This thesis aims to examine particular problems that the Indonesian language poses for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The notation Indonesian~English translation substitutes the swung dash ~ substitutes for the hyphen -. This notation is used in this thesis to indicate translation either from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It is a convenient way to make it clear when translation is in both directions. A multifaceted approach to translation will enable translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator, who needs constantly to be aware of author~reader, source~target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and even politics. The use of metaphor and illustrations to describe the theoretical processes of translation is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in literature. To go a step further, it is important to see through the artificial distinction often made between interpretation and translation, so that translation acquires flexibility and a deeper ethical structure. A symbolic approach may be used by the translator., involving the perception of modules within text, identified with symbols, that can facilitate the process of translation. With Indonesian, the influx of foreign words occurred in three identifiable stages, Sanskrit, Arabic and Dutch/English. In relation to Indonesian~ English translation, the levels of Javanese and the co-existing presence of the Jakarta dialect may be compared to English vocabulary levels, for example Anglo- Saxon versus Latinate forms. This means an awareness of the existence of layers on the part of the translator. It does not imply a match between the layers in each language, philological layers between English and Indonesian, or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesian. The hypothesis put forward is that there are advantages for the translator in being aware of waves of foreign and regional input that are part of the history of Indonesian as well as English, and that there is potential for creative utilisation of the resources of the two languages. Although a match between the layers in each language or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesianis not implied, it is useful to recognise word origins where this may impact on the appropriate translation. Examination of the corpus presented in this thesis has shown that the history of Indonesian words can readily affect their meaning, while the history of English words may affect the choice of terms/. Nevertheless it has proved difficult to demonstrate any particular effect of the history or layer of meaning on the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by reference to the history of English terminology. The hypothesis then may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of Indonesian terms, like that of English terms, is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms. The other hypothesis in this thesis is that texts or terms can be viewed as a root system containing various nodes content that the translator can respond to and wrap into the translated version, with the form of the target text possibly differing from that of the source text. The process of translation can be compared to a process of unpackaging various semantic and other elements in a unit to be translated and repackaging them for the target version. The undbundling~rebundling hypothesis is in the end a very practical matter. It aims to enlarge the discretion of the translator to carry over content with judicious changes in form. It is fair to summarise examination of the corpus by concluding that evidence of the need for unbundling~rebundling has not been convincingly presented in this thesis. It is also fair to say that in general the English translation has followed the order of the Indonesian original quite closely, and this means that a process of unbundling~rebundling is often unlikely to be necessary. Nevertheless the validity of the unbundling~rebundling approach remains, and if a text requires this kind of analysis there is ample justification for its use.

This thesis aims to examine particular problems that the Indonesian language poses for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The notation Indonesian~English translation substitutes the swung dash ~ substitutes for the hyphen -. This notation is used in this thesis to indicate translation either from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It is a convenient way to make it clear when translation is in both directions. A multifaceted approach to translation will enable translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator, who needs constantly to be aware of author~reader, source~target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and even politics. The use of metaphor and illustrations to describe the theoretical processes of translation is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in literature. To go a step further, it is important to see through the artificial distinction often made between interpretation and translation, so that translation acquires flexibility and a deeper ethical structure. A symbolic approach may be used by the translator., involving the perception of modules within text, identified with symbols, that can facilitate the process of translation. With Indonesian, the influx of foreign words occurred in three identifiable stages, Sanskrit, Arabic and Dutch/English. In relation to Indonesian~ English translation, the levels of Javanese and the co-existing presence of the Jakarta dialect may be compared to English vocabulary levels, for example Anglo- Saxon versus Latinate forms. This means an awareness of the existence of layers on the part of the translator. It does not imply a match between the layers in each language, philological layers between English and Indonesian, or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesian. The hypothesis put forward is that there are advantages for the translator in being aware of waves of foreign and regional input that are part of the history of Indonesian as well as English, and that there is potential for creative utilisation of the resources of the two languages. Although a match between the layers in each language or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesianis not implied, it is useful to recognise word origins where this may impact on the appropriate translation. Examination of the corpus presented in this thesis has shown that the history of Indonesian words can readily affect their meaning, while the history of English words may affect the choice of terms/. Nevertheless it has proved difficult to demonstrate any particular effect of the history or layer of meaning on the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by reference to the history of English terminology. The hypothesis then may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of Indonesian terms, like that of English terms, is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms. The other hypothesis in this thesis is that texts or terms can be viewed as a root system containing various nodes content that the translator can respond to and wrap into the translated version, with the form of the target text possibly differing from that of the source text. The process of translation can be compared to a process of unpackaging various semantic and other elements in a unit to be translated and repackaging them for the target version. The undbundling~rebundling hypothesis is in the end a very practical matter. It aims to enlarge the discretion of the translator to carry over content with judicious changes in form. It is fair to summarise examination of the corpus by concluding that evidence of the need for unbundling~rebundling has not been convincingly presented in this thesis. It is also fair to say that in general the English translation has followed the order of the Indonesian original quite closely, and this means that a process of unbundling~rebundling is often unlikely to be necessary. Nevertheless the validity of the unbundling~rebundling approach remains, and if a text requires this kind of analysis there is ample justification for its use.

