This research determined the in vitro, intraperitoneal injection and dietary immunostimulatory effects on the grouper Epinephelus malabaricus of chitosan and its derivatives with different molecular weight, chitosan, polyglucosamine and N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides. Respiratory burst activity of head-kidney phagocytes isolated from the grouper incubated in vitro with the chitosans at a range of concentrations was studied. Respiratory burst activity generally decreased with increasing dosage of chitosan products. N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides were significantly more potent in enhancing respirtatory burst activity than the other two chitosans. Respiratory burst activity of head-kidney phagocytes of the grouper injected with three kinds of chitosans at 4 dosages was assayed. N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides caused significantly higher respiratory burst activity than the other two chitosans. N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides at the dosage of 10 µg/g was found to enhance the highest respiratory burst activity among treatments. In the time series assay with intraperitoneal injection by N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides at a dosage of 10 µg/g, it was found that enhancement of NBT reduction occurred early in the time course of the study and is similar to the time series response of the glucan treatment. When the groupers (120g) were fed with diets containing 5 concentrations of N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g/100g and stocked in indoor closed recirculation systems for 7 weeks, weight gain of the fish was not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. The immune status measured by respiratory burst activity, alternative complement pathway, agglutination titer, lysozyme activity and superoxide dismutase activity was not significantly affected by N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides supplement. But feeding the grouper with N-acetyl-chitooligosaccharides at 1 g/100g diet seems to lower the immunity of the fish, although the effects were statistically insignificant.

The immunostimulatory property of glucan isolates from three marine yeasts (Debaryomyces hansenii S8, Debaryomyces hansenii S169 and Candida tropicalis S186) and one Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae S36) as examined for potential application as immunostimulants in Penaeus monodon postlarvae against White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection. Structural characterization of the glucan component in the isolates by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated similar structures containing (1-3)-linked anhydroglucose repeat units (AGRUs) in the backbone with (1-6)-linked AGRUs in side chains that are (1-6)-linked to the backbone AGRUs. Glucan from C. tropicalis (S186) with the highest molecular weight and the lowest level of branching supported maximum survival (69%) followed by the other two marine yeast (S169 and S8) glucans of 27% and 23% respectively while glucan from Baker's yeast, S. cerevisiae S36 with the lowest molecular weight and the highest level of branching exhibited poor survival (4%) in P. monodon post challenge WSSV. The present study showed that the glucan isolate from marine yeast with a higher molecular weight and a lower degree of branching acts as better immunostimulants in P. monodon postlarvae than did the glucan isolate from S. cerevisiae.

A comparative study was performed to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of yeast and yeast-derived glucan in white prawn Fenneropenaeus indicus (sub-adults of ∼20 gm). Feed with a whole cell biomass of marine yeast Candida sake S165 (CSY) at a concentration of 10% (w/w) and another feed with 0.2% glucan of C. sake S165 (CSG) were used in the study. Fenneropenaeus indicus were fed with these diets for 40 days and subsequently challenged with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Haematological parameters such as the total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anion (O2-) level, haemolymph peroxidase level and post-challenge survival against WSSV infection were determined to assess the immune status. In the present experiment, a higher immunity index and post-challenge survival were recorded in shrimps fed with the whole cell yeast diet. The better immunostimulatory performance of the whole cell yeast diet compared with the glucan diet could be attributed to the cellular constituents of yeast including the cell wall glucan, nucleotides, carotenoid pigments and vitamins. Here we observed that whole cell yeast performed better as an immunostimulant than the extracted cell wall glucans. Therefore, the use of yeast biomass in diets, rather than the yeast cell wall extract, glucan, would confer better protection against microbial infection besides reducing the cost of shrimp production.

