The application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the determination of nutrition labeling component data (NLCD) was investigated, with the intent of using this methodology as a primary method to calibrate FTIR instrumentation for NLCD confirmation or screening on a routine basis. Unlike previous NMR studies, this work used three strategies to attain accuracy and reproducibility of NLCD through: (i) appropriate setting of operational parameters for spectral acquisition; (ii) resonance selection by optimizing the signal in proportion to the nuclei population and (iii) integration of resonances by pre-defined fixed chemical shift ranges. Both of 13C NMR spectra and 1H NMR spectra were shown to provide robust and acceptable results on the condition of appropriate acquisition of spectra for quantization purposes and the adoption of standard procedures for spectral processing, integration and calculation purposes. A quantitative approach of NLCD including trans content was determined by the interpretation resonance signals of 13C's and 1H's from methylene groups presented in triglyceride complex of fats and oils. An alternative method based on partial-least-squares (PLS) calibrations was provided as well, the latter proved to be especially useful in dealing with overlapping bands frequently found in 1H spectra. With the diagnostic provided by PLS, the trans and cis signals were shown to be separated in 1H spectra. It is the premise for the trans fat determination based on 1H spectra. Unit conversion from mole to weight % was addressed and a solution was developed based on NMR data per se, without significant assumptions. Validation involving the analysis of three different lipid types (model triacylglycerols, refined and hydrogenated oils) demonstrated that NMR predictions of NLCD were in good agreement with those results either from samples' actual values as well as those obtained using GC and FTIR predictions. Thus with appropriate integration of instrumentation, software and spectral processing accessories, both 13C and 1H NMR can determine NLCD, but with the capability to determine trans, 1H NMR is more practical than 13C NMR due to its much shorter spectral acquisition time. Thus NMR can serve as a primary method for the calibration of FTIR instrumentation, a practical instrumental method for routine NLCD determination and screening.

Os ácidos graxos trans competem com os ácidos graxos essenciais inibindo as enzimas envolvidas na síntese dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados de cadeia longa. Quantidades adequadas de ácidos graxos essenciais na dieta minimizam este efeito. No entanto, pouco se conhece da ação dos isômeros trans, sob condições de restrição ou deficiência dietética dos ácidos graxos essenciais, sobre o percentual de deposição tanto dos próprios isômeros trans, como dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados nos lipídios dos tecidos. Foram avaliadas dietas ricas em ácidos graxos trans e com diferentes concentrações de ácidos graxos essenciais em ratos. A incorporação de ambos foi proporcional à concentração na dieta, mas variou entre os tecidos estudados. Verificou-se que as quantidades de ácidos graxos trans incorporadas pelo tecido adiposo foi a maior, enquanto que o cérebro incorporou a menor quantidade. A despeito da incorporação dos ácidos graxos trans, o perfil de ácidos graxos do cérebro manteve-se estável em relação às variações dietéticas. Não se observou acúmulo dos ácidos graxos trans em função do prolongamento do consumo da dieta. Os ácidos graxos essenciais incorporados aos tecidos também foram modulados pela dieta, e em concentrações adequadas influenciaram na menor deposição dos isômeros trans no tecido adiposo, plasma e tecido cardíaco. Avaliando-se a composição dos ácidos graxos nos fosfolipídios do tecido cardíaco, observou-se que a fosfatidiletanolamina incorporou a maior porcentagem dos isômeros trans seguida da fosfatidilcolina e da cardiolipina, respectivamente. Embora tenha incorporado quantidades intermediárias dos ácidos graxos trans a fosfatidilcolina teve uma maior alteração no perfil de ácidos graxos em comparação aos demais. A reduzida concentração de ácidos graxos trans incorporados na cardiolipina das mitocôndrias e no cérebro sugere a existência de um mecanismo protetor para a manutenção da composição lipídica necessária às atividades funcionais. / Trans fatty acids compete with essential fatty acids inhibiting the enzymes of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis. Appropriate amounts of dietary essential fatty acids minimize this effect. However, little is known about the action of trans isomers on the deposition percentage of these own trans isomers itself or as polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissue lipids, when under dietary restriction or deficiency conditions of essential fatty acids. Diets high in trans fatty acids and with different concentrations of essential fatty acids were assessed. The incorporation of trans isomers and of essential fatty acids was proportional to their dietary concentration, but varied among the tissues studied. It was verified that the adipose tissue incorporated the largest amount of trans fatty acids while the brain incorporated the smallest. In spite of the trans fatty acids incorporation, the profile of brain fatty acids was maintained stable in relation to dietary variations. No accumulative deposition of trans fatty acids was observed in relation to extended length of time of dietary consumption Essential fatty acids incorporated in tissues were also modulated by diet and in moderate concentrations influenced the lower deposition of trans isomers in adipose tissue, blood plasma and heart. By assessing fatty acids composition in phospholipids of heart, it was verified that phosphatidylethanolamine incorporated the largest percentage of trans isomers followed by phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine presented the greatest change in fatty acids profile when compared to the others phospholipids, although incorporating intermediate amounts of trans isomers. The reduced concentration of trans fatty acids incorporated in cardiolipin and brain suggests that there is a protector mechanism for maintenance of the lipids composition required for functional activities.

O trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de bases gordurosas para margarinas utilizando o método de modificação por interesterificação, como alternativa ao processo de hidrogenação parcial, que forma isômeros trans. / The aim of the study was to develop soft margarines by using intertesterification, as an alternative of hydrogenation, which forms trans isomers.

No description available.

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic) and trans-II-octadecenoic acid (trans-vaccenic) on uptake and alteration of exogenous fatty acids by mouse mammary epithelial cells. Cells from a subclone of the COMMA-D cell line were plated on uncoated plastic petri dishes and grown to confluence. Supplemental fatty acids bound to bovine serum albumin were added to the medium applied to the confluent cell cultures. Treatments included 200 JlM octadecanoic acid (CI8:0) as a control and 100 JlM CI8:0 with one of the following JlM ratios of cis-octadecenoic acid (cis-CI8:I) to elaidic or trans-vaccenic: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 0:100. In addition, all treatments were conducted with or without lactogenic hormone supplementation. The cellular protein to DNA ratio and total amount of fatty acids per mg protein were decreased (P < .05) by addition of lactogenic hormones. In treatments without hormone supplementation, however, the total amount of cellular fatty acids per mg protein was decreased (P < .05) by addition of either trans-CI8:I isomer. Results indicated a significant (P < .05) relationship between the concentration oftrans-C18:1 in the media and uptake of trans-C 18: 1 isomers, and retroconversion of trans-C 18: 1 to trans-C 16: 1. The slopes of the lines for cellular C16:0, cis-C16:1, and cis-CI8:1 were less (P < .05) than zero as concentration oftrans-CI8:1 in the media increased. However, trans-CI8:1 isomers did not influence the proportion of polar and nonpolar lipids synthesized by the cells. It appears that trans fatty acids may depress milk fat output by decreasing de novo fatty acid synthesis and cis-C 18: I content. / Master of Science

by Kwan Kwok Yiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-155). / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Literature review / Chapter 1.1 --- Historical background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemistry of trans and cis fatty acids --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary source of trans fatty acids --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Consumption of trans fatty acids among Western countries --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Current health concern for excessive intake of trans fatty acids --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Metabolism of trans fatty acids --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Absorption --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Oxidation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Incorporation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Selectivity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7 --- Impact of trans fatty acids on essential fatty acid metabolism --- p.19 / Chapter 1.8 --- Desaturation and elongation of trans fatty acids --- p.21 / Chapter 1.9 --- Trans fatty acids and neonatal growth --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Amount of trans fatty acids in Hong Kong fast foods / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objective --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Cross-cultural study of trans fatty acids in human milk / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Dietary information --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Fatty acid composition of Chinese and Canadian human milk --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Difference between Chinese and Canadian human milk --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Difference between Hong Kong and Chongqing Chinese human milk --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- The change in milk fat and LCPUFA as lactation progresses --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Trans fatty acids in human milk --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Content of LCPUFA in human milk --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Content of 18:2n-6 in human milk --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Fat content in Hong Kong and Chongqing Chinese human milk --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Trans fatty acids and maternal and neonatal essential fatty acid metabolism / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objectives --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.53 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Experiment1 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Relationship between the trans fatty acids in maternal diet and those in milk --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Relationship between the trans fatty acids in maternal diet and those in neonatal liver --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Content of 20:4n-6 in milk and in neonatal liver relative to that in maternal diet --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Experiment2 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Amount of trans fatty acids in rat milk --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Trans fatty acids in rat liver phospholipids --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) content in rat and its relation to maternal diets --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Content of 20:4n-6 in rat milk --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2.5 --- Content of20:4n-6 in rat liver --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2.6 --- Suppression of the synthesis of 20:4t isomers in maternal and neonatal liver --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Relationship between fatty acid composition of diet and that of milk --- p.93 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- 20:4n-6 in rat milk --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Transfer of trans fatty acids from maternal diet to neonatal liver phospholipids --- p.98 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- The inhibitory effect of trans fatty acids on synthesis of 20:4n-6 in neonatal liver --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of 18:2n-6 supplement on 20:4n-6 level of neonatal liver --- p.101 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- Suppression of 18:2n-6 supplement on synthesis of 20:4t isomers --- p.101 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Accumulation and turnover of trans fatty acids / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Accumulation of trans fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Selectivity of individual 18:2 trans isomersin liver and adipose tissue --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Turnover of trans fatty acids --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Accumulation and turnover of 18:lt in brain --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Accumulation of trans fatty acids in liver and adipose tissue --- p.120 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Turnover of trans fatty acids --- p.122 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Accumulation and turnover of trans fatty acidsin brain --- p.124 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- In vivo Oxidation of trans fatty acids in rat / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2 --- Objective --- p.127 / Chapter 6.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.127 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Apparent oxidation of saturated fatty acids --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Apparent oxidation of 18:lt relative to 18:ln-9 --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Oxidation of 18:2t isomers relative to 18:2n-6 --- p.137 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Effect of 18:2n-6 supplement in PHCO diet on oxidation per se --- p.137 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.138 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Oxidation of 18:lt and 18:2t isomers --- p.139 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Effect of 18:2n-6 supplement on oxidation per se --- p.140 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.141 / General conclusion --- p.142 / References --- p.145

<p>U okviru doktorske disertacije optimizovani su uslovi određivanja<br />metilestara masnih kiselina, uključujući i trans izomere, primenom<br />kapilarne gasne hromatografije&ndash;masene spektrometrije, na<br />kapilarnoj koloni SP-2560 (dužina x unutra&scaron;nji prečnik: 100 m x<br />0,25 mm, debljina sloja stacionarne likvidne faze 0,20 &mu;m,<br />biscijanopropil polisiloksan). Kori&scaron;ćenjem standarnih rastvora<br />metilestara masnih kiselina optimizovani su temperaturni program,<br />odnos razdeljivanja i uslovi akvizicije podataka SCAN tehnikom.<br />Razvijena je metoda za pripremu uzoraka u cilju određivanja sastava<br />masnih kiselina u prehrambenim proizvodima gasnom<br />hromatografijom&ndash;masenom spektrometrijom zasnovana na<br />istovremenoj mikrotalasnoj ekstrakciji i esterifikaciji (SMEE).<br />Validacija metode je izvedena poređenjem sa rezultatima dobijenim<br />gasnom hromatografijom&ndash;masenom spektrometrijom nakon<br />ekstracije po Soxhlet-u i derivatizacije masnih kiselina u metilestre<br />masnih kiselina. Rezultati dobijeni primenom razvijene i referentne<br />metode bili su statistički isti, kako u pogledu sastava masnih<br />kiselina, tako i efikasnosti ekstrakcije. Rezultati su pokazali da su<br />prednosti SMEE u odnosu na konvencionalnu metodu: kratko vreme<br />pripreme uzoraka i samim tim manja potro&scaron;nja energije, kao i<br />upotreba malih količina skupih organskih rastvarača. Dobro slaganje<br />rezultata dobijenih primenom referentne i metode zasnovane na<br />istovremenoj mikrotalasnoj ekstrakciji i esterifikaciji pokazuje da bi<br />se SMEE mogla primeniti kao rutinska metoda za pripremu uzoraka<br />prehrambenih proizvoda u cilju određivanja trans masnih kiselina<br />(TFA). Određen je sastav masnih kiselina, sa posebnim akcentom na<br />trans masne kiseline, u 273 uzoraka prikupljenih sa na&scaron;eg trži&scaron;ta u<br />periodu od juna 2006. do juna 2009. godine. Sadržaj trans masnih<br />kiselina u analiziranim uzorcima prehrambenih proizvoda, sirovina i<br />međuproizvoda koji se koriste u pekarskoj i konditorskoj industriji,<br />kretao se u veoma &scaron;irokom intervalu, od 0,0% do čak 48,7%.<br />Prosečan sadržaj trans masnih kiselina iznosio je 0,2% u uljima,<br />6,5% u jestivim margarinima, 19,9% u margarinima za domaćinstvo,<br />9,8% u industrijskim margarinima, 24,3% u namenskim mastima,<br />10,8% u masnim punjenjima, 1,6% u mlečnim proizvodima, 10,9%<br />u slanom trajnom pecivu, 10,2% u čajnom pecivu, 6,3% u tvrdom<br />keksu, 11,0% u vafel proizvodima, 10,6% u čokoladnim<br />proizvodima i 9,2% u karamelama. Od ukupno 124 analizirana<br />uzorka, koja se ne koriste za direktnu upotrebu u ishrani (namenske<br />masti, masna punjenja, industrijski i margarini za domaćinstvo) 86<br />uzoraka (69,3%) sadrži vi&scaron;e od 5% trans masnih kiselina, 25<br />(20,2%) sadrži manje od 5% TFA, dok u 13 uzoraka (10,5%) nije<br />detektovano prisustvo trans izomera. Od ukupno 140 analiziranih<br />uzoraka, koji se koriste za direktnu upotrebu u ishrani 74 uzoraka<br />(52,8%) sadrži vi&scaron;e od 2% trans masnih kiselina, 20 (14,3%) sadrži<br />manje od 2% TFA, dok u 46 uzoraka (32,9%) nije detektovano<br />prisustvo trans izomera.</p> / <p>In this thesis, operating conditions for fatty acids determination,<br />including trans isomers, by capillary gas chromatography&ndash;mass<br />spectrometry, on capillary column SP-2560 (100 m x 0.25 mm, with<br />a 0.20 &mu;m film thickness of biscyanopropyl polysiloxane liquid<br />phase) were optimized. Temperature program, split ratio and<br />condition of data acquisition by SCAN technique were optimized<br />using standard solutions of fatty acid methyl esters. A sample<br />preparation method based on simultaneous microwave assisted<br />extraction&ndash;esterification (SMEE) was developed for the<br />determination of the fatty acid composition of foodstuffs by gas<br />chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry. The proposed sample<br />preparation method was validated by comparison with the reference<br />Soxhlet extraction method followed by derivatisation by methyl<br />ester formation and the same determination step. The fatty acid<br />compositions, as well as extraction efficiencies obtained by the use<br />of the proposed SMEE method and reference method were<br />statistically similar. The results showed that compared to the<br />conventional method, SMEE method offer the advantages of short<br />sample preparation time, low consumption of expensive organic<br />solvents and less energy consumption. This good agreement between<br />results provided, both by the SMEE and reference method,<br />demonstrates the usefulness of the former as the routine method for<br />the treatment of food samples prior to trans fatty acid analysis. The<br />fatty acid composition, and trans fatty acid content of 273 samples<br />collected from June 2006 to June 2009 year were determined. Trans<br />fatty acid content in the analysed samples of food products, raw<br />materials and intermediate products used in bakery and<br />confectionery industry was ranged in a very wide interval, from<br />0.0% to 48.7%. The average contents of trans fatty acids were 0.2%<br />in oils, 6.5% in the edible margarines, 19.9% in cooking margarines,<br />9.8% in industrial margarines, 24.3% in shortenings, 10.8 % in fat<br />fillings, 1.6% in dairy products, 10.9% in crackers, 10.2% in tea<br />cookies, 6.3% in biscuits, 11.0% in wafer products, 10.6% in<br />chocolate products and 9.2% in the caramels. From the total of 124<br />analysed samples, which are not used for direct human consumption<br />(shortenings, fat fillings, industrial and cooking margarines) 86<br />samples (69.3%) contained more than 5% trans fatty acids, 25 (20.2<br />%) contained less than 5% TFA, while 13 samples (10.5%) had an<br />undetectable levels of trans isomers. From a total of 140 analysed<br />samples, which are used for direct human consumption 74 food<br />samples (52.8%) contained more than 2% trans fatty acids, 20<br />(14.3%) contained less than 2% TFA, while 46 samples (32.9%) had<br />an undetectable levels of trans isomers.</p>

The consumption of high-fat hamburger enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans-fatty acids (TFA) may increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease, whereas hamburger enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may have the opposite effect. Ten mildly hypercholesterolemic men consumed five, 114-g hamburger patties per week for two consecutive phases. Participants consumed low-MUFA (high SFA) hamburger (MUFA:SFA = 0.95; produced from pasture-fed cattle) for 5 wk, consumed their habitual diets for 3 wk, and then consumed high-MUFA hamburger (MUFA:SFA = 1.31; produced from grain-fed cattle) for 5 wk. These MUFA:SFA were typical of ranges observed for retail ground beef. Relative to habitual levels and levels during the high-MUFA phase, the low-MUFA hamburger: increased plasma palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and triacylglycerols (P < 0.01); decreased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL particle diameter percentile distributions (P < 0.05); and had no effect on LDL-C or plasma glucose (P > 0.10). Plasma palmitoleic acid was positively correlated with triacylglycerols (r = 0.90), VLDL-C (r = 0.73), and the LDL:HDL (r = 0.45), and was negatively correlated with plasma HDL-C (r = -0.58), whereas plasma palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid were negatively correlated with LDL particle diameter (all P <= 0.05). Because plasma palmitoleic acid was derived from [delta]9 desaturation of palmitic acid in the liver, we conclude that alterations in hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity may have been responsible for the variation in HDL-C and triacylglycerols caused by the low-MUFA and high-MUFA hamburgers. Cattle with a genetic predisposition to deposit MUFA in their lean and fat tissues, such as Wagyu cattle can be used to produce beef products that are especially enriched with oleic acid and lower in SFA and TFA, and feeding practices can further enhance the composition of beef fat. This indicates that ground beef or hamburger products can be produced that are naturally enriched with oleic acid, and conversely that certain production practices can impair the nutritional quality of beef fat. Finally, we cannot discern from this study design whether the high-MUFA hamburger reversed the effects of the low-MUFA hamburger, or whether the subjects gradually adapted to the elevated intake of total fat. It is clear, however, that the high-MUFA hamburger did not exacerbate any of the effects of the low-MUFA hamburger and can be viewed as at least neutral in its effects on HDL-C and triacylglycerols.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Western diet has undergone major changes in recent decades, mainly due to the large consumption of processed foods and fast foods, which contains a large proportion of fats rich in trans fatty acids (TFA). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential components of the neuronal membranes, and the main PUFAs are the omega-3 series (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6), which are obtained solely from the diet. Trans fatty acids (TFAs) can inhibit the activity of enzymes such as desaturases and elongases, and also compete with PUFA for incorporation into neuronal membranes, modifying its fluidity and affecting physiological functions in neurochemical brain. The quality of fat consumed during periods of pregnancy and lactation determines a significant transfer of PUFA and TFA through the placenta and breast milk. Different mechanisms related to the change in composition of fatty acids can cause behavioral changes which can especially be reflected on dopaminergic neurotransmission, thus increasing anxiety and hedonia, which may exacerbate the additive effect of psychostimulant drugs. Adolescence is the period in which there is a great novelty seeking, which increases the likelihood for early experiences that may culminate in addition. The protocol conditioned place preference (CPP) is a widely used animal model for understanding the mechanisms involved in the abuse of psychoactive drugs, also serving as a research tool, enabling the prevention and/or treatment of addiction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementation of different fats rich in n-3 fatty acids (fish oil-FO), n-6 (soybean oil-SO) and trans fatty acids-TFA (hydrogenated vegetable fat-HVF) since pre-conception, pregnancy and lactation, and maintained until adolescence on anxiety parameters and preference to amphetamine (AMPH) in young rats, which were evaluated with analyzes of cerebral oxidative status. During 6 weeks, 24 female Wistar rats were supplemented with SO, FO and HVF, comprising the periods from conception, pregnancy until the end of breastfeeding. After weaning, only 1 male puppy from each litter was separated and kept with the original supplementation until 40 days of age when they were subjected to the conditioning protocol (8 days) with AMPH to conduct behavioral and biochemical tests. HVF increased conditioned place preference by AMPH and showed anxiety-like symptoms during withdrawal, indicating a greater potential for abuse in this experimental group. The HVF supplementation during development and growth was also associated with higher oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant activity, while the FO supplemented group showed lower protein carbonyls. This study showed the deleterious influence of consumption of TFA during the perinatal period and during development, which can be evidenced by symptoms especially preference at psychostimulants, anxiety and oxidative damage in the brain. / A dieta ocidental sofreu grandes modificações nas últimas décadas, principalmente em decorrência do grande consumo de alimentos industrializados e fast foods, que contém uma grande proporção de gorduras ricas em ácidos graxos trans (AGT). Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) são componentes essenciais nas membranas neuronais, sendo que os principais AGPI são os da série ômega-3 (n-3) e ômega-6 (n-6), os quais são obtidos exclusivamente da dieta. Os ácidos graxos trans (AGT) podem inibir a atividade de enzimas como as dessaturases e elongases, e também competir com os AGPI pela incorporação nas membranas neuronais, modificando sua fluidez e afetando as funções fisiológicas neuroquímicas cerebrais. A qualidade das gorduras consumidas durante os períodos de gestação e lactação determina uma significativa transferência de AGPI e AGT através da placenta e do leite materno. Diferentes mecanismos relacionados à alteração da composição dos AG podem provocar alterações comportamentais, as quais podem ser especialmente refletidas sobre a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica, aumentando assim a ansiedade e a hedonia, os quais podem exacerbar o efeito aditivo de drogas psicoestimulantes. A adolescência é o período em que há grande busca por novidades, o que aumenta a probabilidade para o início de experiências que podem culminar em adição. O protocolo de preferência condicionada de lugar (PCL) é um modelo animal bastante utilizado para a compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no abuso de drogas psicoativas, servindo também como uma ferramenta de estudos que permitam a prevenção e/ou tratamento da adição. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação de diferentes gorduras ricas em ácidos graxos n-3 (óleo de peixe-OP), n-6 (óleo de soja-OS) e ácidos graxos trans-AGT (gordura vegetal hidrogenada-GVH) desde o período pré-concepcional, gestação e lactação, e mantidas até a adolescência sobre parâmetros de ansiedade e de preferência à anfetamina (ANF) em ratos jovens, os quais foram avaliados em conjunto com análises do status oxidativo cerebral. Durante 6 semanas, 24 ratas Wistar adultas foram suplementadas com OS, OP e GVH, compreendendo os períodos desde a concepção, prenhez até o final da amamentação. Após o desmame, apenas 1 filhote macho de cada ninhada foi separado e mantido com a mesma suplementação da projenitora até atingir 40 dias de idade, quando foram submetidos ao protocolo de condicionamento (8 dias) com ANF a fim de conduzir os testes comportamentais e bioquímicos. GVH aumentou a preferência de lugar condicionado por ANF e apresentou sintomas de ansiedade durante a abstinência, indicando um maior potencial de abuso neste grupo experimental. A suplementação de GVH durante o desenvolvimento e crescimento também foi associada aos maiores danos oxidativos e reduzida atividade antioxidante, enquanto o grupo suplementado com OP mostraram menores níveis de proteína carbonil. Este estudo permitiu observar a influência deletéria do consumo de AGT durante o período perinatal e durante o desenvolvimento, a qual pode ser especialmente evidenciada através dos sintomas de preferência à psicoestimulantes, ansiedade e danos oxidativos no cérebro.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fatty acids (FA) from the diet play a key role in the architecture of brain membrane phospholipids, and can modify plasticity and fluidity, acting decisively in the development of cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Healthy lifestyle habits include balanced diet and physical activity, which has regularly been described as a form of rehabilitation or prevention of diseases affecting the CNS. This study was initially designed to evaluate the influence of regular exercise in preventing oxidative damage commonly induced by haloperidol. Exercise prevented the development of orofacial dyskinesia (OD) and antipsychotic-induced locomotor impairments. The catalase activity was recovered in the subcortical region, preventing cortical and subcortical lipoperoxidation. Also in the subcortical region, there was a positive correlation between lipid peroxidation and the OD, concurrent with a negative correlation between catalase activity and OD. While these data reinforce the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the development of movement disorders, physical exercise was able to increase the activity of the dopamine transporter, thereby helping to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter in the striatum, often elevated by the antipsychotic action. In the following studies, weaned rats were supplemented with different FA (soybean oil-SO, rich in polyunsaturated FA; lard-L, rich in saturated FA; and hydrogenated vegetable fat-HVF, rich in trans fatty acids) and daily exercised in the last three months. After 15 months, the animals were assigned to experiment 1 or 2. In the first one, was evaluated anxiety behavior (elevated plus-maze), memory (Barnes-maze), and the activity of Na+K+-ATPase in the cortex and hippocampus. The HVF supplementation caused an incorporation of about 0.30% of trans FA in the rat s brain, whereas L of 0.20%, with no observed trans incorporation in SO group. This incorporation did not influence the symptoms of anxiety in HVF and L groups, but the exercise benefited the SO group, increasing their exploratory and risk behavior. A memory deficit was observed in the HVF, but reversed by physical exercise, equaling the memory acquisition of the three experimental groups. The activity of Na+K+-ATPase was lower in the cortex and hippocampus of animals treated with HVF and was not modified by exercise. In the 2nd experiment, rats supplemented with the different FA showed similar brain incorporation as described above. These animals were submitted to behavioral assessments of OD, locomotion and activity of Na+K+-ATPase and catalase in the striatum. The HVF supplementation was associated with increased OD, which was intensified by the exercise in the HVF and L groups. The locomotion was reduced in these two groups and was not modified by exercise. The catalase activity was lower in L and HVF groups, but elevated by exercise in the latter one. The different FA did not alter the Na+K+-ATPase activity, which was elevated by exercise in animals supplemented with L and SO. The brain incorporation of trans FA may be related to the motor impairments mainly observed in the HVF group, while the absent incorporation in the SO group, with the best motor performance and enzymatic activities. Taken together, the presented data suggest that healthy lifestyle habits, which include reduced intake of saturated and trans FA and the regular practice of physical activity, may be able to prevent and/or reduce the development or the consequences of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. / Ácidos graxos (AG) provenientes da alimentação são fundamentais na arquitetura das membranas fosfolipídicas cerebrais, e podem modificar plasticidade e fluidez, atuando de forma decisiva no desenvolvimento de patologias cognitivas e neuropsiquiátricas. Hábitos de vida saudável incluem alimentação balanceada e atividade física, cuja regularidade tem sido descrita como uma forma de prevenção ou reabilitação de doenças que afetam o SNC. Este estudo foi inicialmente designado para avaliar a influência do exercício regular na prevenção de danos oxidativos comumente induzidos por haloperidol. O exercício preveniu o desenvolvimento de discinesia orofacial (DO) e os prejuízos locomotores induzidos pelo antipsicótico. A atividade da catalase foi recuperada na região subcortical, prevenindo a lipoperoxidação cortical e subcortical. Ainda na região subcortical, houve uma correlação positiva entre a lipoperoxidação e a DO, concomitante à uma correlação negativa entre a atividade da catalase e a DO. Enquanto estes dados reforçam o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo (EO) no desenvolvimento dos distúrbios do movimento, o exercício físico foi capaz de aumentar a atividade do transportador de dopamina, contribuindo para a redução dos níveis do neurotransmissor no estriado, freqüentemente elevado por ação do antipsicótico. Na seqüencia dos estudos, ratos recém desmamados foram suplementados com diferentes AG (óleo de soja-OS, rico em AG poliinsaturados; banha de porco-BP, rico em AG saturados; e gordura vegetal hidrogenada-GVH, rico em AG trans) e exercitados diariamente nos 3 meses finais. Após 15 meses, os animais foram designados para o experimento 1 ou 2. No primeiro, avaliou-se comportamentos de ansiedade (labirinto em cruz elevado), memória (labirinto de Barnes), bem como a atividade da Na+K+-ATPase no córtex e hipocampo. A suplementação GVH causou uma incorporação de cerca de 0,30% de AG trans no cérebro dos animais, enquanto a BP de 0,20%, não sendo observada incorporação trans no grupo OS. Esta incorporação não influenciou os sintomas de ansiedade nos grupos BP e GVH, mas o exercício beneficiou o grupo OS, aumentando seu comportamento exploratório e de risco. Um déficit de memória foi observado no grupo GVH, mas revertido pelo exercício físico, igualando a aquisição de memória dos três grupos experimentais. A atividade da Na+K+-ATPase foi menor no córtex e hipocampo dos animais tratados com GVH, não sendo modificada pelo exercício. No 2º experimento, ratos suplementados com os diferentes AG apresentaram incorporação cerebral similar aos acima descritos. Estes animais foram submetidos a avaliações comportamentais de DO, locomoção e atividade das enzimas Na+K+-ATPase e catalase no estriado. A suplementação GVH foi associada ao aumento da DO, a qual foi intensificada pelo exercício nos grupos GVH e BP. A locomoção foi reduzida nestes dois grupos e não foi modificada pelo exercício. A atividade da catalase foi menor nos grupos BP e GVH, mas elevada pelo exercício neste último. Os diferentes AG não modificaram a atividade da Na+K+-ATPase, a qual foi elevada pelo exercício nos animais suplementados com OS e BP. A incorporação de AG trans nas membranas cerebrais pode estar relacionada aos prejuízos motores observados, principalmente, no grupo GVH, enquanto a ausência desta incorporação no grupo OS, ao melhor desempenho motor e atividades enzimáticas. Tomados em conjunto, os dados apresentados sugerem que hábitos de vida saudáveis, os quais incluem ingestão reduzida de AG trans e saturados e a prática regular de atividade física, podem ser capazes de prevenir e/ou reduzir o desenvolvimento ou conseqüências de desordens neurológicas e neuropsiquiátricas.