This thesis aims to examine particular problems that the Indonesian language poses for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The notation Indonesian~English translation substitutes the swung dash ~ substitutes for the hyphen -. This notation is used in this thesis to indicate translation either from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It is a convenient way to make it clear when translation is in both directions. A multifaceted approach to translation will enable translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator, who needs constantly to be aware of author~reader, source~target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and even politics. The use of metaphor and illustrations to describe the theoretical processes of translation is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in literature. To go a step further, it is important to see through the artificial distinction often made between interpretation and translation, so that translation acquires flexibility and a deeper ethical structure. A symbolic approach may be used by the translator., involving the perception of modules within text, identified with symbols, that can facilitate the process of translation. With Indonesian, the influx of foreign words occurred in three identifiable stages, Sanskrit, Arabic and Dutch/English. In relation to Indonesian~ English translation, the levels of Javanese and the co-existing presence of the Jakarta dialect may be compared to English vocabulary levels, for example Anglo- Saxon versus Latinate forms. This means an awareness of the existence of layers on the part of the translator. It does not imply a match between the layers in each language, philological layers between English and Indonesian, or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesian. The hypothesis put forward is that there are advantages for the translator in being aware of waves of foreign and regional input that are part of the history of Indonesian as well as English, and that there is potential for creative utilisation of the resources of the two languages. Although a match between the layers in each language or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesianis not implied, it is useful to recognise word origins where this may impact on the appropriate translation. Examination of the corpus presented in this thesis has shown that the history of Indonesian words can readily affect their meaning, while the history of English words may affect the choice of terms/. Nevertheless it has proved difficult to demonstrate any particular effect of the history or layer of meaning on the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by reference to the history of English terminology. The hypothesis then may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of Indonesian terms, like that of English terms, is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms. The other hypothesis in this thesis is that texts or terms can be viewed as a root system containing various nodes content that the translator can respond to and wrap into the translated version, with the form of the target text possibly differing from that of the source text. The process of translation can be compared to a process of unpackaging various semantic and other elements in a unit to be translated and repackaging them for the target version. The undbundling~rebundling hypothesis is in the end a very practical matter. It aims to enlarge the discretion of the translator to carry over content with judicious changes in form. It is fair to summarise examination of the corpus by concluding that evidence of the need for unbundling~rebundling has not been convincingly presented in this thesis. It is also fair to say that in general the English translation has followed the order of the Indonesian original quite closely, and this means that a process of unbundling~rebundling is often unlikely to be necessary. Nevertheless the validity of the unbundling~rebundling approach remains, and if a text requires this kind of analysis there is ample justification for its use.

This thesis aims to examine particular problems that the Indonesian language poses for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The notation Indonesian~English translation substitutes the swung dash ~ substitutes for the hyphen -. This notation is used in this thesis to indicate translation either from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It is a convenient way to make it clear when translation is in both directions. A multifaceted approach to translation will enable translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator, who needs constantly to be aware of author~reader, source~target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and even politics. The use of metaphor and illustrations to describe the theoretical processes of translation is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in literature. To go a step further, it is important to see through the artificial distinction often made between interpretation and translation, so that translation acquires flexibility and a deeper ethical structure. A symbolic approach may be used by the translator., involving the perception of modules within text, identified with symbols, that can facilitate the process of translation. With Indonesian, the influx of foreign words occurred in three identifiable stages, Sanskrit, Arabic and Dutch/English. In relation to Indonesian~ English translation, the levels of Javanese and the co-existing presence of the Jakarta dialect may be compared to English vocabulary levels, for example Anglo- Saxon versus Latinate forms. This means an awareness of the existence of layers on the part of the translator. It does not imply a match between the layers in each language, philological layers between English and Indonesian, or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesian. The hypothesis put forward is that there are advantages for the translator in being aware of waves of foreign and regional input that are part of the history of Indonesian as well as English, and that there is potential for creative utilisation of the resources of the two languages. Although a match between the layers in each language or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesianis not implied, it is useful to recognise word origins where this may impact on the appropriate translation. Examination of the corpus presented in this thesis has shown that the history of Indonesian words can readily affect their meaning, while the history of English words may affect the choice of terms/. Nevertheless it has proved difficult to demonstrate any particular effect of the history or layer of meaning on the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by reference to the history of English terminology. The hypothesis then may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of Indonesian terms, like that of English terms, is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms. The other hypothesis in this thesis is that texts or terms can be viewed as a root system containing various nodes content that the translator can respond to and wrap into the translated version, with the form of the target text possibly differing from that of the source text. The process of translation can be compared to a process of unpackaging various semantic and other elements in a unit to be translated and repackaging them for the target version. The undbundling~rebundling hypothesis is in the end a very practical matter. It aims to enlarge the discretion of the translator to carry over content with judicious changes in form. It is fair to summarise examination of the corpus by concluding that evidence of the need for unbundling~rebundling has not been convincingly presented in this thesis. It is also fair to say that in general the English translation has followed the order of the Indonesian original quite closely, and this means that a process of unbundling~rebundling is often unlikely to be necessary. Nevertheless the validity of the unbundling~rebundling approach remains, and if a text requires this kind of analysis there is ample justification for its use.

