<p>With the world becomes closer, the issue of understanding management and culturedifference is getting more and more important. The purpose of this research is to findhow culture factors impact management style in China and Sweden. The study usedHofstede’s five cultural dimensions, traditional management practice and Denison’smodel of organizational culture and effectiveness as framework to identify whatdifferent management styles exist between two countries, as well as explain why thedifference occurs in term of national culture dimensions and traditional managementpractice.The interviews were made by five Chinese employees whom have work experiencesin China and now are working in Swedish organization in Sweden. From theirperspectives, the paper found the dimension of involvement and consistency issignificant different between two countries, which reflects on the aspects of teamorientation, empowerment, capability development, agreement, coordination andintegration. Moreover, Swedish companies are easier to adopt advanced technologyand innovation than Chinese companies. In general sense, it seems to Swedishorganizations obtain higher learning capacity than Chinese organizations. Finally, thispaper pointed out that both countries have a long-term strategy, but it’s more realisticin Sweden.Subsequently, those differences were analyzed by national culture, namely, Hofstede’sfive culture dimensions, and the traditional management practices in China andSweden. After discussion and analysis, the study found: the small power distance,feminine value and lower uncertainty avoidance as well as lower hierarchy are thereasons of Swedish management style such as high level of agreement, goodcommunication, and high capability development in Sweden. Meanwhile, the largepower distance, masculine value, high uncertainty avoidance, guanxi and paternalismstyle of leadership are the mainly reasons of Chinese management style such likelower level of team orientation, ineffective and lower learning capacity in China. Inaddition, the long-term orientation cause Chinese organization like to have a longtime planning, but the paternalism style of leadership induce the strategy of companydeparts from the reality. It has to note that the limitation of this study is the smallnumber and the limited scope of interviewees. Finally, it is suggested that Chineseorganization should learn several advanced management methods from Swedishorganization.</p>

With the world becomes closer, the issue of understanding management and culturedifference is getting more and more important. The purpose of this research is to findhow culture factors impact management style in China and Sweden. The study usedHofstede’s five cultural dimensions, traditional management practice and Denison’smodel of organizational culture and effectiveness as framework to identify whatdifferent management styles exist between two countries, as well as explain why thedifference occurs in term of national culture dimensions and traditional managementpractice.The interviews were made by five Chinese employees whom have work experiencesin China and now are working in Swedish organization in Sweden. From theirperspectives, the paper found the dimension of involvement and consistency issignificant different between two countries, which reflects on the aspects of teamorientation, empowerment, capability development, agreement, coordination andintegration. Moreover, Swedish companies are easier to adopt advanced technologyand innovation than Chinese companies. In general sense, it seems to Swedishorganizations obtain higher learning capacity than Chinese organizations. Finally, thispaper pointed out that both countries have a long-term strategy, but it’s more realisticin Sweden.Subsequently, those differences were analyzed by national culture, namely, Hofstede’sfive culture dimensions, and the traditional management practices in China andSweden. After discussion and analysis, the study found: the small power distance,feminine value and lower uncertainty avoidance as well as lower hierarchy are thereasons of Swedish management style such as high level of agreement, goodcommunication, and high capability development in Sweden. Meanwhile, the largepower distance, masculine value, high uncertainty avoidance, guanxi and paternalismstyle of leadership are the mainly reasons of Chinese management style such likelower level of team orientation, ineffective and lower learning capacity in China. Inaddition, the long-term orientation cause Chinese organization like to have a longtime planning, but the paternalism style of leadership induce the strategy of companydeparts from the reality. It has to note that the limitation of this study is the smallnumber and the limited scope of interviewees. Finally, it is suggested that Chineseorganization should learn several advanced management methods from Swedishorganization.

This thesis examines the extent to which the Karuk Tribe has participated in natural resource management regulatory processes, using the Klamath River Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process as a particular case study for evaluation. One of the most effective ways that the Tribe participates in the TMDL process is through the rigorous adoption of the technical tools of regulatory science. Collaboration with nontribal organizations is also used to build capacity for participation. The Tribe’s active participation in the TMDL process has in turn shaped the process, making it more inclusive of tribal values and traditional knowledge, improving overall scientific inquiry, and facilitating increased cooperation among tribal and non-tribal resource managers. At the same time, the Tribe’s participation in the process remains “uneven,” underscoring the ongoing challenge of making regulatory processes that recognize the legitimacy of tribal knowledge and values.

