Thesis (M.S.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Chemistry." Includes bibliographical references (p.54-56).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves R1-R38. Also available online.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1980.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1981.

Thesis (MTech (Physical Sciences))--Peninsula Technikon, 1999. / Word processed copy. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-79). Also available online.

Pre-silicon verification is an essential part of integrated circuit design to capture functional design errors. Complex simulation, emulation and formal verification tools are used in a virtual environment before the device is manufactured in silicon. However, as the design complexity increases and the design cycle becomes shorter for fast time-to-market, design errors are more likely to escape from the pre-silicon verification and functional bugs are found during the actual operation. Since manufacturing test primarily focuses on the physical defects, post-silicon validation is the final gatekeeper to capture these escaped design bugs. Consequently, post-silicon validation has become a critical path in shortening the development cycle of System-On-Chip(SoC) design. A major challenge in post-silicon validation is the limited observability of internal states caused by the limited storage capacity available for silicon debugging. Since a post-silicon validation operates on a fabricated chip, recording the values of each and every internal signals is not possible. Due to this limitation of post-silicon validation, acquiring the circuit's internal behavior with the limited available resources is a very challenging task in post-silicon validation. There are two main categories to expand the observability: trace and scan signal based approaches. Real time system response during silicon debug can be acquired using a trace signal based technique; however due to the limited space for the trace buffer, the selection of the trace signals is very critical in maximizing the observability of the internal states. The scan based approach provides high observability and requires no additional design overhead; however the designers cannot acquire the real time system response since the circuit operation has to be stopped to transfer the internal states. Recent research has shown that observability can be enhanced if trace and scan signals can be efficiently combined together, compared to the other debugging scenarios where only trace signals are monitored. This dissertation proposes an enhanced and systematic algorithm for the efficient combination of trace and scan signals using restorability values to maximize the observability of internal circuit states. In order to achieve this goal, we first introduce a technique to calculate restorability values accurately by considering both local and global connectivity of the circuit. Based on these restorability values, the dynamic trace signal selection algorithm is proposed to provide a higher number of restored states regardless of the incoming test vectors. Instead of using total restorability values, we separate 0 and 1 restorability values to differentiate the different circuit responses to the different incoming test vectors. Also, the two groups of trace signals can be selected dynamically based on the characteristics of the incoming test vectors to minimize the performance degradation with respect to the different incoming test vectors. Second, we propose a new algorithm to find the optimal number of trace signals, when trace and scan signals are combined together for better observability. Our technique utilizes restorability values and finds the optimal number of trace signals so that the remaining space of trace buffer can be utilized for the scan signals. Observability can be enhanced further with data compression technique. Since the entries of the dictionary are determined from the golden simulation, a high compression ratio can be achieved with little extra hardware overhead. Experimental results on benchmark circuits and a real industry design show that the proposed technique provides a higher number of restored states compared to the existing techniques. / text

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This study addresses the influences on ridge basalt chemistry, through analysis of their major and trace element and isotopic composition at scales ranging from individual ridge segments to the entire length of the ridge system. Local-scale studies of basalts along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shed light on crustal accretion at slow-spreading ridges, and on the nature of plume-ridge interaction in this region. We show that segments must have multiple supplies of magma delivered along their length, but with preferential delivery of magma to segment centers. Plume-ridge interaction near the Azores is not simple two- component mixing between “plume” mantle and “depleted” mantle as previously argued. The elevated highly incompatible trace element ratios possessed by basalts well south of the plume are the definitive sign of a low-degree melt, which can fractionate highly incompatible element ratios. We show that a low-degree melt of plume mantle acts to metasomatize ambient depleted mantle, creating a mixed source that melts to produce the enriched basalts south of the Azores. This metasomatized source is the enriched mixing component that produces the observed geochemical gradient, rather than bulk plume mantle. The latter half of this study is global in scope, involving a carefully compiled ridge basalt geochemical database. This database is unparalleled in size and coverage – including data from portions of the Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges and Lau basin that were unavailable in prior data compilations. It includes a catalog of 771 global ridge segments, enabling the calculation of mean MORB by averaging the “segment means”, including weighting on segment length and spreading rate and a quantitative treatment of errors. We show that the mean composition of ocean ridge basalts is more enriched than previously suggested, and argue for a re-definition of “normal MORB”. Segment basalt compositions are individually corrected for crystal fractionation, arriving at parental magma compositions that can be interpreted in terms of mantle processes. The fractionation-corrected mean segment compositions correlate with ridge depth, and with each other, in a manner that is consistent with control by mantle temperature variations. Mantle compositional heterogeneity is also seen, but appears to be a second-order effect. / Earth and Planetary Sciences

Chromium has been reported to increase glucose clearance in insulin resistant and diabetic populations. Skeletal muscle is the tissue primarily responsible for glucose clearance. We therefore tested the effect of chromium chloride (CrCl3) on skeletal muscle glucose uptake both in the absence and presence of a submaximal level of insulin via the rat hindlimb perfusion technique. 0.096 μM CrCl3 was used with and without 200 μU/ml insulin. Our testing showed that insulin significantly increased [H3]-2 deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in both the gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscles. Additionally, the combination of CrCl3 and insulin (Cr-sIns) led to greater amounts of 2-DG uptake than insulin alone (sIns) in both the gastrocnemius (Cr-sIns 6.49±0.75 μmol/g/h, sIns 4.83±0.42 μmol/g/h) and quadriceps (Cr-sIns 6.74±0.62 μmol/g/h, sIns 4.54±0.43 μmol/g/h). However, CrCl3 without insulin (Cr) had no affect on 2-DG uptake above basal (Bas) in both the gastrocnemius (Cr 1.45±0.14 μmol/g/h, Bas 1.61±30 μmol/g/h) and the quadriceps (Cr 1.35±0.15 μmol/g/h, Bas 1.27±0.13 μmol/g/h). It has been speculated that chromium works to increase glucose uptake by increasing insulin signaling. To examine this, we used western blotting analysis to test both Akt and AS160 phosphorylation in the mixed gastrocnemius. We found that insulin increased Akt and AS160 phosphorylation, but chromium had no affect on Akt (Cr-sIns 25%±2%, sIns 22%±4%) or AS160 (Cr-sIns 35%±5%, sIns 36%±4%) phosphorylation in the absence or presence of insulin. Our results suggest that supplementation with CrCl3 can lead to an increase in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, but only in the presence of insulin. However, this effect of CrCl3 does not appear to be a result of enhanced insulin signaling. / text

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy