Dans cette thèse nous proposons de nouveaux algorithmes d'analyse vidéo. La première contribution de cette thèse concerne le domaine de la segmentation de vidéos avec pour objectif d'obtenir une segmentation dense et spatio-temporellement cohérente. Nous proposons de combiner les aspects spatiaux et temporels d'une vidéo en une seule notion, celle de Fibre. Une fibre est un ensemble de trajectoires qui sont spatialement connectées par un maillage. Les fibres sont construites en évaluant simultanément les aspects spatiaux et temporels. Par rapport a l’état de l'art une segmentation de vidéo a base de fibres présente comme avantages d’accéder naturellement au voisinage grâce au maillage et aux correspondances temporelles pour la plupart des pixels de la vidéo. De plus, cette segmentation à base de fibres a une complexité quasi linéaire par rapport au nombre de pixels. La deuxième contribution de cette thèse concerne le suivi d'objets multiples. Nous proposons une approche de suivi qui utilise des caractéristiques des points suivis, la cinématique des objets suivis et l'apparence globale des détections. L'unification de toutes ces caractéristiques est effectuée avec un champ conditionnel aléatoire. Ensuite ce modèle est optimisé en combinant les techniques de passage de message et une variante de processus ICM (Iterated Conditional Modes) pour inférer les trajectoires d'objet. Une troisième contribution mineure consiste dans le développement d'un descripteur pour la mise en correspondance d'apparences de personne. Toutes les approches proposées obtiennent des résultats compétitifs ou meilleurs (qualitativement et quantitativement) que l’état de l'art sur des base de données. / In this thesis we propose novel algorithms for video analysis. The first contribution of this thesis is in the domain of video segmentation wherein the objective is to obtain a dense and coherent spatio-temporal segmentation. We propose joining both spatial and temporal aspects of a video into a single notion Fiber. A fiber is a set of trajectories which are spatially connected by a mesh. Fibers are built by jointly assessing spatial and temporal aspects of the video. Compared to the state-of-the-art, a fiber based video segmentation presents advantages such as a natural spatio-temporal neighborhood accessor by a mesh, and temporal correspondences for most pixels in the video. Furthermore, this fiber-based segmentation is of quasi-linear complexity w.r.t. the number of pixels. The second contribution is in the realm of multiple object tracking. We proposed a tracking approach which utilizes cues from point tracks, kinematics of moving objects and global appearance of detections. Unification of all these cues is performed on a Conditional Random Field. Subsequently this model is optimized by a combination of message passing and an Iterated Conditional Modes (ICM) variant to infer object-trajectories. A third, minor, contribution relates to the development of suitable feature descriptor for appearance matching of persons. All of our proposed approaches achieve competitive and better results (both qualitatively and quantitatively) than state-of-the-art on open source datasets.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_vfq_me_bauru.pdf: 7970165 bytes, checksum: 1ad0e38197bbde10868dc27404aa9920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-19 / A bicicleta representa um modo de transporte mais sustentável além de contribuir para a melhoria da mobilidade urbana nas cidades. No entanto, muitos fatores podem influenciar positiva ou negativamente sua utilização, dentre eles destaca-se a qualidade da infraestrutura ofertada. A identificação dos elementos que podem comprometer a qualidade da infraestrutura destinada aos ciclistas permite que os gestores locais possam intervir antecipadamente e, assim, garantir maior segurança e conforto aos usuários. A partir dessa premissa, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo propor um instrumento para avaliar a qualidade de sistemas cicloviários. O instrumento foi aplicado no município de Bauru (SP), em quatro ciclovias e cinco ciclofaixas. A metodologia utilizada consistiu de realização de entrevistas aos usuários, levantamento por meio de auditoria técnica e registro fotográfico, definição do Índice de Qualidade do Sistema Cicloviário – IQSC e aplicação do instrumento. Os resultados evidenciaram que, tanto nas entrevistas quanto na auditoria técnica, aspectos relacionados às características físicas dos sistemas cicloviários foram melhor avaliados. O índice proposto é eficiente, pois permite realizar um diagnóstico de cada ciclovia e ciclofaixa e geral do sistema cicloviário, a partir de dados numéricos e mapas. Esses resultados e a ferramenta proposta podem auxiliar gestores públicos e profissionais da área na avaliação e monitoramento da qualidade da infraestrutura cicloviária, além de subsidiar a formulação de políticas públicas municipais para melhorar esta infraestrutura local, tornando cada percurso mais seguro aos usuários. / The bicycle represents a more sustainable mode of transport and contributes to the improvement of urban mobility in the cities. However, many factors can positively or negatively influence its use, among them the quality of the infrastructure offered. Identifying the elements that can compromise the quality of infrastructure for cyclists allows local managers to intervene in advance to ensure greater safety and comfort for users. Based on this premise, this research aims to propose an instrument to evaluate the quality of the bicycle system. The instrument was applied in the city of Bauru, SP, in four cycle paths and five cycle tracks. The methodology used consists of interviews, survey by means of technical auditing and photographic registration, definition of the quality index of the cycle system (in portuguese Índice de qualidade do sistema cicloviário – IQSC) and its application. The results showed that, on the interviews and the technical audit, aspects related to the physical characteristics of the cycle systems were better analyzed. The proposed index is efficient, since it allows performing an individual and general diagnosis of the bicycle system, based on numerical data and maps. These results and the proposed tool can help public managers and professionals in the area in the evaluation and monitoring the quality of the bicycle infrastructure, as well as subsidize the formulation of municipal public policies to improve the local bicycle infrastructure, making each route safer to users.

Orientador: Peter Christian Hackspacher / Banca: Julio César Hadler Neto / Banca: Cláudio Coelho de Lima / Banca: Iandara Alves Mendes / Banca: Norberto Morales / Resumo: O embasamento cristalino precambriano no sudeste do Brasil registra uma história tectônica fanerozóica que compreende uma série de reativações tectônicas caracterizadas por soerguimentos, subsidências e reativações de falhas. Para quantificar, datar e associar estas reativações com os eventos tectônicos regionais foram realizadas análises de caráter multidisciplinar, que consistem em reconhecimento de superfície erosivas, bem como delimitação e reconhecimento de depósitos correlativos. Com o intuito de reconhecer e quantificar feições de caráter rúptil, foi realizada análise dinâmica de falhas que inclui paleotensões e reconhecimento da rugosidade de clastos. A interação destas metodologias necessitou de uma associação temporal dos eventos, para isto foi feita datações pelo método Ar/Ar em material de falha e traços de fissão em apatitas próximo a falhas. Os resultados do campo de esforços com a geomorfologia permitiram definir cinco domínios morfoestruturais principais, onde foram registrados antigos eventos tectônicos recorrentes ao longo do Fanerozóico. Estes domínios foram denominados de acordo com o reconhecimento geográfico já proposto para a área, assim temos: A serrania de São Roque, O Planalto de Jundiaí, Mantiqueira Ocidental e Depressão de Cambuí e Planalto de Campos do Jordão. Os episódios tectônicos associados a estes domínios estão relacionados a soerguimentos e nos domínios Serrania de São Roque e Planalto de Jundiaí a geração e deformação de materiais de falha (pseudotaquilitos). Estes soerguimentos preservaram paleosuperfícies erosivas em cotas mais altas, que são indicativas de antigos ciclos de erosão, estas são observadas, principalmente nos domínios Mantiqueira Ocidental e Planalto de Campos do Jordão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Phanerozoic tectonic histories of basement