O projeto de transdutores piezelétricos envolve modelagens matemáticas e verificações experimentais, que são necessárias para validá-los. Através das análises dos transdutores verificam-se as influências das condições de contorno experimentais e as dificuldades para modelá-las. No entanto, na literatura atual este ponto não é discutido de forma abrangente. Além disso, as propriedades elétricas, piezelétricas e mecânicas dos materiais devem ser conhecidas com precisão para que o modelo represente um transdutor físico. Estas propriedades são fornecidas pelos fabricantes em valores aproximados, porém algumas delas, como por exemplo, o amortecimento mecânico, não são fornecidas, o que dificulta a modelagem. Por estes motivos, este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de técnicas de verificações experimentais de transdutores piezelétricos, visando esclarecer efeitos relacionados às variações nas condições de contorno devido à fixação de pequenos espelhos e a fixação do próprio transdutor num suporte, e propor formas de incorporar esses efeitos nos modelos matemáticos. Além disso, propõe-se uma metodologia para a determinação do coeficiente de amortecimento das cerâmicas piezelétricas. São apresentadas as técnicas ópticas utilizadas na medição dinâmica e estática de deslocamentos de transdutores piezelétricos, os problemas das influências mecânicas, como vibrações ambientes, nas análises ópticas e as respectivas soluções adotadas. As análises numéricas foram conduzidas com o software de elementos finitos ANSYS e os resultados comparados com as verificações experimentais. Os materiais analisados são piezocerâmicas PZT-5A, piezoatuadores flextensionais, projetados pelo método de otimização topológica e um piezoatuador bilaminar. Nos resultados apresentados são mostrados os desvios e os comentários sobre as possíveis causas. / Piezoelectric transducer design is done by using numerical method and experimental analysis, which are needed to validate it. Transducers analysis allow us to verify the influence of experimental boundary conditions and the difficulties to model them. However, in the current literature this point is not discussed in a comprehensive way. In addiction, electrical, piezoelectric and mechanical material properties must be known with accuracy, to represent a real transducer. Approximately values of these properties are provided by manufacturers, however other property values are not provided, such as for example, mechanical damping, which causes difficulties for modelling. Therefore, this work is about the development of experimental techniques to analyze piezoelectric transducers, aiming to understand the effects related to boundary conditions changes due to stick of small mirrors and the way the transducer is held, and suggest of way to incorporate these effects in mathematical model. In addiction, suggests a methodology to determine the piezoceramics damping coefficient. It is described optical techniques used for displacement measurements of piezoelectric transducer in dynamic and static operation, problems related to mechanical influences in optical analysis, such as environment vibration, and respective applied solutions. Numerical analysis are conducted by using finite element software, ANSYS, and the results are compared with experimental verification. The materials analyzed are piezoceramic PZT-5A, flextensional piezoactuators, designed by using topology optimization and a bimorph pizoactuator. In the present results is shown the deviation and comments about possible cause.

