Water samples in the vicinity of Muncie were analyzed for trace elements such as cadmium, chromium, lead, titanium, iron, zinc, barium, calcium, potassium, manganese, sodium, strontium and magnesium. The analysis was made by a lower rotating graphite electrode partly submerged in the water being analyzed. The light emitted by the spark was analyzed using a Littrow Spectrograph. Water samples were taken from five stations along the White River in the Muncie area. The intensities of the spectral lines of trace elements and of standardized solutions were compared for quantitative analysis. Trace metals detected and concentrations in (ppm) found were as follows: Ba 0.04, Ca 72.6,. K 0.05, Mg 23.7, Mn 0.05, Na 27.1, Sr 0.70, Cr 0.02. The elements Ca, Mg, Na and K were expected to be found in high concentration and Ba, Sr, Mn and Cr were expected to be found in low concentration.In a previous study conducted at Ball State, neutron activation analysis was used in this area with positive results for eleven elements. The purpose of the present study was to extend this research by attempting to detect elements by spark-emission spectroscopy concentrating on elements that were difficult to detect by neutron activation analysis.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

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Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on February 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

Οι μεγάλες ποσότητες ιπτάμενης τέφρας και τέφρας εστίας που παράγονται κατά την καύση του χαμηλής ποιότητας λιγνίτη, όπως είναι ο λιγνίτης της Μεγαλόπολης, περιέχουν διάφορα τοξικά στοιχεία, όπως Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, τα οποία είναι δυνατό να εκπλυθούν και να ρυπάνουν το έδαφος, το επιφανειακό και το υπόγειο νερό. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να εκτιμηθεί η κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων και η δυνατότητα έκπλυσής τους κάτω από συνθήκες διαφορετικών pH (3, 5, 7 και 8,5). Αντικείμενο της εργασίας αποτελεί η γεωχημική μελέτη δειγμάτων λιγνίτη, ιπτάμενης τέφρας, τέφρας εστίας και αποθέσεων. Οι εργαστηριακές εξετάσεις περιελάμβαναν προσεγγιστική και άμεση ανάλυση, καθώς και στοιχειακή ανάλυση με φασματομετρία ατομικής απορρόφησης φλόγας. Ακολούθησαν πειράματα απόπλυσης και προσδιορισμός των εκπλυομένων ιχνοστοιχείων As, Β, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr µε φασµατοµετρία μάζας επαγωγικού ζεύγους πλάσματος. Επίσης, προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί η πτητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων κατά την καύση, υπολογίστηκε ο συντελεστής εμπλουτισμού. Για τη στατιστική επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος της παραγοντικής ανάλυσης τύπου R στα ποσοστά έκπλυσης των ιχνοστοιχείων. Από τις εργαστηριακές αναλύσεις προέκυψε ότι ο λιγνίτης και οι τέφρες περιείχαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά σε Ca και Fe έναντι των K, Mg και Na. Όσον αφορά στα ιχνοστοιχεία, ο λιγνίτης εμφανίζει υψηλές περιεκτικότητες σε Ba, Mn, P, Sr, Ti, ενώ οι τέφρες παρουσιάζονται εμπλουτισμένες σε αυτά τα ιχνοστοιχεία, με εξαίρεση το Ba, και επιπλέον σε Cr, Mo, Ni, V. Με βάση τους συντελεστές εμπλουτισμού, τα ιχνοστοιχεία B, Ba, Li, Rb, Sn εμφανίζονται ιδιαίτερα πτητικά. Μέτρια πτητικότητα παρατηρείται για τα As, Cd, Ga, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ta, W, Zn, ενώ τα Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Hf, Mn, Nb, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Yb, Zr χαρακτηρίζονται ως μη πτητικά. Ως προς την κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων, τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά έκπλυσης εμφανίζουν τα Cd, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sr. Μέτρια κινητικότητα παρατηρείται για τα As, B, Ba, Cr, Ga, Li, Mn, P, U, V, W, ενώ αρκετά δυσκίνητα παρουσιάζονται τα Be, Co, Cu, Ge, Hf, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr. Γενικά, σε όλες τις τιμές pH, τα As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ρ, Th δείχνουν μία προτίμηση έκπλυσης από το λιγνίτη, ενώ τα Ba, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr, V από την ιπτάμενη τέφρα. Η κινητικότητα των B, Cd, Ga, Ge, Sb, U, W αυξάνεται στα δείγματα της τέφρας εστίας, ενώ στις αποθέσεις δεν παρατηρείται κοινή τάση έκπλυσης για κάποια ιχνοστοιχεία. / The great quantity of fly and bottom ash produced during the combustion of high-ash lignite, like the Megalopolis lignite, are rich in toxic elements, such as Co, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn; these can be leached resulting in contamination of the soil, as well as of the surface and underground water. The aim of this study is to estimate the mobility of trace elements and the leaching possibility from ash in different pH values (3, 5, 7 and 8.5). The object of the current study is the geochemical analyses of samples from bulk lignite, fly ash, bottom ash and ash deposits. Lignite and ash samples were evaluated by means of proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as by determining the concentrations of elements using FAAS. ICP-MS analyses were carried out in order to determine the contents of the trace elements As, Β, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr in leachates. Furthermore, to approach the volatility of trace elements during combustion, the relative enrichment factor (RE) was calculated. For statistical reason, the type R factor analysis was applied in the leaching percentage of trace elements. The results reveal that the Ca and Fe contents were higher than these of K, Mg and Na in the lignite and ash samples. As far as trace elements are concerned, the lignite shows higher Ba, Mn, P, Sr, Ti contents, while the ashes are enriched in Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sr, Ti, V. Boron, Ba, Li, Rb, Sn appear to be the most volatile elements, while As, Cd, Ga, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ta, W, Zn show a medium volatility. Likewise, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Hf, Mn, Nb, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Yb, Zr are not volatile during combustion. Cadmium, Mo, Rb, Sb, Sr reveal the highest mobility. Medium mobility is observed in As, B, Ba, Cr, Ga, Li, Mn, P, U, V, W, while Be, Co, Cu, Ge, Hf, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Ta, Th, Ti, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr are not mobile. Generally, in all pH values, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ρ, Th are leached from lignite and Ba, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr, V from fly ash. The mobility of B, Cd, Ga, Ge, Sb, U and W is higher in bottom ash samples, while such behavior is not common in the ash deposits for any elements.