Para compreender o manejo tradicional e os efeitos da extraÃÃo de folhas imaturas de Copernicia prunifera H. E. Moore na Ãrea de ProteÃÃo Ambiental Delta do ParnaÃba, as prÃticas locais de manejo e os aspectos sociais, econÃmicos e culturais que o sustentam foram documentados. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com artesÃos e extrativistas, investigaram-se os aspectos socioeconÃmicos, a percepÃÃo ambiental, e conhecimento tradicional da palmeira. De posse destas informaÃÃes, foram avaliadas o manejo tradicional e traÃaram-se experimentos nos quais se avaliou mensalmente os efeitos do extrativismo no desenvolvimento das palmeiras jovens e imaturas e o desempenho reprodutivo nos indivÃduos adultos reprodutivos. Apesar das artesÃs desenvolverem a mesma atividade e considerarem a palmeira importante em suas vidas, possuem percepÃÃes diferentes sobre o recurso explorado, muitas destas nÃo conservacionistas. Este achado evidencia a necessidade da promoÃÃo da educaÃÃo ambiental e uniÃo destes trabalhadores junto a ÃrgÃos ambientais a fim de traÃar estratÃgias para conservar Ãreas de carnaubais nativos. Com relaÃÃo aos efeitos do extrativismo da planta, foi verificado que o crescimento de indivÃduos jovens e imaturos nÃo foi afetado pelo manejo tradicional. O desempenho reprodutivo de palmeiras adultas foi afetado pela intensidade de extrativismo (25, 50 e 75%), apresentando produÃÃo de flores e frutos reduzidas, dos quais grande parte foram abortados. As sementes de palmeiras exploradas apresentaram reduÃÃo no tamanho e na taxas de germinaÃÃo. Os dados sugerem que a exploraÃÃo mensal da planta nÃo deve ultrapassar a 25%; que as Ãreas em que o extrativismo supere esta intensidade sejam respeitadas o perÃodo de pousio e que os extrativistas busquem Ãreas mais distantes das suas residÃncias para explorar, a fim de evitar a concentraÃÃo de exploraÃÃo, conciliando assim o extrativismo à conservaÃÃo ambiental. / To understand the traditional management and the effects of extraction of immature leaves of Copernicia prunifera H. E. Moore in Delta do ParnaÃba Environmental Protection Area the local management practices and the social, economic and cultural were documented. Through semi-structured interviews with artisans and extractive we investigated the socioeconomic, environmental perception and traditional knowledge of palm. In possession of information has been reviewed the traditional management and outlined experiments in which we assessed the effects of monthly extractive in the development in young and immature palm and reproductive performance in reproductive adults palms. The men and women are extractivists. Although craftswomen develop the same activity and consider palm important in their lives, have different perceptions about the resource exploited, many of these perceptions not conservationist. This finding shows the need to promote environmental education and union between artisans, extractive and environmental agencies to devise strategies to conserve areas carnaubais natives. Regarding the effects of the extraction, it was found that the growth of young and immature palms were not affected by traditional management. The reproductive performance of adult palms was affected by the intensity of extraction (25, 50 and 75%), with production of flowers and fruits reduced, most of which were aborted. The seeds of palm trees exploited decreased in size and germination rates. Our data suggest that the extraction of immature leaves of the palm should not exceed 25%. In areas where the extraction is above 25% is required fallow period. It is important that the extractive seek more distant areas of their homes to explore in order to avoid the concentration of exploration, thus reconciling extraction and environmental conservation.

Concerns over the negative impact of large-scale developments are becoming more prominent in an ever-evolving world. Linked to these concerns are the indigenous communities who continue to interact with their heritage present in the surrounding landscape, an interest that should be protected through the implementation of legislation that is truly representative of a country’s population. The comparative study presented in this dissertation was conducted at two locations; Dumezulu in South Africa and Jokkmokk in Sweden. I interviewed the relevant stakeholders in order to understand the impact each group had on the heritage resources present in the respective study areas. In South Africa, I assessed the relationship of key stakeholders (community members, Traditional Council, and the Ray Nkonyeni Municipality) involved in the construction and future management of the tourism centre. It became evident that there were a number of misunderstandings between these stakeholders. The Municipality, as a government structure, seemed to have an upper hand in terms of power. While the tourism development was the initiative of the Dumezulu community, the Municipality has the final say in decision-making because it raised and allocated part of the funding. Furthermore, South African heritage legislation does not seem to favour communities, giving more power to the state through its ownership of heritage resources. In Sweden, I interviewed and spoke to relevant authorities on Sami heritage issues. These were people who had worked closely with the Sami population. The heritage issues present in the South African case study did not differ drastically to the issues present in the Swedish case study. Inequality is not limited to South Africa, but Sweden too, where the Sami population does not command power over decisions linked to their cultural heritage resources. While the Sami have attracted interest for tourism purposes, a large number of these visitors are still mainly driven by stereotypes. As in the case of South Africa, the Swedish heritage legislation does not make special allowances for the Sami to manage their heritage resources in ways they consider appropriate for them. What I conclude is that there is the need for increased appreciation of Traditional Management Systems. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Anthropology and Archaeology / MA / Unrestricted

En av de naturtyper med flest antal växtarter i världen är hävdade gräsmarker som är präglade av traditionell skötsel. Denna naturtyp har minskat kraftigt i area och för att förhindra framtida artutdöenden är restaureringsåtgärder viktiga. Syftet med denna rapport var att med hjälp av vetenskapliga publikationer undersöka vilken effekt restaurering av före detta hävdade gräsmarker i norra och centrala Europa har på växtartrikedomen. Mer specifikt undersöktes effekten av olika restaureringsmetoder på totala antalet arter, arttätheten och artsammansättningen. Utöver detta undersöktes vilka faktorer som påverkar möjligheten till restaurering. Resultatet tyder på att restaurering med bete eller slåtter är mest framgångsrik av de olika undersökta metoderna. Restaurering med bete eller slåtter visade sig kunna ha en positiv effekt på totala antalet arter, arttätheten och artsammansättningen. Enbart rensning av träd och buskar var inte en långsiktigt hållbar metod för restaurering eller bevarandet av artrikedomen eller arter associerade med hävdade gräsmarker. Det finns många faktorer som påverkar möjligheten till restaurering och alla är inte entydiga. Något som kan vara intressant att vidare utforska är vilken betydelse de olika artrikedomsmåtten och artsammansättningen har för att kunna optimera restaureringsprojekt. Förutom att restaurering av hävdade gräsmarker både kan bidra till att utöka Natura 2000-nätverket och uppfylla de globala målen, ger det oss mängder med ekosystemtjänster och bevarande av kulturlandskap.

The increased competition and volatile market today have led to the increased interest in agile management control systems. Previous studies have been made on the subject where researchers argue that there is a need for organizations to become agile. However, many practitioners seem hesitant to only implement agile approaches. This study explores how hybrid management control systems are developed and used over time in a large organization. This is a case study that uses semi-structured interviews to collect data. This study found that an agile management control system was not a one-size-fits-all solution. The reason for this is because organizational context and obstacles prevent the organization from fully committing to one management idea. This study concludes that organizations are hesitant to change long-time used practices. Also, managers and employees have different preferences where managers value traditional approaches more while employees prefer agile approaches. Therefore, organizations incorporate parts from various management systems that fit their organization and develop a hybrid management control system.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第21199号 / 地博第228号 / 新制||地||84(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 古澤 拓郎, 准教授 小坂 康之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