is registred many reactivations of faults, uplifts and subsidence. To quantify, dater and to associate this reactivations with tectonics events are multidisciplinary analyses, consists relief analysis, paleostress analysis, and structural analysis of faults, fission track and Ar/Ar ages. The results to permit subdivide area in five domains, to registry uplift and reactivation of faults. This faults to origin pseudotachylytes, these rocks . The uplift to basement relation with subsidence of Parana basin showing one complex relation between the basement and the deposition of Parana basin. The evolution of this basin seems to have been strongly influenced by compressive and distensive events associated to the subduction of Panthalassan plate under the southwestern, Gondwana margin, reflected as important unconformities in the stratigraphic framework of the Parana basin the elucidation of the uplift and denudation histories of the basement shield is crucial to the understanding of these tectonics effects. / Doutor

O campo da modificação de materiais, através da implantação iônica, vem crescendo amplamente, impulsionado pelas aplicações tecnológicas na biologia, medicina, eletrônica, e outras áreas. Um dos aspectos relacionados ao entendimento desses novos materiais é a identificação e caracterização dos danos produzidos, após a irradiação. Nesse trabalho, foi proposto estudar as modificações microscópicas, após irradiação com feixe de íons de alta energia, em três diferentes polímeros: o policarbonato(Makrofol KG), com espessura de 8 µm; o polialil diglicol carbonato PADC (CR39), espessura 900 µm; e o nitrato de celulose (LR115), espessura 12µm. As amostras foram irradiadas com feixe de Au de 350 MeV no acelerador Cíclotron do Hahn-Meitner Institut (HMI) em Berlim. As amostras de Makrofol KG foram dispostas em superposição de 6 folhas posicionadas perpendicularmente à direção do feixe e foram irradiadas com fluências de 10^8, 10^9 e 10^11 íons/cm^2. As amostras de CR39 e LR115 foram irradiadas com fluência de 10^9 íons/cm^2, sem superposição das amostras. O estudo comparativo dos danos estruturais nas amostras, antes e após a irradiação, foi realizado através de técnicas analíticas como Espectroscopia de Absorção no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (XRD), Análise com Detecção de Recuo Elástico (ERDA), e Corrosão Química, para visualização e caracterização dos poros através do microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A análise FTIR das amostras mostrou haver diminuição do número de ligações simples, em favor do aumento do número de ligações duplas e triplas, após irradiação das amostras. Além disso, observou-se que a intensidade dos danos observados aumenta com o poder de freamento médio dos íons de Au durante a penetração nas amostras. A análise XRD, por sua vez, permitiu verificar um decréscimo da cristalinidade do Makrofol KG irradiado, enquanto observou-se indicações de variação da densidade do CR39, após irradiação, e inexistência de variação no LR115. A metodologia proposta para análise das amostras através da técnica ERDA não se mostrou eficiente para determinar a variação no teor de H das mesmas após a irradiação, não sendo possível obter resultados conclusivos para as amostras. Na análise dos poros, após corrosão química, observou-se diferentes comportamentos. As amostras de CR39 apresentaram uma evolução de superfície porosa para superfície pontiaguda com o aumento do tempo de corrosão, e obteve-se o valor Va = 1,213 (17) µm/h para a velocidade de abertura do poros. Por outro lado, as diferentes folhas de Makrofol KG mantiveram a topografia porosa, sendo que a velocidade de abertura dos poros apresentou dependência com o poder de freamento dos íons na irradiação. Comparando amostras com valores semelhantes do poder de freamento, o resultado de Va obtido para o Makrofol é cerca de três vezes maior que o obtido para o CR39. / The research in the field of material modification with ion implantation has greately improved, stimulated by technological applications in biology, medicine, electronics and other related areas. One of the correlated aspects in understanding these new materials is the identification and characterization of the damage produced by ion beam irradiation. In this