Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-20T15:59:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Silva Cassemiro.pdf: 1136087 bytes, checksum: f65e1df3ff346867e827e9e0b6ec3a3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T15:59:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Silva Cassemiro.pdf: 1136087 bytes, checksum: f65e1df3ff346867e827e9e0b6ec3a3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-20 / The main aim of this work is to check how the conflict and cooperation elements are generated in order to ensure a bigger interdependence of the proccess in the plant/mill link. The sugar cane mills are part of the economic history in the State of Pernambuco. The central mills follow these and then the Plants. The dissertation searches to reedem the relations between plant and mill observing elements that form conflict and cooperation among these important links from the sugar and alcohol production chain. There are several plants and mills in the Northeast of Brazil. This study only observed the relations between two from the Zona da Mata Sul area in the State of Pernambuco. The approach was qualitative and descriptive with views to an explantory anlisys. The data collection instruments were: interviews with technicians and managers from the plant and the mill; supported by semiestructured questionnaires and a direct observation of the enquired environment. The results analisys was done by using the content analisys technique where inferences had been extracted from the individuals‘ speeches, coded with base in the variable as described below. It was used as a theoric mark, the supply chain fundamental supported by analisys categories associated to cooperation and conflict with reference in authors such as: Alcântara and Pigatto (2006), Costa (2008), Batalha (2011), Blackwell (2001), Bowersox and Closs (2006). This investigation was able to identify the factors which have conducted the relationships between the sugar cane purchaser and stockist through a seven variable use in order to identify the conflicts and cooperation elements. They were: trust, commitment, power, and dependence, communication, adaptation and specific investments. It was possible to notice that even having several important elements of conflicts in this supply chain link, the dissatisfactions have been solved with a friendly communication, and even through economic cooperation such as finance results advances and infrastructure training for the production and the draining. The plant and the mill have several years of business relationships and there are common economic interests that support these relations in a business world that demands for their survival partnerships between fundamental stakeholders. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho é verificar como são gerados os elementos de conflito e cooperação para assegurar uma maior interdependência de processos no elo usina/engenho. Os engenhos de cana de açúcar fazem parte da história econômica do estado de Pernambuco. Seguem-se a esses os Engenhos Centrais e após àqueles as Usinas. A dissertação procura resgatar as relações entre usina e engenho observando elementos que constituem conflito e cooperação entre esses elos importantes da cadeia de produção de açúcar e álcool. No Nordeste brasileiro são inúmeras as usinas e os engenhos. O estudo observou apenas as relações entre dois entes da Zona da Mata Sul do estado de Pernambuco. A abordagem foi qualitativa e descritiva com vistas a uma análise exploratória. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: entrevistas com técnicos e gestores da usina e do engenho; suportadas por questionários semiestruturados e observação direta do ambiente investigado. A análise dos resultados foi feita usando a técnica de análise de conteúdo onde inferências foram extraídas a partir das falas dos sujeitos, codificadas com base nas variáveis abaixo descritas. Foi usado como marco teórico, fundamentos da cadeia de suprimento suportados por categorias de análise associadas à cooperação e conflito com referência em autores como: Alcântara e Pigatto (2006), Costa (2008), Batalha (2011), Blackwell (2001), Bowersox e Closs (2006). Esta investigação conseguiu identificar os fatores que têm condicionado os relacionamentos entre comprador e o fornecedor de cana-de-açúcar através da utilização de sete variáveis para identificar os elementos de conflito e cooperação, que foram: confiança, comprometimento, poder e dependência, comunicação, adaptação e investimentos específicos. Foi possível perceber que mesmo tendo vários elementos determinantes de conflitos nesse elo da cadeia de suprimento, as insatisfações vêm sendo solucionadas através de uma comunicação amigável, e até através de cooperação econômica como adiantamentos de resultados financeiros e formação de infraestrutura para a produção e o escoamento. A usina e o engenho.

This thesis explores the legal implications of sanctions on third country companies trading or operating with a sanctioned target state. Considering previous research – primarily from the disciplines of international business, international commercial law and economics – into international business under conditions of sanctions, we analyze the interplay of different sanctions and how they affect third country business. Based on our findings, we propose a model for third country trade in relation to sanctions and sanctioned markets. We conclude that, depending on how they are applied and implemented, sanctions and countersanctions can have contradictory and counterintuitive effects. Under conditions of sanctions, third countries can shield international business from increased political risk and uncertainty, and offer access to otherwise unavailable resources and advantages in sanctioned markets. However, even as third-country companies may be beyond the reach of extraterritorial sanctions, they must still grapple with a number of other effects of sanctions regimes. Such effects include significantly increasing transaction costs due to legal uncertainty, disruptions to supply chains, and being possibly locked out of sanctioning-state markets given noncompliance with sanctions. Depending on target country countermeasures, sanctions regimes may contribute to creating a situation in which third country company activities in a sanctioned state are effectively subsidized at the cost of companies adhering to the regulations of sanctioning bodies. These findings raise important questions for future research into international trade and commercial law.