This thesis aims to examine particular problems that the Indonesian language poses for translators, whether translating from Indonesian to English or English to Indonesian. The notation Indonesian~English translation substitutes the swung dash ~ substitutes for the hyphen -. This notation is used in this thesis to indicate translation either from Indonesian to English or from English to Indonesian. It is a convenient way to make it clear when translation is in both directions. A multifaceted approach to translation will enable translation to be viewed in much the same way as the kinds of demands it places on the translator, who needs constantly to be aware of author~reader, source~target culture, syntax, semantics, semiotics, even geography and even politics. The use of metaphor and illustrations to describe the theoretical processes of translation is justified in the same way that imagery is justified in literature. To go a step further, it is important to see through the artificial distinction often made between interpretation and translation, so that translation acquires flexibility and a deeper ethical structure. A symbolic approach may be used by the translator., involving the perception of modules within text, identified with symbols, that can facilitate the process of translation. With Indonesian, the influx of foreign words occurred in three identifiable stages, Sanskrit, Arabic and Dutch/English. In relation to Indonesian~ English translation, the levels of Javanese and the co-existing presence of the Jakarta dialect may be compared to English vocabulary levels, for example Anglo- Saxon versus Latinate forms. This means an awareness of the existence of layers on the part of the translator. It does not imply a match between the layers in each language, philological layers between English and Indonesian, or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesian. The hypothesis put forward is that there are advantages for the translator in being aware of waves of foreign and regional input that are part of the history of Indonesian as well as English, and that there is potential for creative utilisation of the resources of the two languages. Although a match between the layers in each language or strict equivalence between one set of borrowings in English and one in Indonesianis not implied, it is useful to recognise word origins where this may impact on the appropriate translation. Examination of the corpus presented in this thesis has shown that the history of Indonesian words can readily affect their meaning, while the history of English words may affect the choice of terms/. Nevertheless it has proved difficult to demonstrate any particular effect of the history or layer of meaning on the choice of terminology in translation. It seems that once the Indonesian term has been understood, the translation that will emerge will not particularly be bound by reference to the history of English terminology. The hypothesis then may be reduced to an observation that the derivation of Indonesian terms, like that of English terms, is important in fully understanding the scope of meaning of the terms. The other hypothesis in this thesis is that texts or terms can be viewed as a root system containing various nodes content that the translator can respond to and wrap into the translated version, with the form of the target text possibly differing from that of the source text. The process of translation can be compared to a process of unpackaging various semantic and other elements in a unit to be translated and repackaging them for the target version. The undbundling~rebundling hypothesis is in the end a very practical matter. It aims to enlarge the discretion of the translator to carry over content with judicious changes in form. It is fair to summarise examination of the corpus by concluding that evidence of the need for unbundling~rebundling has not been convincingly presented in this thesis. It is also fair to say that in general the English translation has followed the order of the Indonesian original quite closely, and this means that a process of unbundling~rebundling is often unlikely to be necessary. Nevertheless the validity of the unbundling~rebundling approach remains, and if a text requires this kind of analysis there is ample justification for its use.

