L’objectif de ce mémoire de thèse est de contribuer à la connaissance du comportement mécanique en grandes déformations du Polyéthylène à Haute Densité anisotrope obtenu par extrusion de plaques. Nous présentons le protocole et les résultats expérimentaux de traction séquencée, comportant des décharges, recharges et relaxations monotones et cycliques. Ces campagnes d’essais sont également centrées sur la mesure en temps réel de la variation de volume liée aux phénomènes d’endommagement. Les résultats sont présentés pour différentes orientations d’éprouvettes prélevées dans des plaques extrudées. La modélisation thermodynamique de l’ensemble des résultats, a fait l’objet d’un développement original conduisant à la prédiction unifiée de grandeurs en 3D : contrainte vraie axiale, déformations vraies transversales. Le modèle prévoit également le développement de l’endommagement et permet de mettre en évidence une variable tensorielle de dommage. L’identification des paramètres du modèle thermodynamique sur la base de données expérimentales conduit à des grandeurs physiques conformes aux caractéristiques de la microstructure. Ce travail ouvre la perspective d’un enrichissement de l’approche thermodynamique dans la direction de la prévision de l’anisotropie plastique induite des polymères semi-cristallins / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of the mechanical behavior in large strains of anisotropic High Density PolyEthylene (HDPE), obtained by extrusion of plates. We present the experimental procedure and the results for traction, with unloading, reloading and relaxation in monotonous and cyclic conditions. This work is also concerned with the measure in real time of the volume strain due to the phenomena of damage. The results are given for various orientations of specimen within the extruded plates. The thermodynamic modeling of the whole the results, is the subject of an original development leading to the unified prediction of measures in 3D: axial true stress, transverse true strains. The model also predicts the development of the damage and offer the possibility to introduce a tensorial damage variable. The identification of the model parameters on the basis of experimental data leads to physical quantities in conformity with the characteristics of the microstructure. This work opens the prospect for an enrichment of the thermodynamic approach in the direction of the prediction of the induced plastic anisotropy of semi-crystalline polymers

A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado. / This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.

<p>The products The Company manufactures are used in an area of the industry where errors leading to a stop in production can be quite expensive. Therefore are testing of the products important and the tests can also give indications about the quality of the products.</p><p>The Company is in a phase where they are developing a new product line to support all existing and future products. In this phase, it was decided that all products will use a common framework for unit testing and a common build system for all products. One part of the thesis was to investigate and evaluate different frameworks for unit testing and tools for a build system. The unit test framework that were evaluated are Cppunit, cfix, NUnit, Boost test library, Unit Testing++ and CxxTest. The result of the evaluation was that CppUnit were recommended. For the build system MSBuild, NAnt, Automated Build Studio and Cruise Control .NET were evaluated. The recommended tools for a build system is MSBuild in combination with Cruise Control .Net if The Company is interested in the functionality Cruise Control .Net has to offer.</p><p>The Company also has an interest in evaluating the current test processes and identify improvements as a part of The Company’ s objective were all products should follow a common test process. In order to identify these improvements a literature study of four test process improvement frameworks (Test Process Improvement, Test Maturity Model Integrated, Minimal Test Practice Framework and Test Improvement Model) were carried out. Out of these four frameworks Test Process Improvement (TPI) were chosen to assist when identifying improvements. With the help of TPI a limited assessment took place to give indications about the test maturity for three of The Company’s products where two of the products had low maturity. Results of the improvement measures can be summed up with the need to harmonize the documents, standardize and document the various processes.</p><p>As a last part of the thesis the possibility to automate testing of two of the products graphical user interfaces with the program Test Complete were investigated. For one of the products the result was that it worked satisfactorily and for the other product it did not work at all. This resulted in recommendations for how The Company should proceed with automated testing of the graphical user interface.</p> / <p>De produkter som företaget tillverkar används i huvudsak inom ett område av branschen där fel som leder till stopp i produktionen kan vara ganska dyrt. Detta gör testning av produkterna viktiga och tester kan också ge indikationer om kvaliteten på produkterna.