmes. Le pouvoir devient dynastique, il repose sur des qualités individuelles et familiales. Les seigneuries développent une véritable politique de communication. L’urbanisme, l’architecture, la peinture mais aussi la littérature sont les médias principaux qu’elles utilisent pour élaborer l’image de bons dirigeants. Cette dernière est d’abord étudiée, ici, à partir des peintures murales des résidences familiales. De telles réalisations ne sont pas le reflet déformé d’une domination, elles sont des actes de gouvernement qui contribuent au bien commun et à l’honneur de la ville. Elles sont encore un instrument de renommée et l’expression de vertus singulières, telle la magnificence, qui justifient le pouvoir personnel. La commande artistique place la famille dominante au cœur de l’histoire de la ville. Elle la situe dans la continuité des institutions communales dont elle reste dépendante. En ville et dans le contado, les images présentent également une hégémonie de plus en plus enracinée dans la succession dynastique et appuyée par une cour restreinte. Elles parviennent ainsi à faire cohabiter les légitimations contradictoires d’un pouvoir patrimonialisé mais présenté comme conforme aux traditions et aux intérêts de la communauté. / In the 14th and 15th centuries, most cities in Central Italy fell under the rule of powerful families. Camerino saw the rise of the Varanos, Fabriano of the Chiavellis, and Foligno of the Trincis. As communal authorities ended up acknowledging their power, the Popes also agreed to handing out to them significant delegations of their authority. While the two most important foundational aspects of their legitimacy laid there, these families were able to build on a third one that depended on themselves and on themselves alone. Their power became dynastic.Urban lords developed genuine communication policies. Town planning, architecture, commission of paintings as well as of literary works where the most useful tools in the building up of their image as good leaders. This study first explores this achievement by examining wall-paintings in family residences. Such works should be regarded as acts of government perceived as contributions to honor of the city. As instruments of fame, they also manifested singular virtues and thus justified the exercise of a personal power.Artistic commissions situated leading families at the heart of their city’s history. They created a sense of continuity with the urban authorities upon which the new rulers still depended. Images were meant to display an hegemony that came to be more and more deeply grounded in dynastic succession and that was supported by the gathering of a select court. While the different sources of legitimacy of such patrimonialised power may have been contradictory, images managed to accommodate these contradictions. They made new styles of ruling suitable to the claims of customs and to the communities’ self-interests.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Bürgerhaus in Brandenburg-Preußen im 18. Jahrhundert. Ausgangspunkt ist die These, daß die Interessen des preußischen Staates im 18. Jahrhundert die städtebauliche Ordnung ebenso wie die äußere und innere Gestalt der Häuser in den brandenburgischen Provinzialstädten des 18. Jahrhunderts geprägten, daß die Bürokratie des modernen Staates Preußen sich in diesem Jahrhundert als Auftraggeber und Organisator eines umfassenden Stadtumbaus etabliert. Ziel ist es, die Gestalt dieser für das Land Brandenburg noch heute prägenden Häuser zu begreifen. Dazu ist es einerseits erforderlich, den Zusammenhang von Hausgestalt, städtebaulicher Disposition und Fassadenkultur genauer zu erfassen. Andererseits unterlag das bürgerliche Stadthaus ideologischen Einflüssen, staatliche Ordnungsversuchen und dem architekturtheoretischen Diskurs. Zur Analyse der Hausgestalt bedurfte es daher der Synthese von empirischer Arbeit und theoretischer Reflexion. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wird in der Arbeit die Erfassung der Bauten vor Ort flankiert von der Auswertung umfangreicher Verwaltungsakten und von Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Staats- und Architekturtheorie. Anfang und Ende dieses Entwicklungsweges werden jeweils anhand eines besonders aussagekräftigen Beispiels analysiert: Der Wiederaufbau der Stadt Templin nach dem Brand von 1735 steht als Modellfall für den Anfang der „bürokratischen Stadterneuerung“; der Wiederaufbau der Stadt Zehdenick nach einem Brand von 1801 ist ein charakteristisches Beispiel für die Krise dieses Stadt- und Hauskonzeptes um 1800. / This PhD dissertation analyzes baroque and 18th-century town houses in Brandenburg and Prussia. Taking as its starting point the influential role of the Prussian state and its governmental interests, this thesis demonstrates the ways in which these administrative bodies impacted the the general urban character as well as the more specific façades and ground plans of the town houses during the 18th century. I argue, therefore, that in Prussia it was the bureaucracy of the modern state that initiated and organized a widespread urban redevelopment. My aim in this dissertation is to provide a close examination of these houses in order to understand the ways in which they shaped – and continue to shape – the cultural landscape of Brandenburg. To undertake this it is necessary on the one hand to precisely characterize the interrelation between the basic form, the culture of the facade, and the surrounding urban character of the town houses. On the other hand, it is important to take into account the ideologies, governmental regulations and architectural theory pertaining to domestic architecture. Thus, crucial to this project is a methodology that combines careful on-site examinations of the houses with archival research into the files of Prussian administration. This then allows for an integrated historical anaylsis of both the theory of state and the theory of architecture. My dissertation frames this interesting period of urban development with two significant events. Following the destruction of a great fire, the reconstruction of the small city of Templin after 1735 offers an outstanding example for the successful beginning for the new urban program. The reconstruction of the city of Zehdenick after 1801 characterizes the crisis that marked the end of this bureaucratic concept of town planing and town houses.

