Today there are many system development projects that break both budget and time plan. Often this depends on defects in the information systems that could have been prevented. The cost of test can in some cases be as high as 50 % of the projects total cost and it's at the same time an important part of development. Test as such has moved its focus from the software it self and its faults to a wider perspective on whole infrastructures of information systems where assure a good quality is important. Sogeti in the Netherlands have developed a test method called TMap (Test Management approach) that can be used for structured testing of information systems. TMap haven't been used as much as desired in the office in Borlänge. Because Microsoft is releasing a new version of their platform Visual Studio Team System (VSTS 2010) some colleges at Sogeti in the Netherlands are about to develop a template that can support the use of TMap in VSTS 2010. When we write this the template is still in development. The goal for Sogeti was to find out the differences between the test functionality in VSTS 2008 and 2010. By using the purpose with this essay, which was to analyze the test process in VSTS 2008 with TMap against the test process in VSTS 2010 together with the template we got much help to achieve the goal. The analysis was done with four different aspects: The TPI and TMMi models, problem and strength analyses and a few question formulations. The TPI and TMMi models where used to analyses and evaluate the test process. The analysis showed that there were differences between the both test processes. VSTS 2010 together with the template gave a better support to use TMap and perform test. In VSTS 2010 the test tool Camano is connected to TFS and the tool is also to make the execution and logging of tests easier. This leads to a test process that is easier to handle and has a better support for TMap.

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This diploma thesis deals with the problem of ecological design and optimization of electrical products. The theoretical part describes the ecodesign legislation and assessment tools. The practical part is deals with created software for evaluation and comparison of electrical products. I analyzed three flash drives, which are commonly used. In these flash drives analyze packages and these packages were evaluated and compared with software. The last section describes the problems of availability of the necessary information.

The purpose of these studies was to determine if an immunomodulator was present in caprine serum. Controlled studies demonstrated that CSF-I, material fractionated from caprine serum possessed an immunomodulatory compound. Caprine serum was further fractionated into it?s peptidic components and a small contaminant of immunoglobulin G and albumin (Caprine serum fraction - immunomodulator 2, or CSF-I2). This was refined to a three peptidic isolate collectively identified as tri-peptidic immunostimulant or TPI. CSF-I2 does not possess antibacterial capabilities (as typically characteristic of a cationic peptide or defensin), does not contain a level of endotoxin sufficient to promote a pyrogenic response, and its functional ability to improve animal survival after an infectious challenge does not reside with molecular weight components greater than 10 kilodaltons, effectively excluding the immunoglobins, albumin, cytokines, and collectins. CSF-I2 was able to significantly reduce the mortality observed in chickens (from 80% to 13%) infected with Pasteurella multocida (Willeford et al., 2000), in mice (from 83% to 13.3%) infected with Salmonella typhimurium, and in canines (from 50% to 9.8%) diagnosed with parvovirus. CSF-I2 may well prove to provide prophylactic and therapeutic health benefits to humans. CSF-I2 may effectively combat pathogenesis when used as either an adjunct with conventional therapy (e.g., antibiotics) or when provided as the primary medicant.

