Esta investigación se ha centrado en la gestión adecuada de los procesos que involucran la exportación directa de frutas y hortalizas a la Unión Europea cumpliendo los requerimientos técnicos mínimos por dicha Comunidad plasmados en una normativa. La información primaria incluyó entrevistas a personas con conocimientos y experiencia profesional en contabilidad y auditoría interna. La información secundaria recogida de las principales fuentes estadísticas y bibliográficas fueron: Libros sobre Control Interno, Agricultura, Gestión de Calidad, Logística, Auditoría Interna, Comunicación Comercial, Mercadotecnia, Contabilidad Financiera, Ética, Microbiología, Capitalismo, Manual sobre Transparencia Fiscal y Páginas webs sobre definiciones, crisis empresariales y el nuevo proyecto peruano INACAL. También fueron consultadas diversas publicaciones y estudios en torno al fraude en las empresas por parte de las grandes firmas de consultoría a nivel mundial como EY y KPMG; y en el Perú se analiza el caso CLAE, todas las informaciones recopiladas sirvieron para analizar el control interno que se lleva a cabo para reducir los riesgos críticos en una empresa. / Trabajo de investigación

La actual tesis de investigación posee como propósito, el de precisar los efectos del Sistema de Régimen de Percepciones del Impuesto General a las ventas aplicado a la importación en las Empresas importadoras del sector comercial al por mayor en el Cercado de Lima, año 2018, para ello se estudiaron las variables del Régimen de Percepciones y su impacto financiero, a través de dimensiones como: ámbito de aplicación, oportunidad de la Percepción, Métodos de determinación, estados financieros, y liquidez. El cometido del estudio está repartido en cinco capítulos. El capítulo I Marco Teórico expone diferentes definiciones y fuentes primarias de información acerca del Régimen de Percepciones del IGV (Pago anticipado del Impuesto General a las Ventas) para desarrollar la investigación. El capítulo II comprende el plan de investigación, aquí se expone la situación problemática de la tesis, tanto como el problema principal, problemas específicos, objetivo general, objetivos específicos, hipótesis general, e hipótesis específicas. El capítulo III detalla la Metodología de investigación, donde se define la población, la muestra para la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. El Capítulo IV Desarrollo de Investigación explica el proceso de Investigación realizada a mediante las entrevistas a profundidad, cuestionarios y la ejecución del caso práctico correspondiente. El Capítulo V Análisis de la investigación presenta el estudio de los resultados de las entrevistas, encuestas y el caso práctico desarrollado. Se finaliza con la hipótesis general que el Régimen de Percepciones del IGV aplicado a la importación si impacta en la liquidez de las empresas comerciales importadoras, además, las hipótesis específicas planteadas del Régimen de Percepciones del IGV aplicado a la importación demuestran que si impacta en la liquidez utilizando la metodología del Chi Cuadrado. Así mismo, se realizan las conclusiones y recomendaciones en base a los objetivos e hipótesis planteadas. / The current research thesis has the purpose of specifying the effects of the System of Perceptions of the General Sales Tax applied to imports in importing companies of the wholesale trade sector in Cercado de Lima, 2018, for Therefore, the variables of the Regime of Perceptions and their Financial impact was studied, through dimensions such as: scope, perception time, determination methods, financial statements and liquidity.  The mission of the study is divided into five chapters. Chapter I Theoretical Framework sets out different definitions and primary sources of information about the IGV (Advance Payment of General Sales Tax) Perceptions Scheme to develop the research. Chapter II includes the research plan, here the problematic situation of the thesis is exposed, as well as the main problem, specific problems, general objective, specific objectives, general hypothesis, and specific hypotheses. Chapter III details the Research Methodology, where the population is defined, the sample for qualitative and quantitative research. Chapter IV Research Development explains the Research process carried out through in-depth interviews, questionnaires and the execution of the corresponding practical case. Chapter V Research Analysis presents the study of the results of the interviews, surveys and the developed case study.  It ends with the general hypothesis that the IGV Perceptions Regime applied to imports does impact the liquidity of importing commercial companies, in addition, the specific hypotheses raised by the IGV Perceptions Regime applied to imports demonstrate that if it impacts the liquidity using the Chi Square methodology. Likewise, conclusions and recommendations are made based on the objectives and hypotheses raised. / Tesis

The Swedish government has set a target of achieving 100% renewable electricity production by 2040, and this target is reflected in the solar strategy of the Swedish Energy Agency that states it’s possible that solar electricity may represent 5-10% of the Swedish electricity mix by 2040. It’s not easy for different participants such as individuals, companies, farmers and housing associations to find out the value of solar self-consumption and the value of surplus solar electricity that is fed into the power grid, because there are about 120 electricity trading companies and about 170 electricity grid companies in Sweden. The electricity companies have different tariffs. The purpose of this degree project is to investigate how the value of solar electricity varies depending on which electricity trading company and electricity grid company that different participants such as individuals and companies have, and also to make profitability calculations for different cases concerning five of the major electricity trading companies and electricity grid companies, respectively. Data needed for calculating the value of solar self-consumption and sold surplus electricity are collected from the electricity trading companies and electricity grid companies. Profitability is calculated by using an Excel template from the project ”Capital budget for solar cells”. This degree project shows that the value of solar self-consumption is worth more than the value of sold surplus electricity in all cases, both for individuals and for companies. For the companies, the difference in value between solar self-consumption and sold surplus electricity is much greater than for individuals, because the companies studied in this degree project don’t receive any tax reduction for the surplus electricty that is fed into the power grid. The higher the value of solar self-consumption and sold surplus electricity, the more profitable the solar cell investment becomes. The lower the value of solar self-consumption and sold surplus electricity, the less profitable the solar cell investment becomes. The prerequisites needed to achieve 5-10% of solar electricity in Sweden are strengthening or renewal of the electricity grid, budget support for solar cells, financial support systems, education about the potential for solar electricity and how it works and the willpower among various participants to invest in solar cells.

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Presented thesis deals with theme of protected employment of people with disabilities as one of the posssible ways of their integration into mainstream society. Unemployment, potential negative impacts of work in protected conditions and the risk of social exclusion are in this thesis presented as a social problem, in the solution of which are to some extent involved participants of all three sectors - the state as well as organizations of private profit- and non-profit sector. The theoretical part describes the current system of employment support for people with disabilities in our country and its effectiveness, and analyses the potential impact on lives of this group of citizens. The thesis also includes research conducted within protected workrooms, operated by the civic sector organizations and business companies. Its main objective is to determine whether and how the examined employers contribute to development of skills, vocational qualification and motivation of the disabled citizens for a possible moving into the open labor market and the mainstream society.