O controle da carga de treinamento é apontado como um desafio na atualidade, principalmente no esporte coletivo, onde existe uma busca pelo avanço nessa área de conhecimento em diferentes centros de pesquisa no mundo. Esses pesquisadores se utilizam da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicobiológicas para visando esse controle, apesar de pouco entendimento efetivo ter sido alcançado até o presente momento, justificando a continuidade dessa busca. Baseando-se nessa lacuna presente no estado da arte traçamos uma estratégia onde inicialmente devido à existência de pontos conflitantes na literatura em relação ao uso do salto com contramovimento (SCM), foi realizada uma meta-análise para verificar qual deveria ser a estratégia para aplicação dessa ferramenta biomecânica. A partir desse ponto, os demais estudos experimentais da presente tese foram conduzidos com o objetivo de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas para o controle de carga de treinamento em atletas. Os três experimentos foram realizados com a participação de atletas de futsal (n = 18; idade: 15,2 ± 0,9 anos; massa corporal: 62,3 ± 13,1 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,1 m). Os voluntários realizaram o processo de familiarização com o SCM e, em seguida, foi verificada a confiabilidade do desempenho, utilizada para determinar a diferença mínima individual (DMI) do mesmo. Todos os voluntários realizaram as coletas iniciais (T0), avaliando o desempenho do SCM, por intermédio de medidas cinemáticas (tapete de contato e câmeras optoeletrônicas), dinâmicas (plataforma de força), além das antropométricas (balança com estadiômetro e antropômetros). Após a primeira etapa experimental, os voluntários foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em dois grupos: Grupo Regulação (GR; n = 9) e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 9). Os voluntários realizaram quatro semanas de intensificação do treinamento, logo em seguida foi realizada a avaliação intermediária (T1), com mais duas semanas para o tapering e a reavaliação (T2). O monitoramento semanal ocorreu no início de cada microciclo a partir da DMI do SCM com o tapete de contato, assim todos os voluntários eram avaliados, mas os ajustes ocorriam somente para o GR. A meta-análise revelou que altura média do SCM foi a variável mais sensível e adequada para acompanhar os efeitos da fadiga e supercompensação. Para o experimento 01, o treinamento autorregulado no GR resultou em uma carga de treinamento significantemente mais elevada na semana 3 (tamanho de efeito \"TE\" = 0,6) e semana 4 (TE = 2,3) comparando com o GC. Entretanto, a carga de treinamento final não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,082). Como resultado do aumento de carga durante a indução ao overreaching, o GR reduziu a altura do SCM entre T0-T1 (TE = -0,31). Entre T1-T2, o GR teve um aumento significativo na altura do SCM (TE = 0,61), e da mesma forma, outro aumento significativo na altura do SCM entre T0-T2 foi observado (TE = 0,30). As alterações na altura do SCM para o GC não foram significativas: T0-T1 (TE = -0,19); T1-T2 (TE = 0,41) e T0-T2 (TE = 0,07). No experimento 02, as alterações na altura do SCM foram acompanhadas pelas seguintes alterações nos parâmetros dinâmicos; durante a redução de desempenho ocorreu um aumento do momento de quadril na rotação externa/interna e durante o aumento de desempenho ocorreu um aumento da energia e do momento de quadril na flexão/extensão. Quanto ao experimento 03, durante a flexão/extensão; a energia de quadril (r² = 56%), o pico de potência de quadril (r² = 46%), a média do momento de joelho (r² = 50%) e o pico de potência de joelho (r² = 43%) foram correlacionados significativamente com as alterações na altura do SCM. Com esses achados, podemos concluir que o uso de ferramentas biomecânicas permitiu o controle de carga de treinamento de atletas de futsal, utilizando a altura média do SCM com a DMI para regular o treino e alcançar o overreaching funcional. Além disso, as alterações ocorridas nos parâmetros dinâmicos do SCM respaldam a utilização dessa abordagem / The training load control is identified as a challenge today, especially in team sports, where there is a search for the breakthrough in the area of knowledge in different research centers in the world. These researchers are using biomechanical markers, physiological markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers and psychobiological markers for its implementation, although little understanding and effectiveness be achieved to date. Thus we performed a strategy which initially due to the existence of conflicting points in the literature regarding the use of the countermovement jump (CMJ), a meta-analysis was performed to determine which should be the approach to application of biomechanical markers: From that point, the experimental studies of this thesis were conducted in order to verify the possibilities of application of biomechanical markers for training load control in athletes. The three experiments were carried out with the participation of futsal athletes (n = 18; age: 15.2 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 62.3 ± 13.1 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.1 