VIEIRA, Irlaine Rodrigues. Subsídios para o extrativismo sustentável de folhas de carnaúba na APA Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí - Brasil, 2013. 100 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós –Graduação, PRODEMA - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T16:13:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_irvieira.pdf: 5120090 bytes, checksum: c9160f4f7379ce2d8fa4c6d00bf928ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T13:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_irvieira.pdf: 5120090 bytes, checksum: c9160f4f7379ce2d8fa4c6d00bf928ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T13:30:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_irvieira.pdf: 5120090 bytes, checksum: c9160f4f7379ce2d8fa4c6d00bf928ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / To understand the traditional management and the effects of extraction of immature leaves of Copernicia prunifera H. E. Moore in Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area the local management practices and the social, economic and cultural were documented. Through semi-structured interviews with artisans and extractive we investigated the socioeconomic, environmental perception and traditional knowledge of palm. In possession of information has been reviewed the traditional management and outlined experiments in which we assessed the effects of monthly extractive in the development in young and immature palm and reproductive performance in reproductive adults palms. The men and women are extractivists. Although craftswomen develop the same activity and consider palm important in their lives, have different perceptions about the resource exploited, many of these perceptions not conservationist. This finding shows the need to promote environmental education and union between artisans, extractive and environmental agencies to devise strategies to conserve areas carnaubais natives. Regarding the effects of the extraction, it was found that the growth of young and immature palms were not affected by traditional management. The reproductive performance of adult palms was affected by the intensity of extraction (25, 50 and 75%), with production of flowers and fruits reduced, most of which were aborted. The seeds of palm trees exploited decreased in size and germination rates. Our data suggest that the extraction of immature leaves of the palm should not exceed 25%. In areas where the extraction is above 25% is required fallow period. It is important that the extractive seek more distant areas of their homes to explore in order to avoid the concentration of exploration, thus reconciling extraction and environmental conservation. / Para compreender o manejo tradicional e os efeitos da extração de folhas imaturas de Copernicia prunifera H. E. Moore na Área de Proteção Ambiental Delta do Parnaíba, as práticas locais de manejo e os aspectos sociais, econômicos e culturais que o sustentam foram documentados. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com artesãos e extrativistas, investigaram-se os aspectos socioeconômicos, a percepção ambiental, e conhecimento tradicional da palmeira. De posse destas informações, foram avaliadas o manejo tradicional e traçaram-se experimentos nos quais se avaliou mensalmente os efeitos do extrativismo no desenvolvimento das palmeiras jovens e imaturas e o desempenho reprodutivo nos indivíduos adultos reprodutivos. Apesar das artesãs desenvolverem a mesma atividade e considerarem a palmeira importante em suas vidas, possuem percepções diferentes sobre o recurso explorado, muitas destas não conservacionistas. Este achado evidencia a necessidade da promoção da educação ambiental e união destes trabalhadores junto a órgãos ambientais a fim de traçar estratégias para conservar áreas de carnaubais nativos. Com relação aos efeitos do extrativismo da planta, foi verificado que o crescimento de indivíduos jovens e imaturos não foi afetado pelo manejo tradicional. O desempenho reprodutivo de palmeiras adultas foi afetado pela intensidade de extrativismo (25, 50 e 75%), apresentando produção de flores e frutos reduzidas, dos quais grande parte foram abortados. As sementes de palmeiras exploradas apresentaram redução no tamanho e na taxas de germinação. Os dados sugerem que a exploração mensal da planta não deve ultrapassar a 25%; que as áreas em que o extrativismo supere esta intensidade sejam respeitadas o período de pousio e que os extrativistas busquem áreas mais distantes das suas residências para explorar, a fim de evitar a concentração de exploração, conciliando assim o extrativismo à conservação ambiental.

Semi-natural grasslands with traditional management are known to be very species-rich, with many plant species strongly associated with the habitat. The last century’s decline of semi-natural grasslands, as a result of land use change and abandonment, has made the remaining semi-natural grassland a high concern for conservation. Since management can be costly and the available resources often are limited, it is important to use the most beneficial management method for preserving and enhancing the biodiversity. One semi-natural grassland type of certain interest around the Baltic region are coastal grasslands. In this study, I investigated vascular plant species occurrence in ten managed coastal grasslands located in the Stockholm archipelago. The effect of recent land-uplift and future sea level rise on the ten coastal grasslands were analyzed as well. A major part of all ten grasslands had been subjected to the process of isostatic land-uplift the past 100 years. Five of the grasslands were currently managed by grazing and the other five were managed by traditional mowing. There was no significant difference in alpha and gamma diversity between the two management types. Though, higher biodiversity values, such as more different species found in total, higher amount of species typically linked to meadows and pastures, less succession species and more red-listed species, were found in the traditionally mowed grasslands. Furthermore, a sea level rise with 40 cm the next 100 years in the region would lead to loss of plant species diversity in the investigated coastal grasslands. One major concern is the limited areas upwards on the coastal grasslands for species to migrate to in the future, which is expected to primarily affect species associated with meadows and pastures. The study highlights the importance of open and managed grassland areas further up the coastal grasslands for local species to migrate to, if the sea level would rise as predicted by future climate scenarios. Albeit weak the results of this study indicate that traditional mowing generates higher biodiversity values compared to grazing, hence it should be the preferred management method in coastal grasslands in the Stockholm archipelago.