This thesis investigates the European Union (EU) effect on the economic activity across the Green Line in the divided Cyprus between 2004 and 2016. The primary focus is on the development and implementation of the EU's Green Line Regulation (GLR), which regulates and enables such activity from three aspects: movement of goods, services, and persons. In tracing the EU effect, this thesis provides a critical appraisal of the GLR on whether it provides an adequate legal framework for the economic activity in those three aspects and the extent to which it has contributed to the development of economic cooperation between the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities across the divide. The analysis also pays an equal level of attention to the extent to which the EU effect has been mediated by the factors at the domestic level: the roles of legal framework, ethno-politics in political elites, ethno-politics in civil society, and governance. The investigation of this study is pegged in two academic literatures. The first one is the Europeanisation debate, which concerns with the EU effect in the domestic affairs of countries associated with the EU. This thesis borrows three mechanisms of Europeanisation from this debate in order to test the EU effect on the three aspects of economic activity across the divide in Cyprus: i) institutional compliance, ii) change of domestic opportunity structures, iii) cognitive change. The second academic literature is the liberal peace, which it proposes that greater economic interactions and development of economic interdependence between countries facilitate resolution of their conflicts. The insights from this debate is utilised for conceptualising the EU's GLR as a liberal peace project. While Europeanisation is portrayed as a 'process', liberal peace objectives are seen as the 'ultimate destination', which the 'vehicle' of the EU's GLR will drive the island towards it. This thesis argues that the GLR has only achieved a limited success and largely failed to contribute to the development of economic cooperation across the divide in Cyprus. This is mainly because the Europeanisation process have been heavily mediated and negated by the design shortcomings of the GLR as well as the factors at the domestic level, which are inherently linked to the politics of division. In this context, this thesis aspires to make contribution in both empirical and conceptual terms. The in-depth and critical investigation of the GLR as well as of the economic activity across the divide in Cyprus provides a much-needed contribution to the contemporary politics of Cyprus, which has been largely ignored by the existing academic literature. Additionally, the conceptual framework developed in this thesis allows exploring synergies between the theoretical literatures of Europeanisation and liberal peace and combines them with examination of new empirical evidence. This focus captures insights on how Europeanisation can be used as a 'tool' for pursuing liberal peace objectives in contested statehood, beyond what has been researched so far and also provides a blueprint for other similar cases of conflict.

Established in 2003, the Kimberley Process (KP) is a binding agreement; backed by the United Nations, that unites civil societies, state actors and the diamond industry to safeguard ‘conflict' diamonds from entering legitimate rough diamond trade around the world. The unique international tripartite organization is voluntary but mandates state participants to abide by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) minimum requirements in order to stem the financing or wars against legitimate governments. This study represents the first to explore the communications within the KP. The linguistic turn relies on Classical rhetoric theory with an emphasis on Aristotle's three appeals of persuasion (“pisteis”): ethos, logos and pathos of elite actors in the KP. As for the precise nature of the contribution to rhetorical analysis, this project is best characterised as an application of Classical principals of rhetorical analysis, rather than as a development of theory. A comprehensive literature review of the KP and KPCS is another distinctive contribution. Furthermore, this academic endeavour offers a unique method as shown in the observation of a KP Intersessional meeting. Supplementing the qualitative inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all of the KP groups and included a wide sample of civil society international and national non-government organizations, state actors and industry members otherwise not represented in previous empirical efforts on the subject. The data chapters achieve the primary aim to add to the understanding of the KP. Firstly, the civil societies engage in boycott rhetoric using ethos and negative pathos. As for state actors, the KP Chair exhibits charismatic leadership rhetoric, while ‘recognized' established states use logical reasoning, the ‘outlier' states evoke positive pathos. Lastly, the diamond industry experts appeal to negative emotions, the World Diamond Council to logos, and De Beers to positive emotional appeals. Combined, the rhetoric shows (a) how KP rhētors use different rhetorical strategies; (b) which in turn shape distinct discourses; (c) and contain dissimilar claims; (d) points to different motivations; (e) highlight different identities; (f) reveal key characteristics, and; (g) the nature of relationships within the KP. The organization rhetorical analysis also entails how the multiple KP leaders view the KP and KPCS and change. While the rhetoric helps demonstrate the constraints surrounding the KP and KPCS it also underlines the primary human rights and human security in which they all share. This thesis provides an extended critical view of the rhetoric by connecting Aristotelian pisteis with different conceptions of power outlined by French and Raven (1959) and Lukes (2005/1974). Combined, the rhetoric helps to explain the ways the KP attempts to achieve their specific political and economic goals while also building relationships with their stakeholders. Rhetoric is a worthwhile theory and methodological approach in order to explore organizations. The KP, and other international organizations provide an opportune arena for further rhetorical attention.