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This work studied distastefulness of alkaloids of eight ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata, Calvia quatuordecimguttata, Coccinella septempunctata, Cynegetis impunctata, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Halyzia sedecimguttata, Harmonia axyridis, Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata) for ants Lasius niger. The reaction to extracts of various ladybird species isn´t corelated with their size. There is a weak relationship of distastefulness on ladybird coloration.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A Bothrops leucurus (jararaca do rabo branco) à uma serpente peÃonhenta que habita a regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Os efeitos biolÃgicos devido ao envenenamento por B. leucurus tÃm perfil semelhante Ãqueles apresentados por outras serpentes do gÃnero Bothrops, tais como, importantes efeitos locais e sistÃmicos graves como a InsuficiÃncia Renal Aguda (IRA). O veneno de Bothrops leucurus induziu nefrotoxicidade em sistema de perfusÃo de rim isolado de rato, associado com citotoxicidade em cÃlulas tubulares epiteliais renais. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito nefrotÃxico direto da enzima L-aminoÃcido oxidase isolada do veneno de Bothrops leucurus (LAAO-Bl) sobre cÃlulas epiteliais renais (MDCK e HK2) e o seu potencial nefrotÃxico em rim isolado de rato. O tratamento com LAAO-Bl, 1.56 â 100 Âg/mL induziu significativa morte celular de maneira concentraÃÃo dependente em ambas Ãs linhagens celulares apÃs 12 horas de tratamento. Nas cÃlulas MDCK nÃo foi observada liberaÃÃo de LDH apÃs 12 horas de exposiÃÃo à LAAO-Bl, enquanto nas cÃlulas HK2 LAAO-Bl induziu ruptura de membrana nas maiores concentraÃÃes estudadas quando comparado ao controle nÃo tratado. Nas cÃlulas MDCK o tratamento com LAAO-Bl aumentou significativamente a porcentagem de cÃlulas em apoptose (Anexina-V+, IP-), necrose (Anexina-V-, IP+) e necrose secundÃria (Anexina-V+, IP+). Nas cÃlulas HK2 LAAO-Bl induziu um aumento na porcentagem de cÃlulas em necrose (IP+) e necrose secundÃria (Anexina-V+, IP+) de maneira concentraÃÃo dependente. A induÃÃo de apoptose nas cÃlulas MDCK foi acompanhada de liberaÃÃo de Ca2+ do retÃculo endoplasmÃtico, aumento de espÃcies reativas de oxigÃnio, disfunÃÃo mitocondrial e aumento de expressÃo de Bax. O tratamento com LAAO-Bl induziu ativaÃÃo de caspase 3 e 7 em ambas as linhagens celulares. LAAO-Bl (10 Âg/mL) exerce efeitos significativos no rim isolado de rato aumentando a pressÃo de perfusÃo e o fluxo urinÃrio e diminuindo a taxa de filtraÃÃo glomerular e os transportes tubulares de sÃdio, potÃssio e cloreto. Os nossos resultados sugerem que LAAO-Bl contribui para nefrotoxicidade observada no envenenamento por Bothorps leucurus. AlÃm disso, os efeitos citotÃxicos de LAAO-Bl nas cÃlulas epiteliais renais podem ser responsÃveis, pelo menos em parte, pela nefrotoxicidade observada no rim isolado. / The pit viper Bothrops leucurus (White-tailed-jararaca) is a poisonous snake habituating area in the northeast of Brazil. The biological effects due envenomation have similar profile than those observed with other Bothrops, such as important severe local and systemic effects such as Acute Renal Failure (ARF). Bothrops leucurus venom induces nephrotoxicity in the isolated perfused kidney of rats associated with cytotoxicity against renal tubular epithelia cells. In this study, it was evaluated the direct nefrotoxicity of L-aminoacid oxidase isolated of B. leucurus venom (LAAO-Bl) on renal epithelial cells (MDCK and HK2) and their potential nephrotoxic in isolated rat kidney. In these cells treated with LAAO-Bl, 1.56 â 100 Âg/mL for 12 h, there was a decrease in their viability in a concentration-dependent manner after 12 hours of treatment. In MDCK cells LDH release was not observed after 12 h of LAAO-Bl exposure while LAAO-Bl induced membrane rupture in HK-2 cells at the highest concentrations studied when compared with untreated cells. In