To assess strategies aimed at minimizing the release of trace elements and the impact of disposal of coal waste materials on the environment, two long-term leaching experiments of up to five months duration were performed using waste materials from two plants cleaning high and low sulfur bituminous coal. The tests evaluated the mobility of major trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) a static leaching test designed to simulate the quiescent conditions encountered by coal waste material stored under water in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere, either in variable wet/dry storage conditions, or in unusual circumstances like those resulting from breaching of an impoundment containment wall. The results indicate that different refuse streams have different leaching characteristics due to difference in their mineralogy and the mobility of most elements is enhanced under highly alkaline or acidic conditions with a few being mobilized under both conditions, suggesting that the minimization of element mobility requires the pH value of the medium to be maintained around neutral. In addition, most of heavy metals were associated with the illite and pyrite minerals. Two strategies of treating coal refuse were evaluated: fly ash mixed with coarse refuse and co-disposal of coarse and fine refuse. Both methods were found to neutralize the pH conditions and thus reduce mobility of the trace elements in static leaching tests whereas the opposite was found from dynamic experiments. The results indicate that such controlled storage under water could retard acid generation and the mobility of trace elements.

This study provides an insight into a provincial region of a developing country, namely Río Negro, Argentina and possible links between diet, environmental factors (especially water quality) and human health. Measuring levels of trace elements in scalp hair is a known method for assessing nutritional status. Levels of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, As, Cr, Co, Cu, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, Zn, Al, Cd, Pb, Rb and Hg in scalp hair from adolescents of the age 14 to 18 years in a rural and an urban population of Río Negro were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The hypothesis is that levels of trace elements reflect lifestyle factors such as smoking, beverage and food selection and consumption patterns and are directly linked to dehydration and could be associated with future health problems. Furthermore, environmental factors, such as (i) indecent water systems and governmental subsidised food in the rural/urban population, and (ii) ingestion or inhalation of arsenic (from naturally high sources of water, dust and foodstuffs) may also be linked to present and future health problems. The relationship between environmental and dietary factors could be implicated with the onset of diseases such as diabetes type II, obesity or hypothyroidism. The results show that both study populations in the region are exposed to several trace elements in exceedingly high amounts such as As and Mn through tap water which may induce cancers. Also, regular soft drink consumption is associated with low Cr level in this population. Evidence was not obtained for assessing potential dehydration. In terms of understanding the relationship between these factors, methods for assessing dehydration and dietary consumption need to be perfected, and other demographic issues and methods for quantifying obesity and health status will require further research.