The purpose of these studies was to determine if an immunomodulator was present in caprine serum. Controlled studies demonstrated that CSF-I, material fractionated from caprine serum possessed an immunomodulatory compound. Caprine serum was further fractionated into it?s peptidic components and a small contaminant of immunoglobulin G and albumin (Caprine serum fraction - immunomodulator 2, or CSF-I2). This was refined to a three peptidic isolate collectively identified as tri-peptidic immunostimulant or TPI. CSF-I2 does not possess antibacterial capabilities (as typically characteristic of a cationic peptide or defensin), does not contain a level of endotoxin sufficient to promote a pyrogenic response, and its functional ability to improve animal survival after an infectious challenge does not reside with molecular weight components greater than 10 kilodaltons, effectively excluding the immunoglobins, albumin, cytokines, and collectins. CSF-I2 was able to significantly reduce the mortality observed in chickens (from 80% to 13%) infected with Pasteurella multocida (Willeford et al., 2000), in mice (from 83% to 13.3%) infected with Salmonella typhimurium, and in canines (from 50% to 9.8%) diagnosed with parvovirus. CSF-I2 may well prove to provide prophylactic and therapeutic health benefits to humans. CSF-I2 may effectively combat pathogenesis when used as either an adjunct with conventional therapy (e.g., antibiotics) or when provided as the primary medicant.

No interesse de reduzir os efeitos adversos relacionados às vacinas veterinárias e induzir tipos específicos de resposta imune, levou-se o desenvolvimento de numerosos novos adjuvantes. Recentemente, houve o descobrimento de um peptídeo intracelular funcional obtido através do estímulo celular com INF- γ, denominado EL28, tendo como principais características a hidrossolubilidade e a biodegradebilidade e, porém, no momento carece de ensaios de imunoestimulação associados com vacinas com potencial de mercado \"in vivo\". Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a atividade imunoestimulante do EL28, associado ao vírus rábico inativado (VRI). Realizou-se a produção do antígeno VRI, e prepararam-se formulações vacinais: VRI associado ao EL28, VRI associado com Al(OH)3 e VRI sem presença de adjuvante, para imunização de camundongos Balb/c e avaliação da resposta imune humoral. A produção de anticorpos IgG totais, IgG1 e IgG2a foram determinados pelo ensaio de ELISA indireto. E os anticorpos neutralizantes para o vírus rábico foram quantificados através do método RIFFT. Os resultados do ELISA indireto foram expressos como Dose Imunoenzimática 50% (DI50) e mostraram que não houve aumento na produção de anticorpos na resposta imune humoral (IgG totais) entre a vacina associada ao EL28 (DI50= 3,0 X 10-3µL) e a vacina sem adjuvante (DI50=2,0 X 10-3µL). As IgG2a e IgG1 estão relacionados ao perfil da resposta Th1 e Th2 respectivamente, e mostraram diferença significativa em relação ao título da IgG1 entre a vacina associada ao EL28 (DI50= 5,9x10-4µL) e a vacina sem adjuvante (DI50=5,2x10-4µL), enquanto para os títulos de IgG2a não houve diferença significativa entre essas vacinas. O perfil da resposta Th foi obtido através da razão entre IgG2a e IgG1, o qual demonstrou que em todas as imunizações, com e sem adjuvantes, tiveram resposta predominante do tipo Th2. O método de RIFFT mostrou um aumento na potência de anticorpos neutralizantes na vacina associada ao EL28 em relação à imunização dos animais sem nenhum adjuvante. Portanto, esses resultados demonstram aumento da especificidade na resposta imunológica da vacina associada ao EL28. Sendo assim, pelos resultados apresentados, a vacina de raiva associada ao EL28 possivelmente teria uma maior eficiência e segurança. / In the interest of reducing the adverse effects related to veterinary vaccines and inducing specific types of immune response, numerous new adjuvants have been developed. Recently, a functional intracellular peptide obtained through cellular stimulus with the INF-γ, named EL28, it have as main characteristics the water solubility and the biodegradability, but at the moment it lacks immunostimulation assays associated with potencial market vaccine \"in vivo\". In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the immunostimulatory activity of EL28, associated with inactivated rabies virus (IRV). It carried out the production of IRV antigen, and prepared vaccine formulations: IRV with EL28, IRV with Al(OH)3 and IRV without the presence of adjuvant, for immunization of Balb/c mice and evaluation of the humoral immune response. The production of total IgG antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2a were determined by the indirect ELISA assay. And neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus were quantified using the RIFFT method. Indirect ELISA results were expressed as 50% Immunoenzymatic Dose (ID50) and showed no increase in antibody humoral immune response (IgG total) between the EL28 associated vaccine (ID50 = 3.0 X 10-3µL) and the vaccine without adjuvant (ID50 = 2.0 X 10-3µL). The IgG2a and IgG1 are related to the profile of Th1 and Th2 respectively, and showed a significant difference in relation to the IgG1 titer between the EL28 associated vaccine (ID50 = 5,9x10-4µL) and the non-adjuvant vaccine (ID50 = 5,2x10-4µL), while for IgG2a titers there was no significant difference between these vaccines. The Th response profile was obtained by the ratio of IgG2a and IgG1, which showed that in all immunizations with and without adjuvant, were predominantly Th2 response. The RIFFT method showed an increase of the potency of neutralizing antibodies in the vaccine with EL28 in relation to the immunization of the animals without any adjuvant. Therefore, these results demonstrate increased specificity in the immune response associated with EL28 vaccine. Therefore, from the results presented, the rabies vaccine associated with EL28 would possibly have a greater efficiency and safety.

Os teleósteos submetidos a estresse ocorre aumento dos níveis de glicocorticoides, desencadeando uma reorganização metabólica, que resulta na imunossupressão dos animais, deixando-os mais suscetível a potenciais patógenos. Os antibióticos são comumente utilizados no controle das enfermidades bacterianas, porém, o uso indiscriminado pode provocar a seleção de cepas resistentes. Uma alternativa é a prevenção, através do uso de aditivos dietários imunoestimulantes. Os flavonoides e o ácido ascórbico (AA) são conhecidos por suas atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antiestresse. Assim, o estudo em questão visou avaliar a sua influência no desempenho; no intestino e nos parâmetros de imunidade inata de trutas arco-íris, em condições ideais e após aplicação de glicocorticoide exógeno (dexametasona). Foram realizados dois experimentos: 1 - grupos controle (GC) e o aditivo (GA), tratados por noventa dias; 2 - grupos controle (GC), aditivo (GA), dexametasona (GD) e aditivo + dexametasona (GAD), por trinta dias. No primeiro experimento o aditivo proporcionou o aumento da altura do epitélio no início do intestino, além da diminuição da densidade de células de muco nos cecos pilóricos, e o aumento no início do intestino. No segundo experimento, o aditivo causou a diminuição da altura do epitélio nos cecos pilóricos e início do intestino. O glicocorticoide exógeno causou perda de peso dos animais e a diminuição da altura do epitélio em todas as porções intestinais. Ainda, resultados positivos foram vistos em relação ao numero de leucócitos, do GAD, assim o aditivo foi diferencial e pareceu compensar as ações do glicocorticoide. Os resultados indicam que o uso de ácido ascórbico e flavonoides apresenta vantagens em situações de estresse. / Teleosts subjected to stress show increase in glucocorticoids levels, this triggers a metabolic reorganization, resulting in the animal immunosuppression, this let animals susceptible to potential pathogens. The antibiotics are commonly used to control bacterial diseases, but their indiscriminate use can lead to selection of resistant pathogenic strains. A viable alternative is to work on prevention, through the use of immunostimulant dietary additives. Flavonoids and ascorbic acid (AA) are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-stress activity. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate their influence in the growth performance; the gut; the innate immunity parameters of rainbow trouts in ideal conditions and after an exogenous glucocorticoid application (dexamethasone). For this, two experiments were performed: 1- groups control (GC) and the additive (GA) for ninety days. 2 - with four groups control (GC), additive (GA), dexamethasone (GD) and additive + dexamethasone (GAD) lasting thirty ninety days. In the first experiment, the additive increased epithelial height at the initial intestine, in addition to decreased mucus cell density of the pyloric caeca, and the increase in the initial intestine. In the second experiment, the additive decreased epithelial height in pyloric caeca and initial intestine. The exogenous glucocorticoid caused animal weight loss, and epithelial height decrease in all intestinal portions. Positive results was observed on GAD leukocytes number, so the additive was differential and seemed to compensate the glucocorticoids actions. The results indicate that the use of ascorbic acid and flavonoids has advantages in stress situations.

No interesse de reduzir os efeitos adversos relacionados às vacinas veterinárias e induzir tipos específicos de resposta imune, levou-se o desenvolvimento de numerosos novos adjuvantes. Recentemente, houve o descobrimento de um peptídeo intracelular funcional obtido através do estímulo celular com INF- γ, denominado EL28, tendo como principais características a hidrossolubilidade e a biodegradebilidade e, porém, no momento carece de ensaios de imunoestimulação associados com vacinas com potencial de mercado \"in vivo\". Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a atividade imunoestimulante do EL28, associado ao vírus rábico inativado (VRI). Realizou-se a produção do antígeno VRI, e prepararam-se formulações vacinais: VRI associado ao EL28, VRI associado com Al(OH)3 e VRI sem presença de adjuvante, para imunização de camundongos Balb/c e avaliação da resposta imune humoral. A produção de anticorpos IgG totais, IgG1 e IgG2a foram determinados pelo ensaio de ELISA indireto. E os anticorpos neutralizantes para o vírus rábico foram quantificados através do método RIFFT. Os resultados do ELISA indireto foram expressos como Dose Imunoenzimática 50% (DI50) e mostraram que não houve aumento na produção de anticorpos na resposta imune humoral (IgG totais) entre a vacina associada ao EL28 (DI50= 3,0 X 10-3µL) e a vacina sem adjuvante (DI50=2,0 X 10-3µL). As IgG2a e IgG1 estão relacionados ao perfil da resposta Th1 e Th2 respectivamente, e mostraram diferença significativa em relação ao título da IgG1 entre a vacina associada ao EL28 (DI50= 5,9x10-4µL) e a vacina sem adjuvante (DI50=5,2x10-4µL), enquanto para os títulos de IgG2a não houve diferença significativa entre essas vacinas. O perfil da resposta Th foi obtido através da razão entre IgG2a e IgG1, o qual demonstrou que em todas as imunizações, com e sem adjuvantes, tiveram resposta predominante do tipo Th2. O método de RIFFT mostrou um aumento na potência de anticorpos neutralizantes na vacina associada ao EL28 em relação à imunização dos animais sem nenhum adjuvante. Portanto, esses resultados demonstram aumento da especificidade na resposta imunológica da vacina associada ao EL28. Sendo assim, pelos resultados apresentados, a vacina de raiva associada ao EL28 possivelmente teria uma maior eficiência e segurança. / In the interest of reducing the adverse effects related to veterinary vaccines and inducing specific types of immune response, numerous new adjuvants have been developed. Recently, a functional intracellular peptide obtained through cellular stimulus with the INF-γ, named EL28, it have as main characteristics the water solubility and the biodegradability, but at the moment it lacks immunostimulation assays associated with potencial market vaccine \"in vivo\". In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the immunostimulatory activity of EL28, associated with inactivated rabies virus (IRV). It carried out the production of IRV antigen, and prepared vaccine formulations: IRV with EL28, IRV with Al(OH)3 and IRV without the presence of adjuvant, for immunization of Balb/c mice and evaluation of the humoral immune response. The production of total IgG antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2a were determined by the indirect ELISA assay. And neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus were quantified using the RIFFT method. Indirect ELISA results were expressed as 50% Immunoenzymatic Dose (ID50) and showed no increase in antibody humoral immune response (IgG total) between the EL28 associated vaccine (ID50 = 3.0 X 10-3µL) and the vaccine without adjuvant (ID50 = 2.0 X 10-3µL). The IgG2a and IgG1 are related to the profile of Th1 and Th2 respectively, and showed a significant difference in relation to the IgG1 titer between the EL28 associated vaccine (ID50 = 5,9x10-4µL) and the non-adjuvant vaccine (ID50 = 5,2x10-4µL), while for IgG2a titers there was no significant difference between these vaccines. The Th response profile was obtained by the ratio of IgG2a and IgG1, which showed that in all immunizations with and without adjuvant, were predominantly Th2 response. The RIFFT method showed an increase of the potency of neutralizing antibodies in the vaccine with EL28 in relation to the immunization of the animals without any adjuvant. Therefore, these results demonstrate increased specificity in the immune response associated with EL28 vaccine. Therefore, from the results presented, the rabies vaccine associated with EL28 would possibly have a greater efficiency and safety.