MDCK cells, LAAO-Bl significantly increased the percentage of early apoptotic (Annexin-V+, PI-), necrotic (Annexin-V-, PI+) and secondary necrotic cells (Annexin-V+, PI+) when compared with control untreated cells. In HK-2 cells LAAO-Bl induced an increase in necrotic (PI+ cells) and secondary necrotic cells (Annexin-V+, PI+) in a concentration-dependent manner. MDCK apoptosis induction was accompanied with Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondria dysfunction with enhanced expression of Bax protein levels. LAAO-Bl induced caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation in both cell lines. LAAO-Bl (10 Âg/mL) exerts significant effects on the isolated kidney perfusion increasing perfusion pressure and urinary flow and decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and sodium, potassium and chloride tubular transport. Taken together our results suggest that LAAO-Bl contributes for the nephrotoxicity observed in the envenomation by Bothrops leucurus. Moreover, the cytotoxic of LAAO-Bl to renal epithelial cells might be responsible, least in part for the nephrotoxicity observed in isolated kidney.

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Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T17:17:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SundfeldNeto_Daniel_M.pdf: 1559832 bytes, checksum: 2932e7133bbb3a5c5e3840c9967cc5ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes concentrações do ácido fluorídrico (AF) na morfologia da superfície/interface, assim como a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento de dois tipos de cerâmica vítrea: (1) IPS Empress Esthetic (EST), (Ivoclar Vivadent) e (2) IPS e.max Press (EMX), (Ivoclar Vivadent), unidas ao cimento resinoso (Variolink II, Ivoclar-Vivadent), com ou sem aplicação do adesivo (Ad) após a aplicação do silano. Blocos cerâmicos com 8 × 8 × 2 mm de espessura foram separados em 12 grupos, totalizando 24 grupos, de acordo com as concentrações do ácido fluorídrico: 1%, 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10% e 15%. O tempo de condicionamento para a cerâmica EST foi 60 segundos e para EMX, 20 segundos. Todos os blocos foram silanizados após o condicionamento ácido e a sigla 'Ad' nos grupos designados recebeu a aplicação de uma camada de adesivo após a aplicação do silano. Caracterização dos padrões de condicionamento e interfaces de união foram conduzidas pela análise em MEV. Para o ensaio de microcisalhamento, cilindros de cimento resinoso foram confeccionados sobre a superfície da cerâmica condicionada, fotoativados durante 40 segundos e armazenados durante 24 horas em água destilada a 37°C. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância de 3 fatores e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As imagens de MEV mostraram pobre condicionamento quando utilizado a concentração de 1%, para EST e EMX. HF2,5% mostrou grande remanescente de fase vítrea e ranhuras pouco profundas na superfície das cerâmicas. Padrões semelhantes de condicionamento foram encontrados para HF7,5% e HF10%. Canais profundos foram encontrados para HF15%. Espaços não preenchidos foram encontrados na interface de grupos que não receberam a aplicação do adesivo. O preenchimento desses espações foi encontrado quando se utilizou o adesivo, mostrando uma interface mais contínua e homogênea. Para o teste de microcisalhamento, os resultados não mostraram diferença estatística entre as cerâmicas EST e EMX. Grupos que receberam o adesivo mostraram valores estatisticamente maiores do que o grupo sem adesivo e HF10% e HF15% mostram valores estatisticamente maiores comparados ao HF1% e HF2,5%. Conclusão: A concentração do ácido fluorídrico influenciou na topografia da superfície e nos valores de resistência de união ao microcisalhamento. O adesivo resultou em maiores valores de união e mostrou-se capaz de criar uma interface mais homogênea, resultando em interfaces mais "entrelaçadas" e provavelmente essa característica pode fornecer interfaces mais confiáveis / Abstract: The