Convergence of Copyright and Trademark Protection Key Words: Copyright, Trademark, Protection, Convergence Abstract: The thesis analyzes the concept of copyright and trademark protection in Czech law and the consequences of their simultaneous operation. The aim is to determine whether the existing legislation responds the current trends and demands in our society, where business and arts are becoming interconnected and where the boundaries between those disciplines are blurred. Both protections are initially assigned to theoretical context of legal branches of intellectual property and intangible property. The author also deals with current conception of ownership in Civil Code. Following chapters are based on the principles of civil (continental) law concepts of copyright law and industrial property law established in this part. Subsequently the regulation of copyright protection and trademark protection is discussed in two separate chapters. Those chapters are divided into identical sub-chapters to highlight similarities and differences of both legal institutes. The focus is on subjects of both protections, their beneficiaries, formation, content, duration, means, limitations, international context and the issues of licensing. In the chapter devoted to convergence, various situations which might occur...

El principal objetivo dentro del trabajo de investigación fue comprobar que existen diversos beneficios comunicacionales dentro de la alianza estratégica, de más de 20 años, entre la marca Umbro y el Club Universitario de Deportes. En primer lugar, la investigación se realizó aplicando el método cualitativo, con dos entrevistas a profundidad a expertos y principales encargados de manejar las estrategias comunicacionales y de marketing: Mario Biggio, Brand Manager de Umbro; así como también a Leititia Chavez, Jefa de Marketing del Club Universitario de Deportes. En segundo lugar, se aplicó el método cuantitativo al realizar encuestas a dos públicos importantes dentro de la investigación: a los hinchas del Club Universitario de Deportes y a los hinchas del fútbol peruano en general. Finalmente, se acudió a dos eventos importantes de la marca para poder corroborar los resultados previos usando la técnica de la observación no participante. / Trabajo de investigación

This paper emphasizes the role of Andean Tribunal of Justice, however disagrees with criteria used to recognize administrative entities such as «national judge» or «Andean judge». If we apply the Tribunal criteria, several administrators of justice in Intellectual Property will be exempt of collaborating with Andean integration. / El presente documento enfatiza el rol del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina pero discrepa de los criterios establecidos para reconocer a las entidades administrativas como «juez nacional» o «juez andino». Si se sigue el criterio del Tribunal, diversos administradores de justicia en propiedad intelectual se considerarán exonerados de colaborar con la integración andina.

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.

E-commerce is growing rapidly due to the massive usage of the Internet to conduct commercial transactions. This growth has presented both customers and merchants with many advantages. However, one of the challenges in E-commerce is information security. In order to mitigate e-crime, the South African government promulgated laws that contain information security legal aspects that should be integrated into the establishment of information security. Although several authors have written about legal and policy aspects regarding information security in the South African context, it has not yet been explained how these aspects are used in the provision of information security in the South African corporate environment. This is the premise upon which the study was undertaken. Forty-five South African organisations participated in this research. Data gathering methods included individual interviews, website analysis, and document analysis. The findings of this study indicate that most organisations in South Africa are not integrating legal aspects into their information security policies. One of the most important outcomes of this study is the proposed Concept Model of Legal Compliance in the Corporate Environment. This Concept Model embodies the contribution of this study and demonstrates how legal requirements can be incorporated into information security endeavours. The fact that the proposed Concept Model is technology-independent and that it can be implemented in a real corporate environment, regardless of the organisation’s governance and management structure, holds great promise for the future of information security in South Africa and abroad. Furthermore, this thesis has generated a topology for linking legislation to the provision of information security which can be used by any academic or practitioner who intends to implement information security measures in line with the provisions of the law. It is on the basis of this premise that practitioners can, to some extent, construe that the integration of legislation into information security policies can be done in other South African organisations that did not participate in this study. Although this study has yielded theoretical, methodological and practical contributions, there is, in reality, more research work to be done in this area. / School of Computing / D. Phil. (Information Systems)