work, we propose to identify the microscopic modification in polymers, after their irradiation with a high energy beam. Three polymers have been used: polycarbonate foils (Makrofol KG), 8 µm thick; polyalyl diglycol carbonate PADC (CR39) 900 µm thick and cellulose nitrate(LR115) 12 µm thick. The samples were irradiated with 350 MeV Au beam from the Cyclotron accelerator at Hahn-Meitner Institut (HMI) in Berlin. The Makrofol samples were placed in a 6-foil stack positioned in normal direction relative to the incident beam, in order to stop the projectiles. The irradiations were performed with ion fluences of 10^8, 10^9 e 10^11 ions/cm^2. The CR39 and LR115 samples, thicker than the range, were irradiated with the fluency of 10^9 ions/cm^2. The investigation of structural damage in the samples, after irradiation, was performed through analytical techniques such as: Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIR), X Ray Difraction (XRD), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), and Etching, followed by pore characterization using an optical and a scanning electron microscopes. The FTIR analysis of the samples showed a decrease in the number of simple bonds and an increase in the number of double and triple bonds, after irradiation. Moreover, it was observed that the damage intensity increases with the mean stopping power of Au. The XRD analysis allowed the observation of crystallinity decrease in Makrofol, and gave indications about a possible deviation in CR39 density, after sample irradiation, and no variation in LR115 samples. The methodology proposed using ERDA technique was not eficient to determine the H atoms teor in the polymers after irradiation, so, it was not possible to get conclusive results from the data. In the pore analysis, after etching, different behaviors were observed. The CR39 samples showed an evolution from a porous surface to a sharply peaked surface and a pore opening rate Va = 1,213 (17) µm/h was obtained. On the contrary, different Makrofol KG foils preserved the porous topography for different etching times. The pore opening rate showed dependence with ion stopping power in the irradiation. Comparing samples with similar values of stopping power, the result is that Makrofol Va is three times greater than the obtained to CR39.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os estudos sobre a ocupação e os espaços de fronteiras são objeto de discussão na academia pela economia, geografia, política, envolvendo as relações transfronteiriças entre culturas e identidades diferentes. O Brasil mantém com os países limítrofes de suas fronteiras, relações cordiais, legalizadas por acordos internacionais de comércio, ciência e tecnologia. Com base nestas fronteiras brasileiras, lançou-se o Programa de Desenvolvimento das Faixas de Fronteiras, que abrange os 588 municípios brasileiros. Para este trabalho dissertativo, escolheu-se a análise da política pública do estado nacional para a Amazônia Ocidental das Áreas de Livre Comércio ALC, com o estudo de caso da ALC de Bonfim (BR) e Lethem (GY). A partir da hipótese levantada que serviu de orientação para a pesquisa, inferiu-se que a política brasileira de desenvolvimento de sua faixa de fronteira com a República Cooperativista da Guiana se caracterizou pelo hermetismo, apesar da retórica oficial do governo federal sinalizar no sentido da integração regional sul-americana. Desta forma, o objetivo geral do trabalho, foi direcionado para analisar o modelo nacional de desenvolvimento da fronteira com a Guiana, com a revisão do conceito de fronteira à luz da geopolítica e das teorias da integração nacional; examinar os principais vetores de formação ao longo da história dos atuais territórios que compõem a faixa de fronteira do Brasil e analisar a política nacional do governo brasileiro tendo em vista o desenvolvimento das fronteiras do Brasil com a Guiana. Como metodologia, utilizou-se de uma revisão bibliográfica e documental, além do estudo de caso da ALC de Bonfim. Foram utilizados como norteadores para o trabalho, os documentos oficias do Ministério da Integração Nacional, Proposta de Reestruturação do Programa de Desenvolvimento da Faixa de Fronteira e Bases para uma Proposta de Desenvolvimento e Integração da Faixa de Fronteira.