m). The volunteers perform the familiarization process with the CMJ and then its reliability was verified and used to determine the minimal individual differences (MID). All volunteers performed the initial assessment (T0) for evaluating the performance of CMJ, through kinematic measurements (contact mat and optoelectronic cameras), dynamic (force plate), and anthropometric (scale with stadiometer and anthropometers). After the first experimental stage, volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups: regulated group (RG; n = 9) and control group (CG, n = 9). The volunteers performed four weeks of intensified training, an intermediate evaluation (T1), then two weeks for tapering and finally the reassessed (T2). The weekly monitoring occurred at the beginning of each microcycle from the MID of CMJ with the jump mat, all volunteers performed this assessment, but the adjustments were performed just for RG. The meta-analysis showed that average of CMJ height was the most sensitive and appropriate variable to monitor the effects of fatigue and supercompensation. For the experiment 01, the auto-regulated training in RG resulted in a significantly higher training load at week 3 (effect size \"ES\" = 0.6) and week 4 (ES = 2.3) compared to the CG. However, the final training load was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.082). As a result of the increased load during the induction overreaching, RG reduced CMJ height between T0-T1 (ES = -0.31). Between T1-T2, RG had a significant increase in the CMJ height (ES = 0.61), and similarly, another significant increase in the CMJ height between T0-T2 was observed (ES = 0.30). Changes in the height of the CMJ for CG were not significant: T0-T1 (ES = -0.19); T1-T2 (ES = 0.41) and T0-T2 (ES = 0.07). In the experiment 02, we found that changes in the CMJ height were followed by the following changes in dynamic parameters; reduction performance by increasing the hip moment (external/internal rotation) and increase performance by increasing hip energy and moment (flexion/extension). For experiment 03, during flexion/extension; hip energy (r² = 56%), peak hip power (r² = 46%), mean knee moment (r² = 50%) and peak knee power (r² = 43%) were correlated significantly with changes in the CMJ height. With these findings, we conclude that the use of biomechanical markers allowed the training load control of the futsal players using the average of CMJ height with MID to regulate the training and achieve functional overreaching. Moreover, the changes in the dynamic parameters of the CMJ support the use of this approach

O controle da carga de treinamento é apontado como um desafio na atualidade, principalmente no esporte coletivo, onde existe uma busca pelo avanço nessa área de conhecimento em diferentes centros de pesquisa no mundo. Esses pesquisadores se utilizam da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas, imunológicas e psicobiológicas para visando esse controle, apesar de pouco entendimento efetivo ter sido alcançado até o presente momento, justificando a continuidade dessa busca. Baseando-se nessa lacuna presente no estado da arte traçamos uma estratégia onde inicialmente devido à existência de pontos conflitantes na literatura em relação ao uso do salto com contramovimento (SCM), foi realizada uma meta-análise para verificar qual deveria ser a estratégia para aplicação dessa ferramenta biomecânica. A partir desse ponto, os demais estudos experimentais da presente tese foram conduzidos com o objetivo de verificar as possibilidades da aplicação de ferramentas biomecânicas para o controle de carga de treinamento em atletas. Os três experimentos foram realizados com a participação de atletas de futsal (n = 18; idade: 15,2 ± 0,9 anos; massa corporal: 62,3 ± 13,1 kg; estatura: 1,71 ± 0,1 m). Os voluntários realizaram o processo de familiarização com o SCM e, em seguida, foi verificada a confiabilidade do desempenho, utilizada para determinar a diferença mínima individual (DMI) do mesmo. Todos os voluntários realizaram as coletas iniciais (T0), avaliando o desempenho do SCM, por intermédio de medidas cinemáticas (tapete de contato e câmeras optoeletrônicas), dinâmicas (plataforma de força), além das antropométricas (balança com estadiômetro e antropômetros). Após a primeira etapa experimental, os voluntários foram distribuídos de maneira aleatória em dois grupos: Grupo Regulação (GR; n = 9) e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 9). Os voluntários realizaram quatro semanas de intensificação do treinamento, logo em seguida foi realizada a avaliação intermediária (T1), com mais duas semanas para o tapering e a reavaliação (T2). O monitoramento semanal ocorreu no início de cada microciclo a partir da DMI do SCM com o tapete de contato, assim todos os voluntários eram avaliados, mas os ajustes ocorriam somente para o GR. A meta-análise revelou que altura média do SCM foi a variável mais sensível e adequada para acompanhar os efeitos da fadiga e supercompensação. Para o experimento 01, o treinamento autorregulado no GR resultou em uma carga de treinamento significantemente mais elevada na semana 3 (tamanho de efeito \"TE\" = 0,6) e semana 4 (TE = 2,3) comparando com o GC. Entretanto, a carga de treinamento