The Ertsberg-Grasberg Mining District of Papua, Indonesia (Western New Guinea) hosts the Ertsberg Cu-Au Skarn, the giant Grasberg Porphyry Cu-Au deposit, and several other orebodies. Two 1700-meter-long cores beneath the Kucing Liar ore skarn (KL98-10-22) and the Grasberg Igneous Complex (KL98-10-21) contain high concentrations of vein and disseminated molybdenite. KL98-10-22, the focus of this study, intersects two previously unencountered intrusions, the “Tertiary intrusion Kucing Liar” (Tikl) and “Tertiary Pliocene intrusion” (Tpi). An intense dilatational quartz vein stockwork cuts Tikl and Ekmai Sandstone (Kkes) units, predating Tpi intrusion. Prior to these ultradeep cores, which extend almost 3 km below pre-mining surface, molybdenite was rarely observed in the district. Geochemistry and isotopic data indicate that Tikl and Tpi intrusions originated from the same large magmatic system that emplaced other ore-forming Ertsberg-Grasberg district intrusions. Magma in a lower crustal chamber was recharged at least twice, according to Sr-Nd data. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry of magmatic zircons yields 238U-206Pb ages between 3.40 ± 0.12 Ma (Dalam Andesite) and 2.77 ± 0.15 Ma (Ertsberg intrusion), revealing a shorter period of igneous activity than previously measured by K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating. Analyses include composite ages of 3.28 ± 0.08 Ma for Tikl and 3.18 ± 0.11 Ma for Tpi. Inherited zircon cores indicate Precambrian (mostly Proterozoic) basement. Molybdenite veining beneath the Kucing Liar Skarn and Grasberg Igneous Complex postdates stockwork veining and occurred before the 2.99 ± 0.11 Ma Kali dikes. Only one molybdenite vein was observed cutting Tpi. Molybdenites yielded ~3 Ma Re-Os ages and anomalous >4 Ma and <0.5 Ma ages; anomalous ages were not reproducible in follow-up analyses (this study). Smearing deformation of molybdenite (through fault activity) causes crystal strain, likely leading to annealing recrystallization. Recrystallization possibly redistributes daughter-product Os, resulting in anomalous ages from annealed material. Fluids with high Mo/Cu ratios (which were likely supercritical) precipitated late-stage molybdenite deep in the system. These fluids developed through magma chamber crystallization, which concentrated molybdenum in the melt as an incompatible element, and stripping of Cu from the magma chamber during hydrothermal activity. / text

The Ertsberg-Grasberg Mining District of Papua, Indonesia (Western New Guinea) hosts the Ertsberg Cu-Au Skarn, the giant Grasberg Porphyry Cu-Au deposit, and several other orebodies. Two 1700-meter-long cores beneath the Kucing Liar ore skarn (KL98-10-22) and the Grasberg Igneous Complex (KL98-10-21) contain high concentrations of vein and disseminated molybdenite. KL98-10-22, the focus of this study, intersects two previously unencountered intrusions, the “Tertiary intrusion Kucing Liar” (Tikl) and “Tertiary Pliocene intrusion” (Tpi). An intense dilatational quartz vein stockwork cuts Tikl and Ekmai Sandstone (Kkes) units, predating Tpi intrusion. Prior to these ultradeep cores, which extend almost 3 km below pre-mining surface, molybdenite was rarely observed in the district. Geochemistry and isotopic data indicate that Tikl and Tpi intrusions originated from the same large magmatic system that emplaced other ore-forming Ertsberg-Grasberg district intrusions. Magma in a lower crustal chamber was recharged at least twice, according to Sr-Nd data. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry of magmatic zircons yields 238U-206Pb ages between 3.40 ± 0.12 Ma (Dalam Andesite) and 2.77 ± 0.15 Ma (Ertsberg intrusion), revealing a shorter period of igneous activity than previously measured by K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating. Analyses include composite ages of 3.28 ± 0.08 Ma for Tikl and 3.18 ± 0.11 Ma for Tpi. Inherited zircon cores indicate Precambrian (mostly Proterozoic) basement. Molybdenite veining beneath the Kucing Liar Skarn and Grasberg Igneous Complex postdates stockwork veining and occurred before the 2.99 ± 0.11 Ma Kali dikes. Only one molybdenite vein was observed cutting Tpi. Molybdenites yielded ~3 Ma Re-Os ages and anomalous >4 Ma and <0.5 Ma ages; anomalous ages were not reproducible in follow-up analyses (this study). Smearing deformation of molybdenite (through fault activity) causes crystal strain, likely leading to annealing recrystallization. Recrystallization possibly redistributes daughter-product Os, resulting in anomalous ages from annealed material. Fluids with high Mo/Cu ratios (which were likely supercritical) precipitated late-stage molybdenite deep in the system. These fluids developed through magma chamber crystallization, which concentrated molybdenum in the melt as an incompatible element, and stripping of Cu from the magma chamber during hydrothermal activity. / text

