The interplay of forces behind globalisation, promoting trade and prosperity, and the desire for offshore trade are not fully understood. This is further complicated by the role of the political economy, global sovereignty versus national boundaries, economic status of a country and community needs. The literature found that 'one size does not fit all'. Globalisation results in the consideration of global similarities such as standards, harmonisation of laws, international codes and the growth of international organisations. In addition, there is international pressure to adopt 'performance-based' designs by members of the World Trade Organization countries in order to promote trade. This research examines the development of performance-based building codes at the international level, its benefits and issues and whether it will achieve a positive impact on trade for the Australian construction industry.

<p>The single market is one of the underlying ideas of the European Union. Free movement of goods and efficient competition are central for the function of the union and are therefore carefully protected by the Treaty of Rome. Exclusive rights of trademarks in the EU can be seen as a method of dividing the common market, preventing the free movement of goods and to be anti-competitive. What comes out of this is that there is a conflict between exclusive rights of trademarks and the rules of both free movement of goods and competition. The aim of this work is to see in which kind of situations the exclusive rights of trademarks can be a part of this conflict but also to study how this problem is resolved by the European Court. In conclusion, this thesis shows that an exclusive right of trademark is not by itself incompatible with the rules of free movement of goods and competition law. On the contrary; Europe needs strong industrial property rights to protect its innovations and remain competitive in the global knowledge-based economy of today. What comes out of this is the importance of finding the right balance between the protection of competition and the free movement of goods on one hand and the protection of trademark rights on the other hand. Nevertheless, trade barriers, anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position are subjects to a rigorous application of the European competitive rules. In fact, they are mostly seen as more imperative than the protection of trademarks.</p>

<p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och inhämta information om den ryska och den tyska marknaden, både vad gäller lagar och restriktioner samt kulturskillnader, för att på så sätt få fram information som kan vara till nytta för svenska företag som funderar på att etablera sig på någon av dessa marknader.</p><p>Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och resultat har erhållits genom en fallstudie av Ikea och de problem företaget upplevde vid etableringen i Ryssland och Tyskland. Intervjuer, såväl personligen som via mail, har genomförts med anställda inom Ikea i respektive land. Till detta har sekundärdata inom det valda området studerats och analyserats.</p><p>Teoretiska perspektiv: Uppsatsens teoretiska syntes bygger på Porters sju etableringshinder, teorin om tariffära och icke-tariffära handelshinder och teorin om regional ekonomisk integration samt Hofstedes dimensionsmodell över nationella kulturer och teorin om hög- och lågkontextkulturer.</p><p>Resultat: Resultaten av undersökningen visar bland annat att de konkreta handelshinderna, såsom statlig politik och höga tullar, upplevs vara de största svårigheterna vid en etablering på den ryska marknaden, medan kulturella skillnader ses som det största etableringshindret på den tyska marknaden. Detta beror på Tysklands EU-medlemskap, då EU i stort sett reducerat de konkreta handelshinderna mellan medlemsländerna.</p> / <p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and obtain information about the Russian and the German market regarding laws and restrictions as well as cultural differences, to elicit useful facts for those Swedish companies thinking about an establishment in both or one of these countries.</p><p>Methodology: This thesis is based on a qualitative approach containing a case study of Ikea. Interviews with employees at the company in both Russia and Germany have been made, as well as a literature study within our study field.</p><p>Theoretical perspectives: The frame of reference is based on the theory of Porter concerning trade barriers, the theory about tariff and non-tariff barriers as well as the one about regional economic integration. It also contains cultural theories, viz. Hofstede’s theory about national culture differences and the theory about high and low context cultures.</p><p>Results: Our results show that trade barriers such as national politics and customs tariffs appear to cause the greatest problems when Swedish companies establish themselves on the Russian market, whereas cultural differences seem to be the most prominent barrier on the German market. The reason for this is the EU-membership of Germany, since EU has reduced most of the trade barriers between its members.</p>

<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><h1>Abstract</h1><h2>C-Level Paper in Political Science, by David Olsson, Autumn 2008. Supervisor: Malin Stegman McCallion. “Regime Type and Trade Policy: Has Increased Democratization Contributed to Lower Trade Barriers Among Autocratic States?”</h2><p> </p><p>In this paper a new two-level game theory, based on previous research and deductive reasoning, is constructed and tested empirically. The purpose is to examine if developing new democracies, trading with developing autocracies, is an explanatory factor of trade liberalization among the latter. The research questions are: 1) Have tariff rates in developing autocratic countries followed the pattern of reduced tariffs among their developing new democratic trading partners? And; 2) If this is the case, is there a relative shift in trade flows that confirms this change to be an effect of the new democracies’ presumed influence?</p><p>                      In order to sufficiently carry out an empirical scrutiny, seven other determinants found to have effects on trade policies in previous research, are accounted for using a “most similar systems design”. For reasons of delimitation, six autocracies and their fifteen most important trading partners, observed 1980-1999, have been paired and analyzed. Each pair consists of one autocracy that trades with new democracies and one that does not; regarding the other determinants they are as similar as possible. The used material is the World Development Indicators, the Polity IV Dataset, the Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, the World Economic Outlook Database, the Database of Political Institutions, statistics from the World Trade Organization, the Dataset of Armed Conflicts, and the Unweighted Average Tariffs Measurement.   </p><p>                      The conclusion is that there are no indicators that affirm the theory and research questions. However, the theory is not unambiguously falsified. Hence, studies on more countries and time spans are needed.       </p><p> </p><p> </p></p><p> </p><p><p> </p></p><p> </p>