final não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (p = 0,082). Como resultado do aumento de carga durante a indução ao overreaching, o GR reduziu a altura do SCM entre T0-T1 (TE = -0,31). Entre T1-T2, o GR teve um aumento significativo na altura do SCM (TE = 0,61), e da mesma forma, outro aumento significativo na altura do SCM entre T0-T2 foi observado (TE = 0,30). As alterações na altura do SCM para o GC não foram significativas: T0-T1 (TE = -0,19); T1-T2 (TE = 0,41) e T0-T2 (TE = 0,07). No experimento 02, as alterações na altura do SCM foram acompanhadas pelas seguintes alterações nos parâmetros dinâmicos; durante a redução de desempenho ocorreu um aumento do momento de quadril na rotação externa/interna e durante o aumento de desempenho ocorreu um aumento da energia e do momento de quadril na flexão/extensão. Quanto ao experimento 03, durante a flexão/extensão; a energia de quadril (r² = 56%), o pico de potência de quadril (r² = 46%), a média do momento de joelho (r² = 50%) e o pico de potência de joelho (r² = 43%) foram correlacionados significativamente com as alterações na altura do SCM. Com esses achados, podemos concluir que o uso de ferramentas biomecânicas permitiu o controle de carga de treinamento de atletas de futsal, utilizando a altura média do SCM com a DMI para regular o treino e alcançar o overreaching funcional. Além disso, as alterações ocorridas nos parâmetros dinâmicos do SCM respaldam a utilização dessa abordagem / The training load control is identified as a challenge today, especially in team sports, where there is a search for the breakthrough in the area of knowledge in different research centers in the world. These researchers are using biomechanical markers, physiological markers, biochemical markers, immunological markers and psychobiological markers for its implementation, although little understanding and effectiveness be achieved to date. Thus we performed a strategy which initially due to the existence of conflicting points in the literature regarding the use of the countermovement jump (CMJ), a meta-analysis was performed to determine which should be the approach to application of biomechanical markers: From that point, the experimental studies of this thesis were conducted in order to verify the possibilities of application of biomechanical markers for training load control in athletes. The three experiments were carried out with the participation of futsal athletes (n = 18; age: 15.2 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 62.3 ± 13.1 kg; height: 1.71 ± 0.1 m). The volunteers perform the familiarization process with the CMJ and then its reliability was verified and used to determine the minimal individual differences (MID). All volunteers performed the initial assessment (T0) for evaluating the performance of CMJ, through kinematic measurements (contact mat and optoelectronic cameras), dynamic (force plate), and anthropometric (scale with stadiometer and anthropometers). After the first experimental stage, volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups: regulated group (RG; n = 9) and control group (CG, n = 9). The volunteers performed four weeks of intensified training, an intermediate evaluation (T1), then two weeks for tapering and finally the reassessed (T2). The weekly monitoring occurred at the beginning of each microcycle from the MID of CMJ with the jump mat, all volunteers performed this assessment, but the adjustments were performed just for RG. The meta-analysis showed that average of CMJ height was the most sensitive and appropriate variable to monitor the effects of fatigue and supercompensation. For the experiment 01, the auto-regulated training in RG resulted in a significantly higher training load at week 3 (effect size \"ES\" = 0.6) and week 4 (ES = 2.3) compared to the CG. However, the final training load was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.082). As a result of the increased load during the induction overreaching, RG reduced CMJ height between T0-T1 (ES = -0.31). Between T1-T2, RG had a significant increase in the CMJ height (ES = 0.61), and similarly, another significant increase in the CMJ height between T0-T2 was observed (ES = 0.30). Changes in the height of the CMJ for CG were not significant: T0-T1 (ES = -0.19); T1-T2 (ES = 0.41) and T0-T2 (ES = 0.07). In the experiment 02, we found that changes in the CMJ height were followed by the following changes in dynamic parameters; reduction performance by increasing the hip moment (external/internal rotation) and increase performance by increasing hip energy and moment (flexion/extension). For experiment 03, during flexion/extension; hip energy (r² = 56%), peak hip power (r² = 46%), mean knee moment (r² = 50%) and peak knee power (r² = 43%) were correlated significantly with changes in the CMJ height. With these findings, we conclude that the use of biomechanical markers allowed the training load control of the futsal players using the average of CMJ height with MID to regulate the training and achieve functional overreaching. Moreover, the changes in the dynamic parameters of the CMJ support the use of this approach