objective on this study was to evaluate the influence of hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration on the surface/interface morphology, also the microshear bond strenght on two types of ceramic: (1) IPS Empress Esthetic (EST), (Ivoclar Vivadent), (2) IPS e.max Press (EMX), (Ivoclar Vivadent), bonded to a resin cement (Variolink II, Ivoclar-Vivadent), with or without application of an unfilled resin (UR) after silane application. Each type of ceramic blocks with 8 mm × 8mm × 2 mm in thickness were separated into 12 groups (n=6), totaling 24 groups, according to the hydrofluoric acid concentration: 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 15%. Etching time was fixed in 60 seconds for EST and 20 seconds for EMX. All the groups were silanated after etching and the acronym 'UR' on the designated groups received a layer of an unfilled resin after silane application. Characterization of the etching patterns and bonding interfaces was conducted by SEM. For the microshear bond test, resin cylinders were built on the etched ceramic surface, photoactivated during 40 seconds and stored in distilled water during 24 hours, 37°C, for later evaluation in a universal testing machine. The data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). SEM images showed that poor etching was detected when using HF 1% on EST and EMX groups. HF 2.5% resulted in large remnants of vitreous phase and shallow grooves on ceramic surface. Similar etching patterns were detected for HF 7.5 and 10%. Deep channels were extensively observed on surfaces etched with HF 15%. Unfilled voids underlying the ceramic-resin cement interface were detected in groups that did not receive the application of the unfilled resin. Fully completion of the irregularities was detected using unfilled resin. Overall, when both silane and unfilled resin were applied, all groups generally showed more continuously and homogeneous interfaces. For microshear bond test, the results showed no statistical difference among EST and EMX. Groups with unfilled resin showed statistical higher microshear bond values than groups that did not received this treatment and HF10% and HF15% showed statistical higher values compared to HF1% and HF2.5%. Conclusion: Hydrofluoric acid concentration influenced the ceramic topography and microsher bond strength values. Unfilled resin seems to create more homogeneous interfaces and its application was able to infiltrate the unfilled voids beneath the ceramic-resin cement interface, resulting in more entangled interfaces and probably this feature could result in more reliable interfaces / Mestrado / Materiais Dentarios / Mestre em Materiais Dentários

L’hypothèse prédominante de cette thèse est que les traitements utilisés pour le cancer du sein de stade précoce (chimiothérapie avec des anthracyclines et/ou avec l’anticorps monoclonal trastuzumab) peuvent amener à des toxicités cardiaques à long terme, et qu’une évaluation de ce risque cardiaque ainsi qu’un suivi à long terme sont importants. Pour évaluer la toxicité cardiaque secondaire à ces deux agents chez les patientes avec un cancer du sein de stade précoce, nous avons réalisé deux séries d’études cliniques, la première pour évaluer la toxicité cardiaque à long terme induite par les anthracyclines, et la deuxième pour explorer la toxicité cardiaque induite par le trastuzumab. 1) Le premier chapitre de cette thèse explore la toxicité cardiaque à long terme induite par la chimiothérapie administrée aux patientes avec cancer du sein de stade précoce et ganglions positifs. La population de notre étude a été recrutée au sein de la population d’une étude de phase III randomisée menée entre 1988 et 1996 en Belgique et comparant trois schémas de traitement de chimiothérapie adjuvante, soit deux différents protocoles de chimiothérapies à base d’anthracyclines (basse dose ou haute dose d’epirubicine) ainsi qu’un schéma de chimiothérapie sans anthracyclines (CMF classique). Nous avons identifié 82 patientes (30%) traitées avec chimiothérapie