The Ertsberg-Grasberg Mining District of Papua, Indonesia (Western New Guinea) hosts the Ertsberg Cu-Au Skarn, the giant Grasberg Porphyry Cu-Au deposit, and several other orebodies. Two 1700-meter-long cores beneath the Kucing Liar ore skarn (KL98-10-22) and the Grasberg Igneous Complex (KL98-10-21) contain high concentrations of vein and disseminated molybdenite. KL98-10-22, the focus of this study, intersects two previously unencountered intrusions, the “Tertiary intrusion Kucing Liar” (Tikl) and “Tertiary Pliocene intrusion” (Tpi). An intense dilatational quartz vein stockwork cuts Tikl and Ekmai Sandstone (Kkes) units, predating Tpi intrusion. Prior to these ultradeep cores, which extend almost 3 km below pre-mining surface, molybdenite was rarely observed in the district. Geochemistry and isotopic data indicate that Tikl and Tpi intrusions originated from the same large magmatic system that emplaced other ore-forming Ertsberg-Grasberg district intrusions. Magma in a lower crustal chamber was recharged at least twice, according to Sr-Nd data. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry of magmatic zircons yields 238U-206Pb ages between 3.40 ± 0.12 Ma (Dalam Andesite) and 2.77 ± 0.15 Ma (Ertsberg intrusion), revealing a shorter period of igneous activity than previously measured by K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating. Analyses include composite ages of 3.28 ± 0.08 Ma for Tikl and 3.18 ± 0.11 Ma for Tpi. Inherited zircon cores indicate Precambrian (mostly Proterozoic) basement. Molybdenite veining beneath the Kucing Liar Skarn and Grasberg Igneous Complex postdates stockwork veining and occurred before the 2.99 ± 0.11 Ma Kali dikes. Only one molybdenite vein was observed cutting Tpi. Molybdenites yielded ~3 Ma Re-Os ages and anomalous >4 Ma and <0.5 Ma ages; anomalous ages were not reproducible in follow-up analyses (this study). Smearing deformation of molybdenite (through fault activity) causes crystal strain, likely leading to annealing recrystallization. Recrystallization possibly redistributes daughter-product Os, resulting in anomalous ages from annealed material. Fluids with high Mo/Cu ratios (which were likely supercritical) precipitated late-stage molybdenite deep in the system. These fluids developed through magma chamber crystallization, which concentrated molybdenum in the melt as an incompatible element, and stripping of Cu from the magma chamber during hydrothermal activity. / text

Blastocystis is an important parasite that infects humans and a wide range of animals like rats, birds, reptiles, etc. infecting a sum of 60% of world population. It belongs to the Stramenopiles, a Heterologous group that includes for example the Phythophthora infestans the responsible for the Irish potato famine. Previous work had reported the presence of an unusual fusion protein that is composed of two of the main glycolytic enzymes; Triosephosphate isomerase-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TPI-GAPDH). Little is known about this protein. Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH and Blastocystis enolase were both characterized biochemically and biophysically in this project. The phylogenetic relationships of those two proteins among other members of either Stramenopiles, or other members of the kingdom of life were examined and found to be grouping within the chromalveolates. Our studies revealed that those two proteins, Blastocystis enolase and Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH, had a peptide signal targeting them to the mitochondria. This was an unusual finding knowing that text books always referred to the glycolytic pathway as a canonical cytoplasmic pathway. Structural studies had also been conducted to unravel the unknown structure of the fusion protein Blastocystis TPI-GAPDH. X-ray crystallography had been conducted to solve the protein structure and the protein was found to be a tetrameric protein composed of a central tetrameric GAPDH protein flanked with two dimmers of TPI protein. Solving its structure would be the starting point towards reviling the role that TPI-GAPDH might play in Blastocystis and other organisms that it was found in as well. Although a fusion protein, the individual components of the fusion were found to contain all features deemed essential for function for TPI and GAPDH and contain all expected protein motifs for these enzymes.