Dans le football professionnel, les blessures ont une influence négative sur la performance, l'économie et la santé. Malgré un accent accru sur la prévention des blessures dans le football, il est préoccupant de constater que les blessures n'ont pas diminué au cours des 11 dernières saisons. En raison de l'impact significatif et négatif des blessures dans le football professionnel, il est primordial de veiller à ce que de tels accidents ne se produisent plus. Il est important de déterminer de nouvelles méthodes et procédés afin de détecter et d'empêcher les blessures chez les footballeurs professionnels. En outre, dans la littérature de la recherche scientifique, il y a des résultats contradictoires et des débats en ce qui concerne les facteurs de risque, les tests et les exercices de prévention pour les blessures sans contact dans le football professionnel. Les recherches scientifiques devraient être menées afin d'influencer les pratiques soit en validant soit en réfutant certains procédés et certaines procédures, cependant, il y a actuellement un fossé entre la science et la pratique (Bishop, 2008).Le but de cette thèse était de : (a) étudier des méthodes nouvelles et innovantes pour détecter et prévenir les blessures sans contact au plus haut niveau du football professionnel masculin et (b) (b) de réduire le fossé entre la science et la pratique. Les études de recherche spécifiques menées dans cette thèse étaient (1) les facteurs de risque, le dépistage et les stratégies de prévention pour les blessures sans contact dans le football professionnel: les perceptions et les pratiques actuelles de 44 équipes de première division. (2) les facteurs de risque, le dépistage et les stratégies de prévention pour les blessures de non-contact dans le football professionnel :Les facteurs de risque, les tests et les stratégies de prévention pour des blessures sans contact dans le football professionnel: une revue systématique, (3) un simple test isométrique des membres musculaires inférieurs chez les joueurs de football professionnels, (4) Effet d'un programme de prévention des blessures sur un taux de blessures dans une équipe professionnelle de football participant aux compétitions européennes. La présente thèse a réussi à réduire le fossé entre la science et la pratique en révélant le top 3 des perceptions et des pratiques des équipes de football de haut niveau concernant les facteurs de risque (blessure antérieure, fatigue, déséquilibre musculaire), essais (écran de mouvement fonctionnel, questionnaire, isocinétique) et des exercices de prévention (excentrique, équilibre / proprioception et ischio-jambiers excentrique). Une revue systématique de la littérature scientifique a fourni un niveau scientifique de preuve pour les 3 principaux facteurs de risque, tout à la fois un niveau scientifique de preuve et des recommandations globales graduées ont été fournies pour les 3 premiers tests et exercices de prévention. Un test simple et pratique pour évaluer la force isométrique des membres musculaires inférieurs a été vérifié et mis en œuvre avec succès dans le cadre du football professionnel. Le test s'est avéré être à la fois assez fiable et sensible pour déceler les changements de force survenant après un match de football. Enfin, un programme de prévention des blessures à haute conformité a été correctement et efficacement mis en œuvre dans une équipe de haut niveau prenant part aux compétitions européennes et les taux de blessures considérablement réduits, même lors d'une période comprenant des matchs rapprochés soit 2 matchs par semaine.La présente thèse peut aider à guider les praticiens à utiliser les meilleures pratiques factuelles actuelles. En outre, du point de vue de la recherche, les résultats fournissent aux chercheurs des pistes où concentrer les futures recherches sur la prévention des blessures dans le football professionnel. / In professional football, injuries have a negative influence on performance, economy and health. Despite an increased focus on prevention of injury in football, it is of concern that injuries have not reduced in this cohort over the past 11 seasons. Due to the significant and negative impact of injuries in professional football it is of interest to prevent such injuries from occurring. It is important to determine new methods and processes to detect and prevent injuries in professional footballers. Additionally, within the scientific research literature there are conflicting results and ongoing debates in regards to risk factors, testing and preventative exercises for non-contact injury in professional football. Scientific research should aim to influence practice by either validating or refuting certain processes and procedures, however, there is currently a gap between science and practice (Bishop, 2008). Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to (a) investigate new and innovative methods to detect and prevent non-contact injuries at the highest level of professional male football and (b) (b) to reduce the gap between science and practice. Studies: The specific research studies conducted in this thesis were (1) Risk factors, testing and preventative strategies for non-contact injuries in professional football: Current perceptions and practices of teams from 44 premier leagues. (2) Risk factors, testing and preventative strategies for non-contact injuries in professional football: A systematic review, (3) Reliability and sensibility of a simple isometric posterior lower limb muscle test in professional soccer players, (4) Effect of an injury prevention program on injury rate in a professional football team participating in European competition. Conclusion: The present thesis successfully reduced the gap between science and practice by revealing the top 3 perceptions and practices of top-level football teams concerning risk factors (previous injury, fatigue, muscle imbalance), testing (functional movement screen, questionnaire, isokinetic) and preventative exercises (eccentric, balance/proprioception and hamstring eccentric). A systematic review of the research literature provided a scientific level of evidence for the top 3 risk factors, while both a scientific level of evidence and overall graded recommendation was provided for the top 3 tests and preventative exercises. A simple and practical test to assess the isometric force of the posterior lower limb muscles was verified and implemented successfully in the professional football setting. The test was found to be both reliable and sensitive enough to detect changes in force following a competitive soccer match. Finally, an injury prevention program with high compliance was successfully and effectively implemented in a top-level team competing in European competition and significantly reduced injury rates even when playing during a congested match period i.e. 2 matches per week. The present thesis can help to guide practitioners in using the current best evidence based practice. Additionally, from a research perspective, the findings provides researchers with avenues of where to concentrate future research concerning injury prevention in professional football.

Pas de résumé / No abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in static and countermovement jump variables across a competitive season of collegiate soccer to estimated training load and subjective measures of fatigue. Monitoring data from 21 male collegiate soccer players were retrospectively examined. Nine vertical jump sessions occurred across the season in addition to daily training load assessment and daily mood-state assessment. Group average changes from the first testing session were calculated and compared to the group average training load for the 7 days preceding each vertical jump testing session for static and countermovement jump height and allometrically scaled peak power. Statistical analysis demonstrated strong relationships between changes in vertical jump height for both conditions, allometrically scaled peak power for static jumps, and estimated training load. The results indicate changes in static jump height and allometrically scaled peak power may be more useful athlete fatigue monitoring tools than countermovement jump variables.

Title Training and performance of a shot put thrower Aim of study The aim of study was to analyze performance development of shot put thrower Pavlína Radová in a five-year period. Analysis was focused on connection between the dynamics of athletic performance and the effect of training load during each of the two training cycles 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. Methods In this thesis, we used auto-analysis and comparison. Data for analysis of training load and performance development were obtained from the training diaries of the years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. Results Sports performance development was majorly affected by character of training load and mental condition of the athlete in each yearly training cycle. Poorly chosen training load and insufficient regeneration lead to stagnation or decline in physical performance. Individual approach of the coach and his communication with trainee is very important. Key words Sports training, shot put, performance, analysis, training load

Title: Sprinter's training in the specialized phase of the conditioning Selfanalysis of one's own training Goals: The main goal of this dissertation is to review the development of my own performance and to evaluate the training in the specialized phase of the conditioning. Next goal is to evaluate the individual development and the results of chosen STU, that are important for short smooth sprint, and afterthat to compare those indicators. Methods: Data for the explorative part were gained by the method of content-selfanalysis of training documents, and we I evaluated chosen special training indicators of those documents. We mainly focused on development of acceleration maximum speed, followed by the development of speed endurance and running with load (total volume in km). Results: The results of chosen training indicators are processed to the table and graphic form. The form of comments is used for analysis of sport preparation, setting up the compensative exercises, health condition and evaluation of performance' development during four years period with two different coaches. The load was increasing in all chosen STU. The individual approach of the coach and communication with the client was very important aspect, that also contributed to the conclusion, that the best results were reached with...

A Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade caracterizada pela a participação de jovens atletas no treinamento sistematizado. Este estudo examinou o efeito de um período de intensificação (IT, 4 semanas, após um período de treinamento habitual, TH) seguido de um período de tapering (TP, 2 semanas) nos hormônios salivares (testosterona - T e cortisol - C), imunoglobulina salivar A (SIgA), severidade das infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS), bem-estar (WB), e no desempenho físico e técnico em 23 atletas de ginástca rítmica ( < 11 anos de idade [G1], < 13 anos de idade [G2] e > 13 anos de idade [G3]). A percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) foi utilizada para quantificar a carga interna de treinamento (CIT) e a razão aguda:crônica da carga de treinamento (ACT). Os questionários WB e WURSS-21 foram preenchidos diariamente. A coleta de saliva e os testes de desempenho físico e técnico foram realizados no início da IT (T1), após IT (T2) e após TP (T3). Foi observada maior CIT para TI em comparação com TP (ES = 2,37). A ACT nas semanas de IT variou de 1,2 (0,3) a 1,4 (0,3). Não foram observadas alterações significantes foi para a concentração de T (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, para T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente [grupo inteiro]; p = 0,16), concentração de C (5,7 ± 1,0, 5,8 ± 0,8, 5,0 ± 0,7 ?mol/L; p = 0,07) e índice de bem-estar (WB - 19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0,44). O WB para G3 foi significativamente menor em comparação a G1 e G2. Uma maior concentração absoluta de SIgA (SIgAabs [ug/ml]) (F = 7,6; 20 p = 0,001) para pós-IT (234 ± 104) vs pré-IT (173 ± 91) e pós-TP (182 ± 70) e uma maior taxa de secreção de SIgA (SIgAtaxa [ug/min]) (F = 3,4; p = 0,04]) para pós-IT (69 ± 28) vs pré-IT (55 ± 27) e Pós-TP (58 ± 22) foi observada. Quanto à severidade dos sintomas de ITRS, nenhuma alteração significante foi observada (?2 = 2,81; p = 0,24). Houve melhora no desempenho físico para abdominais de T2 a T3 (ES = 0,80) e T1 a T3 (ES = 0,78) e para RFms (flexões de cotovelo) (T2-T3, ES = 0,61; T1-T3, ES = 0,55). Uma melhora desempenho técnico de T1 para T3 (ES = 2,32) também foi observada. Estes resultados sugerem que uma IT de 4 semanas seguida por TP (2 semanas) parece ser uma abordagem útil para melhorar o desempenho físico e técnico em jovens ginastas de GR, mantendo a percepção de WB, das repostas hormonais, podendo inclusive, induzir adaptações positivas nos sistemas orgânicos, em particular a função da imunidade da mucosa oral de ginastas prépuberes. Ademais, os presentes resultados podem indicar que a razão ACT de 1,2-1,4 possa servir como um valor de referência para organizar de forma efetiva e segura a intensificação das cargas de treinamento / Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a modality characterized by participation of young athletes in systematized training. This study examined the effect of an intensification period (IT; 4 weeks; after a habitual training period; HT) followed by a tapering period (TP; 2 weeks) on salivary hormones (testosterone - T and cortisol - C), salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), wellbeing (WB), and physical and technical performance in 23 rhythmic gymnasts (RG; Under-11 group [G1], Under-13 group [G2], and > 13 group [G3]). The session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE session) was used to quantify the daily internal training load (ITL) and the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACW). The WB and WURSS-21 questionnaire were completed daily. Saliva sampling, physical and technical performance tests were carried out at the beginning of the IT (T1), after IT (T2), and after TP (T3). A higher ITL was observed for IT compared to TP (ES=2.37). The ACW for the IT weeks varied from 1.2 (0.3) to 1.4 (0.3). No significant change was detected for T concentration (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, for T1, T2, and T3, respectively [whole group]; p = 0.16), C concentration (5.7 ± 1.0, 5.8 ± 0.8, 5.0 ± 0.7 ?mol/L; p = 0.07), and WB (19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0.44). A significant lower WB score was observed for the G3. A higher SIgA absolute concentration (SIgAabs [ug/ml) (F=7.6; 20 p=0.001) for post-IT (234±104) vs pre-IT (173±91), and post-TP (182±70), and a higher SIgA secretion rate (SIgArate [ug/min]) (F=3.4; p=0.04]) for post-IT (69±28) vs pre-IT (55±27), and post-TP (58±22) were observed. No significant change was observed for severity of URTI symptoms (?2=2.81; p=0.24). Physical performance increased for sit-ups from T2 to T3 (ES = 0.80), and T1 to T3 (ES = 0.78) and for pushups (T2-T3; ES = 0.61; T1-T3; ES = 0.55). Technical performance also increased from T1 to T3 (ES = 2,32). These results suggest that a 4-week IT followed by TP (2-week) seems to be a useful approach to improve physical and technical performance of youth RG, while maintaining the perception of WB, the hormonal milieu, even affording to induce positive adaptations in body systems, in particular, the mucosal immune function, in youth RG. In addition, the results may indicate the ACW ratio of 1.2-1.4 might be used to organize an effective and safety intensification of training loads

A Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade caracterizada pela a participação de jovens atletas no treinamento sistematizado. Este estudo examinou o efeito de um período de intensificação (IT, 4 semanas, após um período de treinamento habitual, TH) seguido de um período de tapering (TP, 2 semanas) nos hormônios salivares (testosterona - T e cortisol - C), imunoglobulina salivar A (SIgA), severidade das infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS), bem-estar (WB), e no desempenho físico e técnico em 23 atletas de ginástca rítmica ( < 11 anos de idade [G1], < 13 anos de idade [G2] e > 13 anos de idade [G3]). A percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) foi utilizada para quantificar a carga interna de treinamento (CIT) e a razão aguda:crônica da carga de treinamento (ACT). Os questionários WB e WURSS-21 foram preenchidos diariamente. A coleta de saliva e os testes de desempenho físico e técnico foram realizados no início da IT (T1), após IT (T2) e após TP (T3). Foi observada maior CIT para TI em comparação com TP (ES = 2,37). A ACT nas semanas de IT variou de 1,2 (0,3) a 1,4 (0,3). Não foram observadas alterações significantes foi para a concentração de T (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, para T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente [grupo inteiro]; p = 0,16), concentração de C (5,7 ± 1,0, 5,8 ± 0,8, 5,0 ± 0,7 ?mol/L; p = 0,07) e índice de bem-estar (WB - 19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0,44). O WB para G3 foi significativamente menor em comparação a G1 e G2. Uma maior concentração absoluta de SIgA (SIgAabs [ug/ml]) (F = 7,6; 20 p = 0,001) para pós-IT (234 ± 104) vs pré-IT (173 ± 91) e pós-TP (182 ± 70) e uma maior taxa de secreção de SIgA (SIgAtaxa [ug/min]) (F = 3,4; p = 0,04]) para pós-IT (69 ± 28) vs pré-IT (55 ± 27) e Pós-TP (58 ± 22) foi observada. Quanto à severidade dos sintomas de ITRS, nenhuma alteração significante foi observada (?2 = 2,81; p = 0,24). Houve melhora no desempenho físico para abdominais de T2 a T3 (ES = 0,80) e T1 a T3 (ES = 0,78) e para RFms (flexões de cotovelo) (T2-T3, ES = 0,61; T1-T3, ES = 0,55). Uma melhora desempenho técnico de T1 para T3 (ES = 2,32) também foi observada. Estes resultados sugerem que uma IT de 4 semanas seguida por TP (2 semanas) parece ser uma abordagem útil para melhorar o desempenho físico e técnico em jovens ginastas de GR, mantendo a percepção de WB, das repostas hormonais, podendo inclusive, induzir adaptações positivas nos sistemas orgânicos, em particular a função da imunidade da mucosa oral de ginastas prépuberes. Ademais, os presentes