</p><p>Företaget är i en fas där man utvecklar en ny produktlinje som ska stödja alla befintliga och framtida produkter. I denna fas har man beslutat att alla produkterna ska använda ett gemensant ramverk för enhetstestning och även använda ett gemensamt byggsystem för samtliga produkter. En del av examensarbetet var att undersöka och utvärdera olika ramverk för enhets testning och verktyg för byggsystem. De ramverk som utvärderades var CppUnit, cfix, NUnit, Boost test library, unitTest++ och CxxTest. Utvärderingen ledde fram till att CppUnit rekommenderades till företaget. Verktyg som utvärderades för byggsystem var MSBuild, NAnt, Automated Build Studio och Cruise Control .Net. För byggsystem rekommenderas MSBuild i kombination med Cruise Control .Net ifall företaget är intresserade av den extra funktionalitet som Cruise Control .Net har att erbjuda.</p><p>Företaget har även ett intresse av att utvärdera den nuvarande testprocessen och identifiera förbättringar som ett led i att befintliga produkter skall följa en gemensam testprocess. För att kunna identifiera dessa förbättringar utfördes en litteraturstudie över fyra stycken test process förbättrings ramverk (Test Process Improvent, Test Maturity Model integrated, Minimal Test Practice Framework och Test Improvement Model). Utav dessa fyra ramverk så valdes Test Process Improvement (TPI) ut som en hjälp för att identifiera förbättringar. Med hjälp av TPI utfördes en begränsad bedömning av företagets mogenhetsgrad på tre produkter, där två av produkterna har en låg mogenhetsgrad. Resultat av förbättringsåtgärderna kan sammanfattas med att man bör harmonisera dokument, standardisera och dokumentera olika processer.</p><p>Som en sista del i examensarbetet så utvärderades möjligheten att automatisera testning på två av produkternas grafiska användargränssnitt med programmet TestComplete. För en av produkterna blev resultatet att det fungerade tillfredställande och för den andra produkten så fungerade det inte alls. Resultatet blev rekommendationer för hur företaget borde gå vidare med automatisering av testnig på det grafiska användargränssnittet.</p>

A presente tese se propõe a avaliar os avanços e recuos do denominado Regime Internacional para Atrocidades (RIA), focando-se sobremaneira no seu principal desdobramento normativo e institucional: o Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Tais avanços e recuos não podem ser analisados somente a partir de qualificações políticas pragmáticas ou de princípios morais cosmopolitas reconhecidos pelo Tribunal, mas sim a partir da existência de um conflito de valores exposto na construção e consolidação do regime em questão: justiça versus paz, bem como da necessidade de superá-lo. É esse conflito entre a justiça internacional, interpretada de modo cosmopolita, e também pelo viés restrito do paradigma jurídico de enforcement dos direitos humanos, e a paz, interpretada como a ausência de conflito direto, bem como a consequente necessidade de arbitrá-lo, que nos permitirá fazer recomendações sobre o que se deve fazer para implementar um RIA realmente efetivo no sentido de livrar a humanidade das violações de direitos humanos que se qualificam como atrocidades, considerando as particularidades de contextos transicionais e ampliando a prestação de contas. A estratégia recomendada pela tese é a da combinação de uma justiça judicializada, que se traduz no TPI, com outros mecanismos de justiça transicional. Ademais, uma atuação do TPI sensível às vítimas e às atividades de peacebuilding é parte fundamental dessa estratégia. Os casos sob a investigação do TPI serão trazidos à tona na presente tese no sentido de ilustrar alguns aspectos do argumento principal nela estruturado. / This thesis aims to evaluate advances and shortcomings concerning the so-called International Atrocities Regime (IAR), focusing on its main normative and institutional achievement: the International Criminal Court (ICC). Such advances and shortcomings cannot be analised either exclusively through pragmatic political qualifications or through cosmopolitan moral principles embraced by the Court. Instead, we initially sustain the existence of a conflict of values apparent in the building up and consolidation of the above mentioned regime: the justice versus peace dilemma and the necessity of overcoming it. It is this dilemma between international justice, interpreted according to both a cosmopolitan perspective and a judicial paradigm of human rights enforcement, and peace, interpreted as the absence of direct conflict, and simultaneously the urgent need of managing this conflitct of value that will allow us to make some normative recommendations about what is to be done in order to implemente an effective IAR. By effectiveness, we mean both the prevention of humanity from suffering gross human rights violations qualified as atrocities, considering the particularities involved in transitional contexts, and the promotion of accountability. The strategy recommended by the thesis is the combination of a judicialized justice, translated into ICC practices, with other transitional justice mechanisms. In addition, an ICC performance sensible to victims and peacebuilding activities is a fundamental aspect of such a strategy. In this sense, the cases under ICC investigation will be mobilized in order to illustrate some aspects of the main argument structured in the thesis.