Ce travail avait pour objectif, de caractériser le poids des infections au cours de la grossesse et d’étudier la construction de l’immunité anti-PfEMP1 chez le jeune enfant. La première partie, aborde la conséquence des infections et l’efficacité des traitements chez la mère. Cette étude réalisée sur la cohorte de femmes d’une étude prospective au Bénin, a démontré l’impact des infections à bas bruit sur le taux d’hémoglobine maternel et le faible poids de l’enfant. Le TPI-SP, a montré les limites quant à sa capacité à débarrasser les femmes enceintes infectées au moment du traitement de leur parasite. Nos résultats soutiennent davantage la nécessité de trouver des moyens alternatifs de prévention qui offrent une meilleure couverture de la grossesse. La deuxième partie aborde la construction de l’immunité anti-PfEMP1 dans la première année de vie chez l’enfant. Un résultat majeur de cette étude est la démonstration que l’acquisition des anticorps contre les PfEMP1 associés aux complications du paludisme est dépendante des infections patentes de l’enfant. La troisième partie aborde les phénotypes des parasites responsables de diverses formes cliniques du paludisme chez l’enfant Africain âgé de 0 à 5 ans. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un marqueur de mauvais pronostic du paludisme cérébral. Sur un deuxième volet, nous avions montré que les isolats adhérant faiblement à ICAM-1, transcrivent fortement les gènes codant pour les PfEMP1 contenant des motifs DC8. Ces résultats soulèvent la question du rôle de EPCR dans la physiopathologie du neuropaludisme. Le travail développé dans cette thèse a permis de décrire pour la première fois la construction de l’immunité anti-PfEMP1 dans la première année de vie, de mettre à jour les connaissances sur la physiopathologie du paludisme cérébral chez le jeune enfant et de dégager des pistes à explorer prioritairement dans la perspective du développement d'un vaccin contre les formes graves du paludisme. / This work aimed to characterize the burden of P. falciparum infections during pregnancy and to study the construction of the anti-PfEMP1 immunity in the early life. The first part discusses the consequence of infection and the effectiveness of treatments in the mother. This study on the cohort of women from a prospective study in Benin, demonstrated the impact of infections with low parasitemia on the maternal hemoglobin and low weight of the child. IPT-SP, has shown the limits of its ability to rid infected pregnant women in the processing of their parasite. Our results further support the need to find alternative means of prevention that provide better coverage of pregnancy. The second part treated the construction of the anti-PfEMP1 immunity in the first year of life in children. A major finding of this study is the demonstration that the acquisition of antibodies against the PfEMP1 associated with complications of malaria depends on patentes infections in children. The third part studies parasites phenotypes responsible of various clinical forms of malaria in African children aged 0-5 years. This study allowed finding a marker of poor prognosis of cerebral malaria. On a second component, we showed that isolates bind to ICAM-1, highly transcribe the genes encoding PfEMP1 containing DC8. These results raise the question of the role of EPCR in the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria. The work developed in this thesis has allowed describing for the first time the construction of the anti-PfEMP1 immunity in the first year of life, to update knowledge on the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria in young children and identify Options to be primarily from the perspective of developing a vaccine against severe forms of malaria.

This work deals with ecological design and appraisal of quality of the electronic devices throughout their life cycle. This area known worldwide as Eco-Design, becomes an integral part of all electro technical productions. This work brings out not only conception of the Eco-Design, but also next related areas with the aim to decrease limitation of negative impact on environment. At the end of the work is compared and summarized the ecological evaluation of the concrete product types.