Os teleósteos submetidos a estresse ocorre aumento dos níveis de glicocorticoides, desencadeando uma reorganização metabólica, que resulta na imunossupressão dos animais, deixando-os mais suscetível a potenciais patógenos. Os antibióticos são comumente utilizados no controle das enfermidades bacterianas, porém, o uso indiscriminado pode provocar a seleção de cepas resistentes. Uma alternativa é a prevenção, através do uso de aditivos dietários imunoestimulantes. Os flavonoides e o ácido ascórbico (AA) são conhecidos por suas atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antiestresse. Assim, o estudo em questão visou avaliar a sua influência no desempenho; no intestino e nos parâmetros de imunidade inata de trutas arco-íris, em condições ideais e após aplicação de glicocorticoide exógeno (dexametasona). Foram realizados dois experimentos: 1 - grupos controle (GC) e o aditivo (GA), tratados por noventa dias; 2 - grupos controle (GC), aditivo (GA), dexametasona (GD) e aditivo + dexametasona (GAD), por trinta dias. No primeiro experimento o aditivo proporcionou o aumento da altura do epitélio no início do intestino, além da diminuição da densidade de células de muco nos cecos pilóricos, e o aumento no início do intestino. No segundo experimento, o aditivo causou a diminuição da altura do epitélio nos cecos pilóricos e início do intestino. O glicocorticoide exógeno causou perda de peso dos animais e a diminuição da altura do epitélio em todas as porções intestinais. Ainda, resultados positivos foram vistos em relação ao numero de leucócitos, do GAD, assim o aditivo foi diferencial e pareceu compensar as ações do glicocorticoide. Os resultados indicam que o uso de ácido ascórbico e flavonoides apresenta vantagens em situações de estresse. / Teleosts subjected to stress show increase in glucocorticoids levels, this triggers a metabolic reorganization, resulting in the animal immunosuppression, this let animals susceptible to potential pathogens. The antibiotics are commonly used to control bacterial diseases, but their indiscriminate use can lead to selection of resistant pathogenic strains. A viable alternative is to work on prevention, through the use of immunostimulant dietary additives. Flavonoids and ascorbic acid (AA) are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-stress activity. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate their influence in the growth performance; the gut; the innate immunity parameters of rainbow trouts in ideal conditions and after an exogenous glucocorticoid application (dexamethasone). For this, two experiments were performed: 1- groups control (GC) and the additive (GA) for ninety days. 2 - with four groups control (GC), additive (GA), dexamethasone (GD) and additive + dexamethasone (GAD) lasting thirty ninety days. In the first experiment, the additive increased epithelial height at the initial intestine, in addition to decreased mucus cell density of the pyloric caeca, and the increase in the initial intestine. In the second experiment, the additive decreased epithelial height in pyloric caeca and initial intestine. The exogenous glucocorticoid caused animal weight loss, and epithelial height decrease in all intestinal portions. Positive results was observed on GAD leukocytes number, so the additive was differential and seemed to compensate the glucocorticoids actions. The results indicate that the use of ascorbic acid and flavonoids has advantages in stress situations.