Desde o ano 2000, o Grupo de Alta Tensão e Materiais (GATM) tem contribuído com suas pesquisas no desenvolvimento de processos para produção de novos transdutores piezoelétricos de materiais poliméricos, baseados na tecnologia dos piezoeletretos. Essa intensa investigação se justifica pelas excelentes propriedades piezoelétricas desses dispositivos, com atividade na ordem de centenas e até milhares de pC/N, ultrapassando o desempenho de algumas tradicionais cerâmicas. Destacam-se também nestes sensores, sua estrutura flexível e robusta, sua resposta na faixa de frequências ultrassônicas e seu baixo custo. Características estas que os tornam muito competitivos com os transdutores convencionais, cerâmicos e poliméricos, a exemplo do PZT e PVDF, respectivamente. Neste contexto, desenvolveu-se em 2009 no GATM um novo arranjo polimérico de múltiplos canais, em que filmes de teflon FEP foram termicamente moldados e depois expostos a um intenso campo elétrico (na ordem de kV), criando sensores com elevado coeficiente piezoelétrico. Esse novo dispositivo, batizado de Piezoeletreto de Canais Tubulares (PCT) foi construído por meio de um processo de fabricação organizado e controlado, diferentemente dos piezoeletretos vistos até então. No presente trabalho construiu-se um protótipo de hidrofone com elemento ativo dado por um filme de PCT, para aplicações de até 100 kHz e com uma eletrônica de pré-amplificação em 24 dB. O primeiro teste com o protótipo restringiu-se à obtenção da sua sensibilidade. Realizaram-se ainda testes de caracterização quanto ao padrão de diretividade e a relação sinal-ruído. A calibração foi feita em três diferentes modalidades de geração do sinal: AM, CW e Burst, todas de maneira comparativa com o auxílio de um hidrofone comercial. A sensibilidade média encontrada nas medidas foi de 0,142 mV/Pa (-196,93 dB re 1 V/&#956Pa) e, na ressonância (40 kHz) de 1,698 mV/Pa (-175,4 dB re 1 V/&#956Pa). A segunda fase de testes destinou-se a geração de imagens para diagnóstico clínico, baseada na técnica de Vibroacustografia (VA). Verificou- se a viabilidade do uso da VA com o mapeamento de dois objetos distintos, uma pequena esfera metálica de 1 mm de diâmetro e uma estrutura óssea. / Since 2000, the High-Voltage and Materials Group (GATM) has focused its research on developing new processes for manufacture piezoelectric transducers, from polymeric materials based on the piezoelectret technology. This intense research is justified by the excellent electromechanical properties of these devices, with piezoelectric coefficient in the order of hundreds up to thousands of pC/N, exceeding the performance of the most traditional ceramics. Other highlights of these sensors are the flexible and robust structure, its wide range response in ultrasonic frequencies and low cost. These characteristics make them very competitive with those conventional ceramic and polymeric transducers, such as the PZT and PVDF, respectively. In this context, in 2009 a new polymeric multiple film arrangement was laminated to create an open channel structure that after been exposed to an intense electric field (on the order of kV), produces a piezoelectric sensor with high piezoelectricity. This new device was built by an organized and controlled process, unlike the piezoelectrets seen so far. The main features inherent to tubular channels piezoelectret are the constructive uniformity, control of the resonance frequency and greater thermal stability, when compared to other piezoelectric polymers. Based on these tubular piezoelectrets, in the current study, a prototype of a 24dB preamplifier ultrasonic hydrophone was built. The first test with the prototype restricted to obtaining its sensitivity. Further tests were performed to characterize the pattern of directivity and signal-to-noise ratio. The calibration tests were conducted on three different approaches to signal generation AM, CW and Burst; all in a comparative manner with the aid of a calibration standard hydrophone. The results showed a transducer with average sensitivity of 0.142 mV/Pa (-196.93 dB re 1 V/&#956Pa), and the resonance region at 40 kHz with a sensitivity of 1,698 mV/Pa (-175.4 dB re 1 V/&#956Pa) and a unidirectional sensitive region. The feasibility of producing images by VA has been verified by mapping two distinct objects, a small metal sphere of 1 mm diameter and a bone structure.

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) deverá estabelecer a regulamentação para distúrbios de qualidade de energia em um futuro próximo. Há ainda questões em aberto sobre os procedimentos de medição e limites máximos para os indicadores de qualidade de energia. Este trabalho aborda uma dessas questões, que é a conexão de transdutores e os impactos nos índices de qualidade de energia associados. Simulações em ATPDraw e campanhas de medição foram realizadas de modo a identificar o comportamento dos indicadores de distorção harmónica sob as duas configurações possíveis de conexão de transdutores: dois equipamentos com ligação entre fases ou três com ligação fase-neutro. Os resultados das simulações e os valores medidos mostram grandes discrepâncias entre ambas as configurações, e as diferenças tornam-se ainda mais significativas com o incremento do desequilíbrio do sistema elétrico. As causas subjacentes deste fenômeno são investigadas e discutidas / The Brazilian electricity regulatory agency (ANEEL) is expected to establish a legal framework for quality disturbances in the near future. There are still some open questions regarding metering procedures and maximum limits for Power Quality indicators. This work addresses one of such issues, namely the connection of the associated transducers and its impact on PQ indexes. Simulations in ATPDraw and on-field measurement campaigns were carried out so as to identify the behavior of harmonic distortion indicators under the two possible transducer configurations: two phase-to-phase or three phase-to-neutral transducers. Simulation results and measured values show large discrepancies between both configurations, and the differences become more significant as the electrical systems unbalance increases. The underlying causes of this phenomenon are investigated and discussed.