Au cours des dernières années, le domaine de la consommation a grandement évolué. Les agents de marketing ont commencé à utiliser l’Internet pour influencer les consommateurs en employant des tactiques originales et imaginatives qui ont rendus possible l’atteinte d'un niveau de communication interpersonnelle qui avait précédemment été insondable. Leurs interactions avec les consommateurs, en utilisant la technologie moderne, se manifeste sous plusieurs formes différentes qui sont toutes accompagnés de leur propre assortiment de problèmes juridiques. D’abord, il n'est pas rare pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser des outils qui leur permettent de suivre les actions des consommateurs dans le monde virtuel ainsi que dans le monde physique. Les renseignements personnels recueillis d'une telle manière sont souvent utilisés à des fins de publicité comportementale en ligne – une utilisation qui ne respecte pas toujours les limites du droit à la vie privée. Il est également devenu assez commun pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser les médias sociaux afin de converser avec les consommateurs. Ces forums ont aussi servi à la commission d’actes anticoncurrentiels, ainsi qu’à la diffusion de publicités fausses et trompeuses – deux pratiques qui sont interdites tant par la loi sur la concurrence que la loi sur la protection des consommateurs. Enfin, les agents de marketing utilisent diverses tactiques afin de joindre les consommateurs plus efficacement en utilisant diverses tactiques qui les rendent plus visible dans les moteurs de recherche sur Internet, dont certaines sont considérés comme malhonnêtes et pourraient présenter des problèmes dans les domaines du droit de la concurrence et du droit des marques de commerce. Ce mémoire offre une description détaillée des outils utilisés à des fins de marketing sur Internet, ainsi que de la manière dont ils sont utilisés. Il illustre par ailleurs les problèmes juridiques qui peuvent survenir à la suite de leur utilisation et définit le cadre législatif régissant l’utilisation de ces outils par les agents de marketing, pour enfin démontrer que les lois qui entrent en jeu dans de telles circonstances peuvent, en effet, se révéler bénéfiques pour ces derniers d'un point de vue économique. / The evolution of consumerism in recent years has been nothing short of remarkable. The unprecedented use of the Internet by marketers to influence consumers in original and imaginative ways has rendered possible a level of communicative efficiency that had previously been unfathomable. Their interaction with consumers using modern technology manifests itself in several different forms – all of which are accompanied by their own assortment of legal issues. To begin with, it is not unheard of for marketers to use tools meant to track the behaviour of individuals throughout both the virtual and physical worlds. The personal information collected in such a manner is often utilized for Online Behavioural Advertising purposes – a use which does not always respect the boundaries of privacy law. It has also become rather common for marketers to utilize online social media to promote conversations with consumers. It has occurred, however, that these forums have also been utilized to further the anti-competitive ambitions of companies while also serving as an outlet for false advertising – two eventualities that are prohibited by both competition laws and consumer protection laws. Finally, marketers utilize various tactics in order to more successfully reach consumers through online search engines – a practice known as Search Engine Marketing – some of which are considered to be dishonest and could present issues from both competition law and trademark law perspectives. This thesis essentially provides a detailed description of these tools and the manners in which they are utilized and then proceeds to illustrate the legal issues that may arise as a result of their use. In doing so, it outlines the legal boundaries within which marketers must use these tools so as to ultimately demonstrate that the laws that come into play under such circumstances may, in fact, prove to be beneficial to marketers from an economic perspective.

E-commerce is growing rapidly due to the massive usage of the Internet to conduct commercial transactions. This growth has presented both customers and merchants with many advantages. However, one of the challenges in E-commerce is information security. In order to mitigate e-crime, the South African government promulgated laws that contain information security legal aspects that should be integrated into the establishment of information security. Although several authors have written about legal and policy aspects regarding information security in the South African context, it has not yet been explained how these aspects are used in the provision of information security in the South African corporate environment. This is the premise upon which the study was undertaken. Forty-five South African organisations participated in this research. Data gathering methods included individual interviews, website analysis, and document analysis. The findings of this study indicate that most organisations in South Africa are not integrating legal aspects into their information security policies. One of the most important outcomes of this study is the proposed Concept Model of Legal Compliance in the Corporate Environment. This Concept Model embodies the contribution of this study and demonstrates how legal requirements can be incorporated into information security endeavours. The fact that the proposed Concept Model is technology-independent and that it can be implemented in a real corporate environment, regardless of the organisation’s governance and management structure, holds great promise for the future of information security in South Africa and abroad. Furthermore, this thesis has generated a topology for linking legislation to the provision of information security which can be used by any academic or practitioner who intends to implement information security measures in line with the provisions of the law. It is on the basis of this premise that practitioners can, to some extent, construe that the integration of legislation into information security policies can be done in other South African organisations that did not participate in this study. Although this study has yielded theoretical, methodological and practical contributions, there is, in reality, more research work to be done in this area. / School of Computing / D. Phil. (Information Systems)