Effect of an extraction method on the structure of glucan and its immunostimulatory response in Fenneropenaeus indicus was investigated. Here we extracted alkali insoluble glucan (AIG) and alkali soluble glucan (ASG) from a filamentous fungi Acremonium diospyri following alkali-acid hydrolysis and the sodium hypochlorite oxidation and dimethyl sulphoxide extraction method respectively. Structural analysis showed that 85% of glucan in AIG was a (1→3)-β-d-glucan and it increased the prophenoloxidase and reactive oxygen intermediate activity when administered to F. indicus. On the other hand, ASG, which contained 93% (1→3)-α-glucan, did not induce significant immune response in shrimp. Here we report that the difference in immunostimulatory potential between AIG and ASG is due to the difference in the percentage of (1→3)-β-d-glucans present in each preparation, which varies with the method of extraction employed. Also our observations suggest that glucan can be used as a potential immunostimulant to shrimp, provided it contains (1→3)-β-d-glucan as the major fraction.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of concentrated dietary fiber as prebiotic agent in diets on metabolic, immune responses, performance parameters, deposition of nutrients and production of digestive enzymes of juvenile silver catfish. Concentrates were prepared from dietary fiber citrus pulp, biomass of yeast brewery and grain included in linseed and mixed diets followed a diet containing the prebiotic commercial mananoligossacarids base Actigen® and control treatment without added prebiotic agent. For 50 days, 600 juvenile silver catfish with average initial weight of 3.54±0.53 g were kept in a water recirculation system with two biological filters, settling box, heating and 20 tanks with a capacity of 230 liters. Were randomly assigned to 30 fish per experimental unit, which were fed the experimental diets, three times a day (8:00, 13:00 and 17:00) to apparent satiation. At the end of the experiment the animals were subjected to biometrics were collected blood, liver, mucous, intestine and data length and weight, beyond a sample of fish. The experimental design was a randomized, with five treatments and four replications, the data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test (P<0.05). Cholesterol levels, total protein, globulin and mucoprotein were higher in animals fed yeast autolysate and linseed fiber in the diet. A higher amount of liver glycogen in fish fed with control diet and Actigen®, the liver protein content was higher (P<0.05) in a diet containing linseed fiber. Fish fed diets containing yeast autolysate and linseed fiber were superior (P<0.05) to the other treatments tested, as well as higher crude protein values and deposited body fat. Animals fed diets containing citrus pulp showed lower performance and nutrient deposition. The yield of body, digestive indices and production of digestive enzymes were not affected by the tested treatments. The yeast autolysate and linseed fibers provide a prebiotic effect when added to diets for juvenile silver catfish, since they benefit the immune system and provide improved performance and deposition of nutrients by the animal. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de fibra alimentar concentrada como agente prebiótico em dietas sob as respostas metabólicas, imunológicas, parâmetros de desempenho, deposição de nutrientes e produção de enzimas digestivas de juvenis de jundiá. Foram avaliados concentrados de fibra alimentar preparados a partir da polpa cítrica, biomassa de levedura de cervejaria e grão de linhaça e incluídos em dietas mistas, além de uma dieta contendo o prebiótico comercial a base de mananoligossacarídeos Actigen® e uma dieta controle sem adição de agente prebiótico. Durante 50 dias, 600 juvenis de jundiá com peso médio inicial de 3,54±0,53g foram mantidos em um sistema de recirculação de água dotado de dois filtros biológicos, caixa de decantação, reservatório de água, aquecimento e 20 tanques com capacidade de 230 litros. Distribuiu-se ao acaso 30 peixes por unidade experimental, os quais receberam as dietas experimentais, três vezes ao dia (8:00, 13:00 e 17:00 horas) até a saciedade aparente. Ao final do experimento os animais foram submetidos a biometria onde coletou-se sangue, fígado, muco e intestino dos peixes, além de dados de peso e comprimento e uma amostra de peixes. O delineamento experimental o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Os níveis de colesterol, proteína total, globulina e mucoproteína, foram superiores nos animais alimentados com autolisado de levedura e fibra de linhaça na dieta. Observou-se maior quantidade de glicogênio hepático nos peixes alimentados com dieta controle e Actigen®, o conteúdo de proteína hepática foi superior (P<0,05) para os animais que receberam dieta contendo fibra de linhaça. Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo autolisado de levedura e linhaça fibra apresentaram desempenho superior (P<0,05) aos demais tratamentos testados, bem como maiores valores de proteína bruta e gordura corporal depositada. Animais alimentados com dietas contendo polpa cítrica mostraram menor desempenho e deposição de nutrientes. O rendimento de carcaça, índices digestivos e produção de enzimas digestivas não foram afetados pelos tratamentos testados. O autolisado de levedura e a fibra de linhaça proporcionam efeito prebiótico quando adicionados a dietas para juvenis de jundiá, uma vez que beneficiam o sistema imune e proporcionam maior desempenho e deposição de nutrientes pelos animais.