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<p>During the last decade, the concept of knowledge has gained increased</p><p>attention within the research field of international business.</p><p>This has its backdrop in the knowledge-based view of the firm,</p><p>seeing knowledge as a resource and capability. Accordingly,</p><p>knowledge has been stated to be a prominent factor in regard to</p><p>firm survival and success. In this thesis, we are to identify the type</p><p>of knowledge that exists, and examine how this knowledge is transferred,</p><p>within a firm. This has been done through a single case</p><p>study, analyzing the knowledge transfer on an intra-firm basis between</p><p>the head quarter and the subsidiary units, as well as among</p><p>the subsidiary units. Data has been obtained through interviews</p><p>and secondary materials. The case study has concluded in an</p><p>analysis illustrating how knowledge can be ennobled outside the</p><p>head quarter, and lost, if not incorporated into the firm.</p>

During the last decade, the concept of knowledge has gained increased attention within the research field of international business. This has its backdrop in the knowledge-based view of the firm, seeing knowledge as a resource and capability. Accordingly, knowledge has been stated to be a prominent factor in regard to firm survival and success. In this thesis, we are to identify the type of knowledge that exists, and examine how this knowledge is transferred, within a firm. This has been done through a single case study, analyzing the knowledge transfer on an intra-firm basis between the head quarter and the subsidiary units, as well as among the subsidiary units. Data has been obtained through interviews and secondary materials. The case study has concluded in an analysis illustrating how knowledge can be ennobled outside the head quarter, and lost, if not incorporated into the firm.

Ce travail se propose d'étudier les échanges d'expérience entre villes et les interactions d'acteurs gravitant autour de la transformation du cadre urbain, à partir du cas de l'ingénierie sanitaire. Ce domaine d'intervention, développé à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, visant à assurer la distribution d'une eau pure et l'épuration des déchets produits par l'organisme urbain, a provoqué de nombreux phénomènes de circulation des savoirs et de l'information, entre techniciens municipaux, élus, spécialistes nationaux, administrateurs et inventeurs ou entrepreneurs, se rencontrant par toutes sortes de réseaux.L'étude fine des procédures de prise de décision, depuis la collecte de la documentation jusqu'aux inaugurations de nouveaux équipements édilitaires, laisse apercevoir le chemin complexe par lequel la modernité technique s'est implantée en ville. L'attitude de l'Etat français à l'égard des enjeux hygiéniques a évolué, mais globalement, les cadres de l'intervention ne sont guère modifiés tout au long de la première moitié du XXe siècle. Enfin, ces circulations d'information permettent de mettre en lumière une diffusion des innovations originale, qui s'opère de façon horizontale et peu hiérarchisée au sein du réseau des villes françaises. L'aspect transnational des échanges techniques est un autre caractère marquant de ce phénomène, qui montre la capacité des gouvernements locaux à mettre en place des dispositifs techniques dans le contexte d'une expertise et d'une intervention étatique relativement discrètes. / The aim of this thesis is to study the exchange of knowledge between cities and the interactions between the forces interested in the transformation of the urban environment, using the case of sanitary engineering as a starting point. This field which was intended to provide pure water to city dwellers, as well as purifying waste, rose at the end of the nineteenth century thanks to numerous phenomena of knowledge and data circulation, among different networks linking municipal engineers and officials, sanitary inspectors, national experts and inventors.A careful study of the decision-making processes, from the documentation phase to the opening ceremonies of new facilities, enables us to perceive the complex path through which modern technology penetrated cities. In France, although the attitude of the State towards hygiene issues evolved, the general frame of the intervention of public authorities remained stable during the first half of the 20th century.The circulation of information and knowledge about sanitary engineering highlights an interesting process of innovation diffusion, which worked inside the French urban network without any strong hierarchical pattern but in a rather horizontal way. A transnational dimension appears in this process which underlines the ability of local governments to implement technological facilities in a context of relatively weak State expertise and intervention.

The purpose of this study was to explore, describe and examine how early childhood teachers utilize and integrate the arts (music, drama, and visual arts) in teaching children ages 3 to 5. It also examined the formal and informal arts education background of early childhood teachers, the relationship between teacher training and educational practice and the role it plays in teachers’ use of music, drama and visual arts in their curriculum. Data was collected through the use of the Arts Integration Questionnaire (AIQ) and by observations, Arts Integration observation Protocol (AIOP). A total of 91 early childhood teachers completed the questionnaire; it included background information as well as general aspects of teacher’s knowledge about the arts, an exploration of the use of the arts in their classrooms, and an exploration of arts integration with other academic subjects. From those participants, 20 teachers were randomly selected to participate in the observations. The results of the study indicated that the majority of teachers have received formal and informal training in music, followed closely by visual arts, and very little in drama. Overall teachers were found to use music more than visual arts and drama in their classrooms; more time is spend on musical activities than in any other form. Again teachers preferred music because they considered it to be more beneficial than drama and the visual arts. This study revealed an array of reasoning behind the arts use in the classroom including addressing different learning styles, students’ preference, and stimulating students’ creativity. There was no statistical significant difference between a teacher’s background training and experience and their use of music and drama into their early childhood classroom. In the case of visual arts there is a statistical significant difference meaning that teachers need training and experience to help them develop an understanding of the visual arts. And finally teachers do integrate the arts with other academic subjects with the purpose of developing skills, explore roles, and to asses learning and understanding of concepts. Recommendations for professional development, teacher education, and further research are discussed.

