Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf [108]-112).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 302-323). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 1993. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 299-307).

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf [108]-112). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Comm. (Economic and management sciences))-University of Pretoria, 2004. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-134).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 920706 bytes, checksum: da603371fc955fd010a789c5a32f1362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experience with the ethanol cane in Brazil dates from the 1920 s. Due to the abundance of natural resources, low-waged manual labor and high productivity levels in the last decades, the country has presented production advantages and surpluses for export. However, the exports are obstructed by trade barriers and allegations of environmental damage caused by the production. Data of IBGE (2008) reveal a growth of almost 30% in the average revenue of the sugarcane farming in the last 10 years in the State of Paraíba. Moreover, in comparison with other states in the Brazilian North-East region, Paraíba was the third largest ethanol exporter in that period. Deserves attention the contribution of the product to the State's exports in the period 2000-2007: exception made for 2006, ethanol was among the four best exported products. Through the estimation of the partial equilibrium model developed by Laird and Yeats (1986), this study intended to estimate the probable effects on the Brazilian ethanol exports, especially for the case of the State of Paraíba, of a supposed elimination of barriers by the North American and European markets. The results indicated a potential increase of Brazil and, specifically, the State of Paraíba ethanol exports to the USA and EU, thus showing the negative economic impact of trade barriers. As characteristic of sustainable production, this study showed that the Brazilian and the State of Paraíba ethanol industry have been extending the techniques for the re-use of production waste as substitute of agriculture chemical products and for electric power generation. . / A experiência com o etanol de cana no Brasil remonta à década de 1920. Em razão da abundância de recursos naturais, de mão-de-obra barata e expressivos ganhos de produtividade nas últimas décadas, o país apresenta vantagens na produção e gera excedentes exportáveis. Entretanto, as exportações são prejudicadas por barreiras comerciais e principalmente alegações de danos ambientais causados pela produção. Dados do IBGE (2008) revelam que o estado da Paraíba teve um crescimento de aproximadamente 30% do rendimento médio da lavoura de cana nos últimos 10 anos. Além disso, na comparação com os demais Estados da Região Nordeste, a Paraíba foi o terceiro maior exportador de etanol nesse período. Merece destaque ainda a importância do produto na pauta de exportação do Estado no período 2000-2007: exceção feita para 2006, o etanol ficou entre os quatro produtos mais exportados. Este estudo buscou estimar os prováveis efeitos nas exportações brasileiras de etanol e, em particular, da Paraíba, da eliminação das barreiras nos mercados norteamericano e europeu através do modelo de equilíbrio parcial de Laird e Yeats (1986). Os resultados indicaram um expressivo aumento potencial das exportações do Brasil e, em específico, do estado da Paraíba, revelando assim o impacto econômico negativo das barreiras comerciais. Como característica de sustentabilidade, o estudo mostrou que o Brasil e o estado da Paraíba vêm ampliando as técnicas para o aproveitamento dos resíduos da produção em substituição a produtos agroquímicos e para fins de geração de energia elétrica.

O tema referente ao aumento das exportações vem ganhando importância para o comércio exterior brasileiro. Desde 2003 as exportações brasileiras têm apresentado resultados recordes e o saldo da balança comercial acompanha este resultado. Entretanto, as exportações brasileiras tornam-se inexpressivas se comparadas às exportações que ocorrem no mundo, pois elas representam somente pouco mais de 1% das exportações mundiais. Um dos fatores responsáveis por este resultado seria a incidência de barreiras comerciais aos produtos brasileiros exportados, uma vez que estas barreiras aumentam os custos das transações envolvidos nos processos de exportações e são capazes de torná-los inviáveis. Assim, este trabalho possui como objetivo principal utilizar a abordagem da nova economia institucional (NEI) para analisar o desempenho de alguns dos principais produtos da pauta exportadora brasileira considerando a incidência de barreiras comerciais européias sobre eles. Para atingir este objetivo, faz-se necessário levantar as barreiras comerciais impostas pela União Européia, principal parceiro comercial do Brasil, aos produtos brasileiros e mostrar quais os possíveis reflexos que estas barreiras representam ao comportamento do comércio exterior brasileiro. / The subject that refers to the increase of the exports has been becoming an important issue to the brazilian international business. The brazilian exports have been showing an excellent performance since 2003 and the balance of trade imitates this result. However, the brazilian exports become insignificant when are compared to all exports that occur in the world, because they represent only around 1% of the global exports. One of the factors responsible for this result is the incidence of international trade barriers on brazilian exports, because these barriers increase the transaction costs involved in the export process and can discourage business. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to use the new institutional economics approach to analyze the performance of some of the most important products exported by Brazil considering the incidence of european trade barriers on them. To reach this aim, it is needed to show the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on brazilian exports and point the possible reflexes that these barriers represent to the brazilian international business. European Union represents the most important business partner of Brazil.

Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ansanelli_StelaLuizadeMattos_D.pdf: 1598579 bytes, checksum: 6087fd04d98f2581fb30d12e417b9729 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as influências das exigências ambientais européias para equipamentos eletroeletrônicos sobre o Brasil. Essas exigências, que tratam da eliminação de substâncias perigosas (RoHS) e da gestão dos produtos pós-consumo (WEEE), têm afetado as empresas do setor eletrônico e da indústria de bens e serviços ambientais em países desenvolvidos (dentro e fora da Europa) e em países de industrialização recente. O complexo eletrônico no Brasil também tem sido afetado, pois a maior parte das empresas no Brasil está se adequando à RoHS; isso tem gerado inovações tecnológicas incrementais de processo. Contudo, as empresas estrangeiras estão mais avançadas do que as nacionais pelo apoio que recebem da matriz. A indústria de bens e serviços ambientais possui um potencial de mercado, caso seja implementada uma diretiva do tipo WEEE. Diante desses novos desafios competitivos, da falta de legislação pertinente e de infra-estrutura de gestão de resíduos, os caminhos políticos devem pautar-se pela discussão entre os agentes e fortalecimento da capacitação técnica e institucional e de gestão de resíduos do país / Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of european environmental requirements for electrical and electronic equipment on Brasil. These requirements, that deal with hazardous substances phasing out (RoHS) and post-consume management (WEEE), have afected the firms of electronic sector and environmental goods and services industry in developed countries (in and out Europe) and in developing countries. The brasilian electronical sector has also been afected because most firms are complying with RoHS; it has caused process incremental tecnological innovation. However, foreign firms are more advanced than national ones due to the headquarter support. The environmental goods and services industry has market potential in case a WEEE-like directive be established in Brasil. Due to these new competitive challenges and to the lack of concerning legislation and waste management infrastructure, political paths should be driven by issues between agents and technical and institutional capacity and waste management strenghtening in Brasil / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks. Consequently, technical barriers to trade have become impediments to both regional and international trade. It is in this context that this study aims to examine the implementation of the TBT Agreement within the SADC. The study answers the question what are the challenges facing SADC Member states to fully implement the TBT Agreement? The study demonstrates that SADC Member face challenges which include of lack adequate resources, technical expertise and enforcement mechanisms to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. In the finality, the study recommends SADC Member states to deepen regional integration in order to collaborate on matters relating to technical barriers to trade within the region. Member states should also share information and learn from the experiences of other countries on how to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. Further, government officials should be educated on trade-friendly regulations that do not compromise on the principles of the TBT Agreement. To this end, regulatory impact assessments should be established in order to assess the trade effects of both new and old regulations. Effective enforcement mechanisms should also be introduced in order to coerce Member states to comply with their regional obligations. By effecting these recommendations, SADC states have the opportunity to eradicate technical barriers to trade thereby increasing both regional and international trade.

This research paper aims to explore the economic effects of Brexit on the European Union. The main research question is: What were the Brexit's effects on the E.U. economy? The study was conducted through a systematic literature review, focusing on existing literature to explain the various impact of Brexit on the E.U. The review materials were sourced from news articles, previous research studies, government statements and documents, European Union statements and documents, peer-reviewed articles, academic texts, and literature on the topical issues by experts. The main objective of the research study was to explain all economic effects the Brexit has on the E.U., bearing in mind that liberalism thrives on opening up the international border to free movement of goods and people. The Brexit reintroduced restrictions on the cross-border movement of goods and people between the U.K. and the E.U., impacting both regions economically. The study establishes that the Brexit had a wide range of economic effects on the E.U., which included inflations, relocation of businesses, loss of jobs, cheapening of labor, increased registration of new business companies in the E.U., the decline in the GDP, loss of market, and custom wall. The E.U. member states that traded much with the U.K. suffered most of the impact because of strong economic ties.