Au cours des dernières années, le domaine de la consommation a grandement évolué. Les agents de marketing ont commencé à utiliser l’Internet pour influencer les consommateurs en employant des tactiques originales et imaginatives qui ont rendus possible l’atteinte d'un niveau de communication interpersonnelle qui avait précédemment été insondable. Leurs interactions avec les consommateurs, en utilisant la technologie moderne, se manifeste sous plusieurs formes différentes qui sont toutes accompagnés de leur propre assortiment de problèmes juridiques. D’abord, il n'est pas rare pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser des outils qui leur permettent de suivre les actions des consommateurs dans le monde virtuel ainsi que dans le monde physique. Les renseignements personnels recueillis d'une telle manière sont souvent utilisés à des fins de publicité comportementale en ligne – une utilisation qui ne respecte pas toujours les limites du droit à la vie privée. Il est également devenu assez commun pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser les médias sociaux afin de converser avec les consommateurs. Ces forums ont aussi servi à la commission d’actes anticoncurrentiels, ainsi qu’à la diffusion de publicités fausses et trompeuses – deux pratiques qui sont interdites tant par la loi sur la concurrence que la loi sur la protection des consommateurs. Enfin, les agents de marketing utilisent diverses tactiques afin de joindre les consommateurs plus efficacement en utilisant diverses tactiques qui les rendent plus visible dans les moteurs de recherche sur Internet, dont certaines sont considérés comme malhonnêtes et pourraient présenter des problèmes dans les domaines du droit de la concurrence et du droit des marques de commerce. Ce mémoire offre une description détaillée des outils utilisés à des fins de marketing sur Internet, ainsi que de la manière dont ils sont utilisés. Il illustre par ailleurs les problèmes juridiques qui peuvent survenir à la suite de leur utilisation et définit le cadre législatif régissant l’utilisation de ces outils par les agents de marketing, pour enfin démontrer que les lois qui entrent en jeu dans de telles circonstances peuvent, en effet, se révéler bénéfiques pour ces derniers d'un point de vue économique. / The evolution of consumerism in recent years has been nothing short of remarkable. The unprecedented use of the Internet by marketers to influence consumers in original and imaginative ways has rendered possible a level of communicative efficiency that had previously been unfathomable. Their interaction with consumers using modern technology manifests itself in several different forms – all of which are accompanied by their own assortment of legal issues. To begin with, it is not unheard of for marketers to use tools meant to track the behaviour of individuals throughout both the virtual and physical worlds. The personal information collected in such a manner is often utilized for Online Behavioural Advertising purposes – a use which does not always respect the boundaries of privacy law. It has also become rather common for marketers to utilize online social media to promote conversations with consumers. It has occurred, however, that these forums have also been utilized to further the anti-competitive ambitions of companies while also serving as an outlet for false advertising – two eventualities that are prohibited by both competition laws and consumer protection laws. Finally, marketers utilize various tactics in order to more successfully reach consumers through online search engines – a practice known as Search Engine Marketing – some of which are considered to be dishonest and could present issues from both competition law and trademark law perspectives. This thesis essentially provides a detailed description of these tools and the manners in which they are utilized and then proceeds to illustrate the legal issues that may arise as a result of their use. In doing so, it outlines the legal boundaries within which marketers must use these tools so as to ultimately demonstrate that the laws that come into play under such circumstances may, in fact, prove to be beneficial to marketers from an economic perspective.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is "Property of intellectual property rights in international trade. The aim is to provide complex view on intellectual property protection in international trade, afterwards more specifically focused on industrial property, trademarks and geographical indications. The crucial part of the thesis is dovoted to the analysis of individual steps of trademark registration.

The thesis analyses selected aspects of domain-name law, mainly from the perspective of trade-mark law. It discusses the evolution of the domain-name system and how it operates as background to a more detailed discussion of the theoretical classification of domain names. The thesis then examines the interplay between trade marks and domain names, and the resolution of domain-name disputes resulting from the inherent tension between these two systems. The main principles of domain-name dispute resolution are identified by way of an analysis of the panel decisions handed down in terms of the international Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the South African domain name dispute resolution regulations. This analysis always addresses, too, the extent to which national trade-mark law principles (with reference to the laws of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America) apply, and the extent to which this is appropriate. / Private Law / LL.D.