resultados podem indicar que a razão ACT de 1,2-1,4 possa servir como um valor de referência para organizar de forma efetiva e segura a intensificação das cargas de treinamento / Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a modality characterized by participation of young athletes in systematized training. This study examined the effect of an intensification period (IT; 4 weeks; after a habitual training period; HT) followed by a tapering period (TP; 2 weeks) on salivary hormones (testosterone - T and cortisol - C), salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), wellbeing (WB), and physical and technical performance in 23 rhythmic gymnasts (RG; Under-11 group [G1], Under-13 group [G2], and > 13 group [G3]). The session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE session) was used to quantify the daily internal training load (ITL) and the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACW). The WB and WURSS-21 questionnaire were completed daily. Saliva sampling, physical and technical performance tests were carried out at the beginning of the IT (T1), after IT (T2), and after TP (T3). A higher ITL was observed for IT compared to TP (ES=2.37). The ACW for the IT weeks varied from 1.2 (0.3) to 1.4 (0.3). No significant change was detected for T concentration (206 ± 39, 221 ± 35, 216 ± 51 ?mol/L, for T1, T2, and T3, respectively [whole group]; p = 0.16), C concentration (5.7 ± 1.0, 5.8 ± 0.8, 5.0 ± 0.7 ?mol/L; p = 0.07), and WB (19 ± 3, 19 ± 2, 19 ± 2; p = 0.44). A significant lower WB score was observed for the G3. A higher SIgA absolute concentration (SIgAabs [ug/ml) (F=7.6; 20 p=0.001) for post-IT (234±104) vs pre-IT (173±91), and post-TP (182±70), and a higher SIgA secretion rate (SIgArate [ug/min]) (F=3.4; p=0.04]) for post-IT (69±28) vs pre-IT (55±27), and post-TP (58±22) were observed. No significant change was observed for severity of URTI symptoms (?2=2.81; p=0.24). Physical performance increased for sit-ups from T2 to T3 (ES = 0.80), and T1 to T3 (ES = 0.78) and for pushups (T2-T3; ES = 0.61; T1-T3; ES = 0.55). Technical performance also increased from T1 to T3 (ES = 2,32). These results suggest that a 4-week IT followed by TP (2-week) seems to be a useful approach to improve physical and technical performance of youth RG, while maintaining the perception of WB, the hormonal milieu, even affording to induce positive adaptations in body systems, in particular, the mucosal immune function, in youth RG. In addition, the results may indicate the ACW ratio of 1.2-1.4 might be used to organize an effective and safety intensification of training loads

Background: A high injury-incidence in the world of youth team sports requires athletes, teams and healthcare to invest big amounts of money and time. There is a need to find implementable time- and cost-effective strategies that can highlight youth athletes at increased risk of sustaining injuries, to inform the physiotherapist’s/coach’s training plan for training load adjustments. Aim: The primary aim of this report is to investigate whether the rebound jump test (RJ) can be used to detect neuromuscular fatigue, to try minimize the risk of sustaining injuries in youth team sports. The secondary aim is to investigate how the reactive strength index (RSI) in the RJ correlate with the drop jump test (DJ), to try establish concurrent validity of the RJ. Method: In total, 46 male youth soccer players (17,1 ± 1,2 years old) were recruited. RJ were performed in a non-fatigued state and in a fatigued state after a hard football session, whilst the DJ was performed in a non-fatigued state only. Results: RSI-RJ was strongly correlated with the RSI-DJ (r=0,83, r²= 0,69, p&lt;0,01) and there was a significant -12 % difference between RSI-fresh and RJ-fatigue in the RJ (p&lt;0,01). Conclusion: RJ is a valid test to measure neuromuscular fatigue and could inform the physiotherapist/coach about each athletes’ readiness to train on a weekly basis.