The products The Company manufactures are used in an area of the industry where errors leading to a stop in production can be quite expensive. Therefore are testing of the products important and the tests can also give indications about the quality of the products. The Company is in a phase where they are developing a new product line to support all existing and future products. In this phase, it was decided that all products will use a common framework for unit testing and a common build system for all products. One part of the thesis was to investigate and evaluate different frameworks for unit testing and tools for a build system. The unit test framework that were evaluated are Cppunit, cfix, NUnit, Boost test library, Unit Testing++ and CxxTest. The result of the evaluation was that CppUnit were recommended. For the build system MSBuild, NAnt, Automated Build Studio and Cruise Control .NET were evaluated. The recommended tools for a build system is MSBuild in combination with Cruise Control .Net if The Company is interested in the functionality Cruise Control .Net has to offer. The Company also has an interest in evaluating the current test processes and identify improvements as a part of The Company’ s objective were all products should follow a common test process. In order to identify these improvements a literature study of four test process improvement frameworks (Test Process Improvement, Test Maturity Model Integrated, Minimal Test Practice Framework and Test Improvement Model) were carried out. Out of these four frameworks Test Process Improvement (TPI) were chosen to assist when identifying improvements. With the help of TPI a limited assessment took place to give indications about the test maturity for three of The Company’s products where two of the products had low maturity. Results of the improvement measures can be summed up with the need to harmonize the documents, standardize and document the various processes. As a last part of the thesis the possibility to automate testing of two of the products graphical user interfaces with the program Test Complete were investigated. For one of the products the result was that it worked satisfactorily and for the other product it did not work at all. This resulted in recommendations for how The Company should proceed with automated testing of the graphical user interface. / De produkter som företaget tillverkar används i huvudsak inom ett område av branschen där fel som leder till stopp i produktionen kan vara ganska dyrt. Detta gör testning av produkterna viktiga och tester kan också ge indikationer om kvaliteten på produkterna. Företaget är i en fas där man utvecklar en ny produktlinje som ska stödja alla befintliga och framtida produkter. I denna fas har man beslutat att alla produkterna ska använda ett gemensant ramverk för enhetstestning och även använda ett gemensamt byggsystem för samtliga produkter. En del av examensarbetet var att undersöka och utvärdera olika ramverk för enhets testning och verktyg för byggsystem. De ramverk som utvärderades var CppUnit, cfix, NUnit, Boost test library, unitTest++ och CxxTest. Utvärderingen ledde fram till att CppUnit rekommenderades till företaget. Verktyg som utvärderades för byggsystem var MSBuild, NAnt, Automated Build Studio och Cruise Control .Net. För byggsystem rekommenderas MSBuild i kombination med Cruise Control .Net ifall företaget är intresserade av den extra funktionalitet som Cruise Control .Net har att erbjuda. Företaget har även ett intresse av att utvärdera den nuvarande testprocessen och identifiera förbättringar som ett led i att befintliga produkter skall följa en gemensam testprocess. För att kunna identifiera dessa förbättringar utfördes en litteraturstudie över fyra stycken test process förbättrings ramverk (Test Process Improvent, Test Maturity Model integrated, Minimal Test Practice Framework och Test Improvement Model). Utav dessa fyra ramverk så valdes Test Process Improvement (TPI) ut som en hjälp för att identifiera förbättringar. Med hjälp av TPI utfördes en begränsad bedömning av företagets mogenhetsgrad på tre produkter, där två av produkterna har en låg mogenhetsgrad. Resultat av förbättringsåtgärderna kan sammanfattas med att man bör harmonisera dokument, standardisera och dokumentera olika processer. Som en sista del i examensarbetet så utvärderades möjligheten att automatisera testning på två av produkternas grafiska användargränssnitt med programmet TestComplete. För en av produkterna blev resultatet att det fungerade tillfredställande och för den andra produkten så fungerade det inte alls. Resultatet blev rekommendationer för hur företaget borde gå vidare med automatisering av testnig på det grafiska användargränssnittet.