Esta dissertação discute o processo de transformações urbanas por que a cidade de Natal-RN passou na década de 1920, período decisivo para a conformação de sua estrutura e paisagem modernas. Procurando compreender o contexto político, cultural e social que suscitou o plano geral de sistematização, elaborado pelo arquiteto Giacomo Palumbo entre 1929 e 1930, aborda-se: o processo mais longo de modernização urbana empreendido desde o final do século XIX, apontando a ascensão do olhar técnico, em especial o médico, sobre o espaço urbano; as representações de \"crise\" urbana que se instauraram em Natal no início dos anos 1920; as narrativas literárias e historiográficas que revelam o esforço pela compreensão dos significados das mudanças que se processavam e, tarefa na qual o papel do intelectual Câmara Cascudo foi fundamental, pela construção da história da cidade; a relação entre saneamento e educação que secundaram as discussões sobre o plano elaborado pelo engenheiro Henrique de Novaes para Natal, em 1924; a administração municipal do engenheiro Omar O\'Grady (1924- 1930) e seu esforço pela racionalização e eficiência das reformas urbanas; o lugar e as influências do plano de Palumbo no contexto da cultura urbanística moderna gestada no início do século XX; e, por fim, acompanha-se a passagem do \"turista aprendiz\" Mário de Andrade por Natal entre 1928 e 1929 e a representação de cidade que emerge dos seus relatos, a partir das errâncias pelo espaço tradicional - uma cidade distante das representações apologéticas e oficiais. / This dissertation aims to discuss the process of urban transformations by which the city of Natal has passed in the 1920s. This period was fundamental to conform Natal\'s modern urban structure and landscape. By intending to comprehend the social, cultural, and political context that foments the master plan, elaborated by architect Giacomo Palumbo between 1929 and 1930, it discusses: the urban modernization process that had been developed since last decades of XIXth century, pointing specifically the emerging of a technical approach on urban space; the representations of urban \"crise\" which marked the history of Natal in the beginnings of 1920s; the literary and historiographical narratives that reveal the efforts for comprehending the meanings of urban transformations and for constructing a history of the city, task in which the intelectual Câmara Cascudo was fundamental; the relations between sanitation and education into the urban plan elaborated by engineer Henrique de Novaes in 1924; the municipal administration of engineer Omar O\'Grady (1924-1930) and his efforts to racionalizate and to get efficiency in the urban reforms; the influences and characteristics of Palumbo\'s master plan related to the culture of town planning developed since the beginnings of XXth century. Finally, it discusses the accounts on Natal produced by the intelectual Mario de Andrade in the end of 1920s.

O plano regional de colonização e os planos estaduais de desenvolvimento que incidiram no norte do estado do Paraná entre o período de 1930 e 1970 são tomados, nesta tese, como objeto de reflexão e como expressão de referências teóricas e discursivas. Ao percorrer as propostas de cunho físico-territorial, esta pesquisa mostra a articulação entre os componentes \"cidade\" e \"região\" derivada da sequência de alterações dos modelos conceituais adotados nos planos. As referências teóricas e conceituais que dão suporte à constituição dos modelos, e que foram identificadas nestes planos, são a cidade-social de Ebenezer Howard e sua versão cidades-satélites; e a concepção de polo de desenvolvimento, baseada nos escritos de François Perroux, e sua variante metrópole de equilíbrio. Do modelo de descentralização da rede de cidades para o modelo de polarização do território, o que se mostrou foi o aumento de importância que a \"cidade\" foi adquirindo como objeto do plano em oposição ao que ocorria com a \"região\" desde o plano inglês de colonização do norte do estado, atingindo o auge com a proposta de construção de uma metrópole linear. O que fica evidente nesta tese é a relatividade dos componentes do plano em relação ao conceito adotado. / The regional colonization plan as well as the State development plans applied to the north of Paraná State (Brazil) between 1930 and 1970 are taken, in this thesis, as objects of reflection and the expression of theoretical and discursive references. By wandering along the territorial proposals, this study shows the articulation between the components \"city\" and \"region\" derived from a sequence of alterations in the conceptual models adopted in the plans. The theoretical and conceptual background that provided support to the constitution of the models, identified in these plans, were Ebenezer Howard\'s social-city and its version satellite towns; and the concept of development pole, based on the writings of François Perroux, and its variant metropolis of equilibrium. From the city network decentralization model to the territorial polarization model, it was possible to observe that the \"city\" became increasingly more important as the object of the plan, in opposition to what happened to the \"region\", since the English plan for the colonization of the north of the State, reaching the height with the proposal to construction of a linear metropolis. What becomes evident from this thesis is the relativity of the components of the plan in relation to the adopted concept.

La transition énergétique suppose de modifier notre mix énergétique en y intégrant des énergiesde sources renouvelables. Leur émergence implique une transition juridique de manière à adapter le droità l’urgence de les voir se développer. Le régime juridique des énergies vertes n’apparaît en effet pasefficient pour favoriser leur développement. Une réadaptation de leur cadre juridique se révèle en ce sensnécessaire, notamment du point de vue de leur gouvernance, de leur planification, de leurs mesures desoutien et des procédures administratives encadrant l’implantation des ouvrages les produisant. Cettetransition juridique devra par ailleurs concilier les impératifs de développement des énergies de sourcesrenouvelables avec ceux de protection du milieu environnant, dans le souci d’un développement raisonné / The way to an energy transition will be reached with an integration of renewable energies inour energy mix. This development includes a legal transition because the current legal context that appliesto green energies is not efficient and does not contribute to this emergency. Changing the legal framebecomes a necessity and particularly the way these energies are governed, planned and supported. It’salso important that administrative procedures that regulate the implantation of energies productionsystem are set. At last, this legal transition will have to conciliate imperatives linked to the development ofrenewable energies with those governing the protection of surroundings, all aiming to a sustainabledevelopment.

Esta dissertação discute o processo de transformações urbanas por que a cidade de Natal-RN passou na década de 1920, período decisivo para a conformação de sua estrutura e paisagem modernas. Procurando compreender o contexto político, cultural e social que suscitou o plano geral de sistematização, elaborado pelo arquiteto Giacomo Palumbo entre 1929 e 1930, aborda-se: o processo mais longo de modernização urbana empreendido desde o final do século XIX, apontando a ascensão do olhar técnico, em especial o médico, sobre o espaço urbano; as representações de \"crise\" urbana que se instauraram em Natal no início dos anos 1920; as narrativas literárias e historiográficas que revelam o esforço pela compreensão dos significados das mudanças que se processavam e, tarefa na qual o papel do intelectual Câmara Cascudo foi fundamental, pela construção da história da cidade; a relação entre saneamento e educação que secundaram as discussões sobre o plano elaborado pelo engenheiro Henrique de Novaes para Natal, em 1924; a administração municipal do engenheiro Omar O\'Grady (1924- 1930) e seu esforço pela racionalização e eficiência das reformas urbanas; o lugar e as influências do plano de Palumbo no contexto da cultura urbanística moderna gestada no início do século XX; e, por fim, acompanha-se a passagem do \"turista aprendiz\" Mário de Andrade por Natal entre 1928 e 1929 e a representação de cidade que emerge dos seus relatos, a partir das errâncias pelo espaço tradicional - uma cidade distante das representações apologéticas e oficiais. / This dissertation aims to discuss the process of urban transformations by which the city of Natal has passed in the 1920s. This period was fundamental to conform Natal\'s modern urban structure and landscape. By intending to comprehend the social, cultural, and political context that foments the master plan, elaborated by architect Giacomo Palumbo between 1929 and 1930, it discusses: the urban modernization process that had been developed since last decades of XIXth century, pointing specifically the emerging of a technical approach on urban space; the representations of urban \"crise\" which marked the history of Natal in the beginnings of 1920s; the literary and historiographical narratives that reveal the efforts for comprehending the meanings of urban transformations and for constructing a history of the city, task in which the intelectual Câmara Cascudo was fundamental; the relations between sanitation and education into the urban plan elaborated by engineer Henrique de Novaes in 1924; the municipal administration of engineer Omar O\'Grady (1924-1930) and his efforts to racionalizate and to get efficiency in the urban reforms; the influences and characteristics of Palumbo\'s master plan related to the culture of town planning developed since the beginnings of XXth century. Finally, it discusses the accounts on Natal produced by the intelectual Mario de Andrade in the end of 1920s.