adjuvante dans cette étude qui n’avaient pas de signe de récidive en 2010 (survivantes à long terme). Une évaluation cardiaque approfondie de ces patientes a été effectuée, incluant une échographie cardiaque, une résonance magnétique nucléaire, des marqueurs cardiaques sériques (pro-BNP et troponine), ainsi qu’un test de marche de 6 minutes. Cette étude nous a permis de démontrer que la toxicité cardiaque à long terme liée aux anthracyclines reste faible, et que la résonance magnétique est potentiellement plus précise que l’échographie cardiaque pour mesurer la fonction du ventricule gauche. Ceci devra cependant être confirmé dans d’autres études. Au cours de notre démarche, nous avons été confrontés à la difficulté de motiver les patientes plusieurs années après le traitement pour étudier les potentiels effets à long terme de ce dernier. 2) Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse explore la toxicité cardiaque induite par l’anticorps monoclonal trastuzumab (anti-HER2). En un premier temps, nous avons examiné la toxicité cardiaque immédiate et à long terme au sein de la population de l’étude HERA, un large essai clinique randomisé de phase III du Breast International Group évaluant le bénéfice du trastuzumab en traitement adjuvant du cancer du sein HER2-positif. Après un suivi moyen de 8 ans des 5,102 participantes de l’étude, nous avons pu démontrer que la toxicité cardiaque demeure faible à long terme, avec très peu de nouveaux évènements cardiaques diagnostiqués dans la phase de suivi. Nous avons aussi pu démontrer que la toxicité cardiaque du trastuzumab apparait surtout pendant la phase de traitement, et qu’une fois le trastuzumab arrêté, la majorité des patientes récupèrent de l’épisode de toxicité cardiaque avec normalisation de la fraction d’éjection ventriculaire gauche. En un deuxième temps, en effectuant une analyse combinée de la toxicité cardiaque dans trois essais cliniques randomisés, nous avons démontré que l’usage concomitant du trastuzumab avec une chimiothérapie néo-adjuvante à base d’anthracyclines augmente le risque d’une toxicité cardiaque chez les patientes ayant un cancer du sein de stade précoce. Conséquemment, ces schémas de traitements ne sont pas recommandés de routine.En conclusion, une bonne évaluation cardiologique et oncologique doit avoir lieu avant de démarrer une chimiothérapie à base d’anthracyclines chez les patientes ayant un cancer du sein de stade précoce. Actuellement, la recommandation est d’évaluer les facteurs de risque cardiaque avant le traitement, et de suivre la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche avant, pendant et environs 6 mois après la fin du traitement. L’usage de marqueurs cardiaques et/ou de tests d’imagerie modernes pour un diagnostic de toxicité cardiaque tardive reste un domaine d’investigation intéressant. Pour les patientes avec un cancer du sein HER2-positif de stade précoce, le risque de toxicité cardiaque induite par le trastuzumab demeure faible. Cependant, les facteurs de risque doivent être évalués pour chaque patiente avant le traitement. L‘usage concomitant de trastuzumab et anthracyclines n’est pas recommandé vu le risque augmenté de toxicité cardiaque. En cas de facteurs de risque cardiaque, un dialogue étroit entre l’oncologue et le cardiologue est recommandé avant de débuter un traitement adjuvant. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.Sc. (Zoology) / Axenic cultures of Euglena gracilis in different basal medium concentrations, to simulate eutrophic conditions, were exposed to different concentrations of Monocrotophos and Dichlorvos to determine the effect of the pesticides on the growth reaction. The effect of the pesticides on the chlorophyll a content of test organisms exposed to equivalent toxicities of pesticides was determined. The amount of pesticide accumulated and me tabolised was determined by the choline esterase method and by gaschromatography. More pesticide was found to be accumulated and metabolised by organisms in the lower concentration of basal medium.