Testing often takes between 35 and 50 percent of the total costs of software development projects. Still, the role of testing tends to be underestimated. High costs that are being spent on software testing make a reason for looking for systematical approaches for making the testing processes efficient. Test process improvement models offer such approaches. These models are subject of this thesis. Implementation of process improvement models can be an expensive, long-term activity. Therefore, reasons need to be found, why is important to use such models. Reasons and motivations for using improvement models are demonstrated in the first part of this thesis. It turned out that software testing has, by its historical development, come to the state, when it contains so much theory that companies have a problem absorbing all the knowledge to make testing processes efficient. Therefore, improvement models offer a solution to this problem. This thesis is primarily focused on Test Maturity Model Integration (TMMi), which is being analyzed thoroughly. The work searches for possibilities and limitation of using the model and it summarizes current experiences with the model. Because the TMMi model does not contain a practical assessment method, such method is proposed in this thesis. The assessment method will help organizations using the model. Beside TMMi, the thesis provides an introduction into three other models: Test Process Improvement (TPI), Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) and Critical Testing Processes (CTP). All four models are subject to a comparison based on specified criteria. Results of the comparison are analyzed to identify for which situations individual models suit best. The comparison will help organizations to choose the right model for their needs.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-06-13T18:34:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT MARIA CRISTINA MATOS DA COSTA.pdf: 3168596 bytes, checksum: 37b3968863e4b01a58c2fc8f9fa403e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T18:34:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT MARIA CRISTINA MATOS DA COSTA.pdf: 3168596 bytes, checksum: 37b3968863e4b01a58c2fc8f9fa403e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-26 / Este estudo mostra em que condições um programa de desenvolvimento de equipes, pode efetivamente provocar simultaneamente melhoria na execução das atividades da organização e maior interação entre líderes e liderados. Para tanto, tomou como experimento a implantação, através de um trabalho de consultoria, da metodologia ¨Team Building¨, através do “treinamento vivencial ao ar livre”, aplicado em duas empresas do mesmo porte e pertencentes ao mesmo segmento industrial – Petróleo e Gás. Para medir e identificar os resultados foram realizadas três medições. A primeira delas foi feita trinta dias antes do início do treinamento como parte do diagnóstico e levantamento de necessidades. As outras duas foram realizadas após o término do treinamento e foram utilizadas para consolidação e avaliação dos resultados comportamentais entre Gestor e equipe. A ferramenta utilizada para a análise das medições foi a TPI (Team Practices Inventory), adaptada pela consultoria com base na LPI (Leadership Pratices Inventory), desenvolvida por Kouzes e Posner em 1987. A ferramenta propõe a análise dos dados sob cinco dimensões que são os indicadores: (trabalho em equipe; liderança; orgulho e significado; confiança e motivação). O experimento permitiu identificar os pontos fortes e as oportunidades de melhorias efetivas das equipes, bem como avaliar criticamente a adequabilidade e as exigências para o sucesso de tal tipo de abordagem. Como resultado a pesquisa aponta para a importância e o cuidado na condução das etapas que antecedem e sucedem o treinamento propriamente dito, bem como destaca a importância do envolvimento do gestor como condição para alcançar os resultados potenciais da ferramenta. / This study shows the conditions under which a development program can effectively cause a simultaneously improve in the execution of the Organization's activities and a greater interaction between leaders and led. To this end, it was taken as an experiment the insertion, through a consulting job, of the “Team Building” methodology, during the " experiential training outdoors”, applied in two companies of the same size and belonging to the same industrial segment – oil and gas. To measure and identify the results three measurements were performed. The first one was made thirty days prior to the beginning of the training, as a part of the diagnosis and the assessment of needs. The other two were held after the end of the training and were used for consolidation and evaluation of behavioral results between manager and staff. The tool used for the analysis of the measurements was TPI (Team Practices Inventory), adapted by the consultancy based on the LPI (Leadership Practices Inventory), developed by Kouzes and Posner in 1987. The tool proposes the analysis of data in five dimensions (teamwork, leadership, pride and significance, confidence and motivation). The experiment allowed to identify the strengths and opportunities for effective improvements of teams, as well as critically evaluate the suitability and the requirements for the success of this type of approach. As a result, the research points out to the importance and care in the conduct of the steps that precede and succeed the training itself, as well as highlights the importance of the involvement of the Manager as a condition to achieve the potential results of the tool.

This thesis deals with the testing process improvement and the implementation of specific improvement. Its objective is to describe the methodology TPI NEXT, define possible approaches to synchronization tools HP Quality Center and JIRA and implementation of the application for synchronization defects from HP Quality Center to JIRA. The first part of the thesis defines the basic terminology of testing and testing principles. Second part contains description of the methodology TPI NEXT, focusing on its key areas. The next part of the thesis describes synchronization of HP Quality Center and JIRA in the context of testing process improvement. The main part of the thesis focuses on approaches to synchronization tools HP Quality Center and JIRA and specific implementation of synchronization bridge. This bridge allows unilateral synchronization of defects from HP Quality Center to JIRA and is written in Java.