There is an urgent and unmet clinical need to improve accuracy and safety during needle-based interventional procedures including regional anaesthesia and cancer biopsy. In ultrasound guided percutaneous needle procedures, there is a universal problem of imaging the needle, particularly the tip, especially in dense tissues and steep insertion angles. Poor visualization of the needle tip can have serious consequences for the patients including nerve damage and internal bleeding in regional anaesthesia and, in the case of biopsy, mis-sampling, resulting in misdiagnosis or the need for repeat biopsy. The aim of the work was to design and develop an ergonomic ultrasound device to actuate standard, unmodified needles such that the visibility of needle can be enhanced when observed under colour Doppler mode of ultrasound imaging. This will make the needle procedures efficient through accurate needle placement while reducing the overall procedure duration. The research reported in this thesis provides an insight into the new breed of piezoelectric materials. A methodology is proposed and implemented to characterize the new piezocrystals under ambient and extreme practical conditions. For the first time, the IEEE standard method (1987) was applied to an investigation of this type with binary (PMN-PT) and ternary (PIN-PMN-PT) compositions of piezocrystals. Using the existing data and the data obtained through characterization, finite element analysis (FEA) were carried to adequately design the ultrasound device. Various configurations of the device were modelled and fabricated, using both piezoceramic and piezocrystal materials, in order to assess the dependency of device’s performance on the configuration and type of piezoelectric material used. In order to prove the design concept and to measure the benefits of the device, pre-clinical trials were carried out on a range of specimens including the soft embalmed Thiel cadavers. Furthermore, an ultrasound planar cutting tool with various configurations was also designed and developed as an alternative to the existing cumbersome ultrasonic scalpels. These configurations were based on new piezocrystals including the Mn-doped ternary (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT) material. It is concluded that the needle actuating device can significantly enhance the visibility of standard needles and additionally benefits in reducing the penetration force. However, in order to make it clinically viable, further work is required to make it compliant with the medical environment. The piezocrystals tested under practical conditions although offer extraordinary piezoelectric properties, are vulnerable to extreme temperature and drive conditions. However, it is observed that newer piezocrystals, especially Mn:PIN-PMN-PT have shown the potential to replace the conventional piezoceramics in high power and actuator applications. Moreover, the d31-mode based planar cutting tool contrasts with the cumbersome design of mass-spring transducer structure and has the potential to be used in surgical procedures.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes vascular disease and hypertension in part by the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and inflammation. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor known to play key roles in cytokine signaling and growth in immune cells. We tested the hypothesis that STAT3 plays an essential role in Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Responses of carotid arteries from C57BL6 mice were examined in vitro after 22-hour incubation with vehicle or Ang II (10 nM) in the presence or absence of a small molecule inhibitor of STAT3 activation, S3I-201. The endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine (Ach) produced relaxation in arteries treated with vehicle and the response was inhibited by ~50% by Ang II (P<0.01). S3I-201 (10 πM) co-incubation prevented the Ang II-induced dysfunction. Relaxation to nitroprusside, an endothelium-independent agonist, was not altered in any group. Ang II increased vascular superoxide more than 2-fold (P<0.05) measured by chemiluminescence. S3I-201 (10 πM) prevented the Ang II induced increase of superoxide. Similar findings were obtained with STATTIC, a second small molecule inhibitor of STAT3 activation. In contrast to these findings, lipopolysaccharide (0.5 πg/ml)-induced endothelial dysfunction was not altered by S3I-201. Blood pressure and responses of carotid arteries and small resistance arteries within the brain were examined in C57BL6 mice with either saline or Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) infused for 14 days via osmotic minipump, which were also treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) or S3I-201 (5 mg/kg, IP, every two days). Infusion with Ang II increased systolic blood pressure compared to saline-infused animals (155±2 and 112±2 mmHg, respectively; P<0.001). S3I-201 reduced pressure slightly in saline infused mice but protected against Ang II-induced increase in pressure at 14 days (102±2 and 114±3 mmHg, respectively). Following systemic treatment with Ang II, carotid artery relaxation responses to Ach were significantly impaired compared to vehicle infused mice (72±3% and 101±1%, respectively, P<0.05). S3I-201 treatment significantly prevented Ang II-induced impairment (94±4%, P<0.05). Ang II treated mice exhibited 55% impaired dilator responses to Ach in small resistance arteries within the brain studied in vitro and S3I-201 treatment prevented most of this impairment (P<0.05). Vasorelaxation to nitroprusside was not altered in any group. In summary, these findings provide the first evidence that STAT3 plays an essential role in Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Targeting STAT3 with small molecule inhibitors or other approaches may have beneficial effects during hypertension and other disease states in which Ang II contributes to vascular dysfunction (e.g. diabetes and aging).

Introduction. To test the effects of torsion torques on intradiscal pressure and disc height in human lumbar specimens. Methods. Six human lumbar cadaveric functional spine units (FSU) were loaded in the neutral position with 600 N compression. Nucleus pressure measurements were obtained at 0 Nm, 0.5 Nm, 1.0 Nm and 2 Nm torsion torque. Posterior elements were removed and pressure measurements were repeated at the same torsion torques for the disc body unit (DBU). The pressure in the nucleus was measured by pulling a pressure probe through the disc along a straight path in the midsagittal plane. Results. There was no statistically significant difference of nucleus pressure or intervertebral disc height with different torsion torques among or between the FSU's and DBU's. However, a disc height increase ranging from 0.13 mm to 0.16 mm occurred with the insertion of a 1.85 mm diameter cannula. Conclusions. Small torsion torques showed no significant difference in intradiscal pressures or disc heights. Disc height increases were seen with the insertion of the cannula that could lead to methods of disc height restoration.