These three papers examine "productive failure" as a viable learning design to improve problem solving skills using open-ended problems. Productive failure, a teaching method, is based on the premise of unsuccessful learning performance in solving for complex problems with little to no support while yielding productive learning for subsequent problems. Kapur (2008) argues that hidden efficacies of learning exist in failure in which learners potentially learn through experimentation from their exploration and struggle in solving complex problems in a way that learners must first try and solve complex, novel problems on their own, but ultimately will fail to reach a solution. We have limited understanding if this type of design would be effective on complex problems with multiple solutions since previous studies on productive failure focused on problems with a canonical solution. In the three papers, I examine the extent to which students learn how to solve moral dilemmas in productive failure (PF) compared to lecture and practice (LP) and to what extent instruction in PF helps students learn skills in transferable problem solving. One paper describes a pilot study that was conducted with 21 second-year dental hygiene students. In the randomized-controlled study, analysis did not show significant differences on moral reasoning (p = .06) and transfer of knowledge (p = .58) between PF and LP instructional method. However, the effect size on students' posttest scores was high (d = .76) which as a result of the educational intervention, suggests that PF students demonstrated acquisition of new thinking and approached the complex problem in a more sophisticated moral way of thinking. To replicate these findings, the results from the pilot study were used to make adjustments in instructional and research design for a full-scale study. The second study on 77 second-year dental hygiene students from four dental hygiene programs further shows that PF students gained a deeper conceptual understanding and were better prepared for subsequent problems. PF students, I found, demonstrated greater shifts from simplistic thinking to post conventional thinking compared to LP students. Although PF students performed similarly when compared to LP students on their posttest scores in the moral responses, LP students scored lower than their pretest problem and the difference between pretest and posttest scores in LP School had a moderate effect in a negative direction (d= -.64). Findings in both studies suggest that productive failure design has the potential to help students reach a deeper conceptual understanding when they 1) analyze their own failure; 2) use the learned concept to build upon their own prior knowledge; and 3) repair existing mental models to successfully solve complex problems. As such, continued exploration of various instructional approaches like productive failure is still needed as alternatives to lecture and practice for developing problem solving skills.

After nursing school, graduate nurses complete a licensure examination to demonstrate possession of the minimal knowledge necessary to practice nursing. Even with the successful completion of the examination, many new graduate nurses still lack the competencies required for safe practice. This discrepancy between demonstrated knowledge and competent practice, which is termed a transition-to-practice gap, is a safety issue especially for persons with chronic illnesses. The purpose of this study was to identify and clarify this transition gap to determine possible solutions in the local setting of a large health care system. The theoretical model framing this investigation was Benner's novice to expert theory. A descriptive case study was used to answer the research question regarding which competencies new graduate nurses should possess to facilitate their transition from an educational setting to a practice setting. Purposeful sampling yielded 4 nursing staff educators who had worked with graduate nurses in the past 12 months. Data from interviews with participants were coded using in vivo, initial, and axial coding. Participants reported that graduate nurses lacked adequate communication, socialization, and technical skills. Poor communication and socialization proficiencies compromised collaborative patient care, while the absence of technical skills such as physical assessment impaired direct patient care. Findings supported the development of a transition-to-practice course to prepare graduate nurses to provide quality health care. The implications of social change resulting from this transition-to-practice course may include the positive transformation of new graduate nurses, the improved professional nursing practice setting, and the positive health outcomes of community members.

Diese Veröffentlichung fasst Ergebnisse des EU-Projektes "protransfer" zusammen. Aufbauend auf der Formulierung eines Leitbildes zur grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit von Transferakteuren werden deren notwendige Kompetenzen abgeleitet und Inhalte für entsprechende Qualifizierungsmodule aufbereitet.

No description available.

Diese Veröffentlichung fasst Ergebnisse des EU-Projektes "protransfer" zusammen. Aufbauend auf der Formulierung eines Leitbildes zur grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit von Transferakteuren werden deren notwendige Kompetenzen abgeleitet und Inhalte für entsprechende Qualifizierungsmodule aufbereitet.