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och inhämta information om den ryska och den tyska marknaden, både vad gäller lagar och restriktioner samt kulturskillnader, för att på så sätt få fram information som kan vara till nytta för svenska företag som funderar på att etablera sig på någon av dessa marknader. Metod: Studien är kvalitativ och resultat har erhållits genom en fallstudie av Ikea och de problem företaget upplevde vid etableringen i Ryssland och Tyskland. Intervjuer, såväl personligen som via mail, har genomförts med anställda inom Ikea i respektive land. Till detta har sekundärdata inom det valda området studerats och analyserats. Teoretiska perspektiv: Uppsatsens teoretiska syntes bygger på Porters sju etableringshinder, teorin om tariffära och icke-tariffära handelshinder och teorin om regional ekonomisk integration samt Hofstedes dimensionsmodell över nationella kulturer och teorin om hög- och lågkontextkulturer. Resultat: Resultaten av undersökningen visar bland annat att de konkreta handelshinderna, såsom statlig politik och höga tullar, upplevs vara de största svårigheterna vid en etablering på den ryska marknaden, medan kulturella skillnader ses som det största etableringshindret på den tyska marknaden. Detta beror på Tysklands EU-medlemskap, då EU i stort sett reducerat de konkreta handelshinderna mellan medlemsländerna. / Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and obtain information about the Russian and the German market regarding laws and restrictions as well as cultural differences, to elicit useful facts for those Swedish companies thinking about an establishment in both or one of these countries. Methodology: This thesis is based on a qualitative approach containing a case study of Ikea. Interviews with employees at the company in both Russia and Germany have been made, as well as a literature study within our study field. Theoretical perspectives: The frame of reference is based on the theory of Porter concerning trade barriers, the theory about tariff and non-tariff barriers as well as the one about regional economic integration. It also contains cultural theories, viz. Hofstede’s theory about national culture differences and the theory about high and low context cultures. Results: Our results show that trade barriers such as national politics and customs tariffs appear to cause the greatest problems when Swedish companies establish themselves on the Russian market, whereas cultural differences seem to be the most prominent barrier on the German market. The reason for this is the EU-membership of Germany, since EU has reduced most of the trade barriers between its members.

The single market is one of the underlying ideas of the European Union. Free movement of goods and efficient competition are central for the function of the union and are therefore carefully protected by the Treaty of Rome. Exclusive rights of trademarks in the EU can be seen as a method of dividing the common market, preventing the free movement of goods and to be anti-competitive. What comes out of this is that there is a conflict between exclusive rights of trademarks and the rules of both free movement of goods and competition. The aim of this work is to see in which kind of situations the exclusive rights of trademarks can be a part of this conflict but also to study how this problem is resolved by the European Court. In conclusion, this thesis shows that an exclusive right of trademark is not by itself incompatible with the rules of free movement of goods and competition law. On the contrary; Europe needs strong industrial property rights to protect its innovations and remain competitive in the global knowledge-based economy of today. What comes out of this is the importance of finding the right balance between the protection of competition and the free movement of goods on one hand and the protection of trademark rights on the other hand. Nevertheless, trade barriers, anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position are subjects to a rigorous application of the European competitive rules. In fact, they are mostly seen as more imperative than the protection of trademarks.

This research includes two areas, with the first area focusing on supermarket food purchasing decisions by consumers in China. A probit model, using consumer food survey data indicates that supermarket food purchases are related to shopping habits, supermarket and food attributes, and demographics. This information should be helpful for those businesses attempting to market food within the Chinese supermarket supply chain. The second part of the study attempts to identify and analyze non-tariff barriers for food and agriculture, with a focus on China. These can include for example, import regulations, such as food safety regulations, food standards, labeling requirements, inspections, import licenses, and SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary conditions), and they are sometimes used by food importing countries to restrict imports. These results show that there are a number of significant non-tariff barriers regarding China – Canada food trade.

This research includes two areas, with the first area focusing on supermarket food purchasing decisions by consumers in China. A probit model, using consumer food survey data indicates that supermarket food purchases are related to shopping habits, supermarket and food attributes, and demographics. This information should be helpful for those businesses attempting to market food within the Chinese supermarket supply chain. The second part of the study attempts to identify and analyze non-tariff barriers for food and agriculture, with a focus on China. These can include for example, import regulations, such as food safety regulations, food standards, labeling requirements, inspections, import licenses, and SPS (sanitary and phytosanitary conditions), and they are sometimes used by food importing countries to restrict imports. These results show that there are a number of significant non-tariff barriers regarding China – Canada food trade.

This thesis results from a long interest and association with Australian export activities in the East Asian region. It has developed from an investigation into the relevance of tariffs to Australia’s export performance in East Asia into a thesis which explores the performance of Australia’s Statutory Marketing Authorities (SMA’s) in the beef, dairy and wheat sectors in Japan, Taiwan and Thailand, and the influence of Non-Tariff barriers on this performance. It is hoped that the data presented in the thesis will be a useful guide to the activities of SMA’s in East Asia between 1974 and 1994 and illustrate the success, or lack of it, that Australian exporters have had in overcoming the considerable barriers to agricultural trade with the region. More detailed analysis and assessments have been made of the statistical relevance of NTB’s, and the performance of SMA’s over the past ten years. However, this thesis sets out to charter a more diverse route through the intricacies and complexities of Australia’s export performance and admonish the notion that NTB’s are the pivotal factor to export success in East Asia.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 302-323). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.