Die Sicherung von Zugfahrten erfolgt bei Eisenbahnen durch verschiedene Systeme der Sicherungstechnik. Die Ausrüstungsstandards, und damit auch die Ortungslösungen, orientieren sich an den Bedürfnissen des Kernnetzes und sind auf Bahnen untergeordneter Bedeutung, sog. Sekundärbahnen, hauptsächlich aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen nicht tragfähig. Steigende Anforderungen an die Sicherheit und der weiter zunehmende Kostendruck werden für diese Bahnen eine Ablösung der bisherigen Betriebsweise mit Hilfe neuer technischer Möglichkeiten erfordern. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll Anforderungen an Ortungslösungen für Sekundärbahnen auf Grundlage bereits bestehender Umsetzungen identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse sollen die Basis für eine vedarfsgerechte Weiterentwicklung bisheriger Techniken zur Sicherung von Zugfahrten auf Sekundärbahnen bilden. / The safety of railway operations is ensured by different technical systems of train protection. The systems including train positioning are usually designed to satisfy the requirements of busier lines but are not suitable for secondary lines due to economic reasons. Rising demands on safety combined with increasing cost pressure will lead to the need of new technical solutions. The intention of this diploma thesis is the identification of train positioning system requirements taking into consideration existing solutions. The results are meant to be a basis for further development of customised technical solutions for safe train operations on low density lines.

Post Time is a non-fiction video program depicting some of the careers found at North American horse race tracks. Through the use of videotaped footage taken at eight race tracks and three training farms, the horse racing industry's trainers, jockeys, owners and grooms are profiled in the world they call the backstretch. The video begins with a brief history of horse racing and the origins of thoroughbred horses followed by closer examinations of the economic and social experiences faced by the owners, trainers, jockeys, and grooms as they attempt to prepare horses for racing every week.

Cycling is good for the environment, healthy and affordable [1 ]. However, these benefits are offset by the risk of being involved in traffic crashes [1], with infrastructure characteristics like tram tracks or parked cars increasing aforementioned risk [2, 3]. Bicycle crashes with tram tracks can occur when cyclists turn onto streets with tram tracks or cross them for other reasons, such as avoiding parked cars on the side (oftentimes related to sudden maneuvers to avoid collisions with the door of a parked car being opened) [4]. Such collisions, referred to as dooring crashes, account for a significant proportion of bicycle crashes [3]. Nevertheless, the majority of cyclists ride in the so-called dooring zone, which is the area next to parked cars where dooring crashes can occur. If the cyclists' lateral distance to parked cars is large enough, the risk of being involved in a dooring crash can be eliminated [2]. Cyclists' position on the road can be influenced by descriptive norms which reflect a typical or normal behavior: If many other cyclists ride within the dooring zone, then the descriptive norm in this situation is to ride in the dooring zone [5]. People may also ride in the dooring zone because they are convinced that important people around them would approve of this behavior (injunctive norm), e.g. because it is communicated verbally. Apart from influencing cyclists' choice of position through norms, installing bicycle lanes with buffer zones to keep cyclists out of the dooring zone would be a solution. However, particularly in urban areas, a lack of space can make this impossible. Additionally, if tram tracks ran on the road, it is not always practical to mark bicycle lanes or protective lanes, especially when there is little space to the right of the outer tram track. In connection with frequent bicycle crashes roads with tram tracks, it is discussed whether cyclists might particularly often ride within the dooring zone there as not to have to cross the track.s [3, 6]. In those cases where marking of bicycle lanes or protective lan.es is not feasible due to width or tram track constraints, bicycle pictograms, so-called sharrows, can be marked in the middle of the lane as a measure aimed at encouraging cyclists to choose a position outside of the dooring rone and to increase their perceived safety, another factor influencing the positional choice [2]. To date, a joint experimental variation of the presence of tram tracks, parked cars, and sharrows with the aim of investigating cyclists' position on the road and their feeling of safety has not yet t.aken place. Two online studies were carried out to address this research gap, with cyclists being asked to indicate their perceived safety and their preferred position on the road based on images of a traffic situation in which the presence of tram tracks, parked cars and sharrows was varied. [From: Introduction]