Lesotho is experiencing a problem of seasonal bloody diarrhoea outbreaks that occur in the southern districts of the country. Usually large proportions of the meagre resources are used to combat such outbreaks. Measures have been taken to provide water and improve sanitation for the commonly affected communities. However, the problem has continued unabated. There was therefore, a need to isolate factors that are associated with the transmission of bloody diarrhoea among the communities in the Moriti, Holy Cross, Liphiring and Mohalinyane health centres where bloody diarrhoea is prevalent. In this study, 145 cases of bloody diarrhoea and 269 controls were selected from the four health centres. Cases and controls were selected from subjects who were seen in the health centres during the period of December 2002 to February 2003. All available cases were selected whereas controls were selected by systematic sampling. The study examined environmental factors such as water source, waste and refuse disposal and hygiene practices. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of several exposures on bloody diarrhoea. The model showed maintenance of the boreholes to be the most important variable. The Odds ratio among people who experienced unavailability of water was 3.88 greater, among children who do not wash hands the odds ratio was 4.66 higher. Among subjects who ate bread in January the Odds ratio was 1.45 more and among subjects who had someone with bloody diarrhoea in the household the Odds ratio was 2.60 greater. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MSc / Unrestricted

Aquatic toxicology has been identified as a valuable tool in the identification and management of chemical pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Standardised methodologies for acute aquatic bioassays have been adopted from international agencies. As a result of these standard methods, the use of laboratory cultured organisms for toxicity testing has been more popular than that of indigenous field-caught organisms. Included in these adopted methods are those for the cultured crustacean Daphnia pUlex. D.pulex is adapted to living in standing water and the suitability of this species to determine toxic effects for South African riverine environments, which are largely flowing, has been questioned. Thus this thesis is a case-study ofthe use of D.pulex and indigenous site-specific macroinvertebrates as toxicity test organisms for setting acute water quality guidelines to protect aquatic ecosystems. The study highlights site-specific problems such as reference sites and organism identification. The acute tolerance of selected indigenous invertebrates was compared to that of D. pulex, using both a single-substance reference toxicant (zinc) and selected whole efiluents. The significance of source population and culture age as a potential source of biological variability between D.pulex cultures was also investigated. D.pulex cultures have been initiated in South Africa from females collected from a number of different local populations; also it is assumed that no genetic change (due to mutation) occurs within a D.pulex culture over time. In order to establish if source population and culture age are a source of biological variability between D.pulex experiments, the acute tolerJuce to zinc of two different D.pulex populations and three different generations within a population were compared. Due to experimental variability results were inconclusive, and differences in tolerance as a result of population difference or culture age could not be determined with confidence. The acute tolerance of D.pulex to a single reference chemical (zinc) and selected whole efiluents was compared to that of selected indigenous invertebrates. Acute 48 h D.pulex zinc tolerance (LC50 range: 0.22 - 0.60 mg/l Zn) was found to be more sensitive than acute 96 h tolerances shown by mayfly species A.fconurus peringueyi (Heptageniidae) (LC50: 17.42 mg/l Zn), Euthrauluselegans (Leptophlebiidae) (LC50: 0.98 mg/IZn), Ba~tidae (LC50: 0.94mg/IZn) and shrimp, Caradina nilotica (Atyidae) (LC50: 3.17 mg/l Zn). This result suggests that guidelines for zinc set using D.pulex will protect the selected indigenous invertebrates. Selected whole eftluents were not acutely toxic to either D.pulex or selected indigenous invertebrates. These experiments were used as a case study for method development regarding the comparative use of D.pulex and indigenous invertebrates in acute whole eftluent toxicity testing. Finally, it is recommended that a suite of indigenous organisms (e.g. macroinvertebrates, fish and algae), as well as laboratory cultured D.pulex, be used in the initial setting of guidelines and that D.pulex be used for routine compliance monitoring. It is futher recommended that a suite of available monitoring methods, such as chemical and biomonitoring methodologies, be used in conjuction with toxicity testing in water quality management.

Since Actinomycetes have been isolated from finished public drinking water, it is believed that the organisms are unaffected by the chlorination and flocculation of water treatment plants and pass as spores through the filters into the general distribution system. For this reason it was deemed imperative to study the toxic effects of these organisms.