In vivo real-time data of ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption is centrally based on low-resolution magnetic resonance images. Additional information can be gained using online microscopic monitoring. This study presents the first ever in vivo two-photon microscopy, four-dimensional data sets of ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption. It characterized the threshold pressures and mechanical index needed to disrupt the vasculature with 800 kHz ultrasound, and found three different leakage constants from the compromised vasculature. Furthermore, using numerical models, an ultrasound array was designed and optimized to perform specifically with our two-photon microscope. It was fabricated, fully characterized, and its performance met both the required pressure field profile and the pressure values needed for our in vivo two-photon microscopy experiments. This array is an important step in microscopically characterizing ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption.

In vivo real-time data of ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption is centrally based on low-resolution magnetic resonance images. Additional information can be gained using online microscopic monitoring. This study presents the first ever in vivo two-photon microscopy, four-dimensional data sets of ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption. It characterized the threshold pressures and mechanical index needed to disrupt the vasculature with 800 kHz ultrasound, and found three different leakage constants from the compromised vasculature. Furthermore, using numerical models, an ultrasound array was designed and optimized to perform specifically with our two-photon microscope. It was fabricated, fully characterized, and its performance met both the required pressure field profile and the pressure values needed for our in vivo two-photon microscopy experiments. This array is an important step in microscopically characterizing ultrasound and microbubble assisted blood-brain barrier disruption.

In this study, with near-field electrospinning technique of PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric nano-fibers and the additional multiwalled-carbon nanotubes(MWCNT), both mechanical strength and piezoelectric characteristics of a single nano-fiber were discussed. Then the behavior of piezoelectric fiber actuators was realized using inverse piezoelectric effect. Near-field electrostatic technology can be used to fabricate PVDF piezoelectric fibers with an excellent piezoelectric property compared with film structures due to a higher piezoelectric coefficient and energy conversion efficiency. It is more suitable to produce micro transducers. By adjusting velocity of a fully parametric x-y stage, DC voltage, and the distance between the needle and collection plate, the morphology and polarization intensity of piezoelectric fiber can fully be controlled. In addition, the optimal parameters of PVDF solution such as PVDF powder weight percentage and MWCNT were also discussed. From the observation of XRD (X-ray diffraction), it reveals a high diffraction peak at 2£c=20.8¢X of piezoelectric crystal £]-phase structure. Finally, the actuation property was tested using DC voltage supply, and fiber has significant deflection in the experiment. The vertical deflection can be observed and compared with model solution of piezoelectric cantilever structure. In the fiber¡¦s direct piezoelectric effect, the result shows that fiber can produce an open circuit voltage of 15mV under a low frequency vibration of 7Hz.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the c-axis inclined ZnO films to produce dual-mode thin-film piezoelectric transducer. The cantilever beam vibration theory as a power generation mode in adopted to verify that the transducer is in suitable for the application in the environment for low-frequency vibration. In order to develop dual-mode thin-film piezoelectric transducer, this study uses radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method with off-axis growth to deposit ZnO films on Pt/Ti/stainless steel substrate(SUS304), the effects of deposition parameters on the characteristict of ZnO films are studied. Because zinc oxide thin-film is grown with c-axis tilt, so the piezoelectric transducer exhibits longitudinal-mode and shear-mode characteristics. The physical characteristics of ZnO thin films were obtained by the analyses of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to discuss the surfaces, cross section and crystallization of ZnO thin films. Finally, the vibration test equipment in used for the measurement of electrical properties. The open and loaded voltages of the transducers were obtained by the measurement system. The optimal deposition parameters for ZnO thin films are sputtering pressure of 5 mTorr, RF power of 150W, substrate temperature of room temperature and oxygen concentration of 50%, which were determined by physical characteristics and voltage analysis. Under the optimal parameters, the ZnO thin-films are deposited with maximum shear-mode and tilting angles of 35¢X.The transducer was one-sid loaded with a piece of metal of 0.5 g load to enhance the cantilever vibration amplitude. As the input vibration of 65 Hz and vibration amplitude of 1mm were set, the maximum output power was obtained. The maximum open circuit voltage of 19.4 V was obtained. When the output of the transducers was recetified and filtered through a 1NN5711 Schottky diode bridge rectifier and a 33nF capacitor, the maximum power of 2.05£gW/cm2 was achieved with the load resistance of 5M£[.