"March 1990". / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English & Linguistics, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 219-221. / PART ONE: Research preliminaries -- The occurrence of shifts and the question of equivalence in translation -- Research methodology -- Theoretical orientation to the analysis of translation and texts -- The profile of major discourse types in Bahasa Indonesia -- PAERT TWO: Chapters of analysis -- The translation of procedural discourses -- The translation of hortatory discourses -- The translation of expository discourses -- The translation of narrative discourses -- PART THREE: Chapters of discussion -- Synthesis of translation shifts -- Translation types and translation equivalence at the textual level -- PART FOUR: Concluding chapter -- Conclusion and implications. / The study focuses on translation shifts, on their occurrence and their consequences, and especially how they relate to the question of equivalence in translation. For this purpose, eight Indonesian source language texts (SLTs) and eighty English translations (TLTs) were analysed, in terms of their, notional and prominent text features, rhetorical purpose, cohesion, topic-comment structures, and topical progression. The results of the analysis show how translators' behaviour and reactions to the SLTs vary, as indicated by divergencies in their translations. The variations indicate the kinds of shift fostered in the translation: obligatory and/or optional. -- Another fruit of the study is the identification of a number of shiftsensitive items in Indonesian grammar, such as /DI-/, /NG-/, /-LAH/. The textual effects of the shifts vary from the localized shift of interpersonal tenor to global shifts affecting text type and sub-type, and even to shifts of referential meaning. Although the shifts of text type and of sub-type show a tendency towards directness and neutrality, the shifts raise the question of whether or not the resulting TLTs can be considered as justified translations and as translation equivalences. The answer is the need to postulate a more flexible and wider view of equivalence, whilst setting up limits to acceptance of shifts which cause mistranslations, i.e shifts of referential meaning. This view provides a basis for distinguishing translation from adaptation and from mistranslation, a distinction which has hitherto been taken for granted in translation and in the training of translators. -- Appendices containing the TL texts (the SL texts are presented in each chapter of analysis) are presented at the back of the thesis. There is also a glossary of terms used in the study. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / viii, 250 leaves

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

No description available.

More importantly, the possibility is explored that this critical methodology can be employed to examine the translations of DDJ produced in other periods, so as to ask and answer questions of the representation of the source text and the construction of the translator’s identities. This thesis is organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on the study of translations of DDJ, and discusses the issues arising from approaches discussed above. Chapter 2 sets out the theoretical framework within which to pursue the line of inquiry proposed by this thesis. Chapters 3 to 8 provide detailed analyses of the representations of the six translations under study, and discuss the construction of the translator’s identity in each of these translations. Chapter 9 provides a summary of the findings, and suggests potential avenues for future research ;自1868年以来，到2011年为止，至少产生了143个《道德经》英译本，大部分译本都附有序言、评论、注释等副文本。Julia M. Hardy以及受其影响的学者将20世纪上半叶《道德经》英译的道家阐释总结为：一种可以帮助西方反思、批评或解救西方文化危机的东方智慧。但是本研究发现，此结论与已有的一些研究成果并不完全相符。不完全相符的原因在于，以往研究在总结某个时期的译本道家阐释时，未能批判使用“历史分期和“译者背景这两种研究途径来选择译本和阐释译本内容；而在这背后主导这两种研究途径的是均质、统一、连续、进步的历史观，以及离具体历史语境的、单一、固定的身份观。 针对以上《道德经》英译的研究途径问题，本研究将引入Michel Foucault（1972/2002）所提出的异质、断裂的历史观，以及Stuart Hall（1990，1992，1996）主张的历史构建的，变化的，复杂的身份观。在这两种理论视角之下，结合Hall（1997）的表征概念和Foucault（1981）的话语概念，来考察20世纪上半叶（1936年-1950年）所有中国译者的6个英译本，并将译文及与之相关的副文本结合起来，分析道家思想在这些译本中是如何被表征的，以及译者在表征过程中是如何构建其身份的。 本研究发现，在6个译本分析中，其中3个译本在不同程度上符合以往研究所总结的这一时期的道家阐释一种可以帮助西方反思、批评或解救西方文化危机的东方智慧；而其余三个译者则使用其他各种话语建构出完全不同面貌的道家思想；并且6个译者身份有着与其背景极为复杂的融合、排斥和转化关系，构建出一种变化、复杂，历史构建的译者身份。因此，“历史分期或“译者背景仍然可以作为研究的起点确立研究《道德经》英译史的范围，但需要批判地使用，从副文本出发结合与之紧密相关的正文考察译本表征和译者身份。更为重要的是，在后续的《道德经》英译史研究中，可以将这一方法去进一步考察其余各个时期和（或）有着某种译者背景的译本，揭示可能存在的译本表征和译者身份的多样性和复杂性。 全文共分九章。第一章为绪论，介绍《道德经》英译研究背景和研究现状，并反思均质、连续历史观和非历史身份观所带来的问题。第二章为理论框架，运用Foucault和Hall的相关理论思想来继续探讨这些问题。第三章到第八章将逐章详细分析每一个译本的道家表征，再据此探讨各个译者身份的构建。第九章为本研究结论和意义。 =During the period 1868-2011, at least 143 English translations of the Daoist classic Dao De Jing (DDJ) were published, most of which were accompanied by a preface, commentary, annotation or other paratexts. Julia M. Hardy, whose work has exerted great influence on many scholars, has concluded that the translations of DDJ produced during the first half of the twentieth century were intended to provide a kind of eastern wisdom capable of helping the West to examine, critique or save its own culture, which was perceived to be in a state of crisis. However, a review of the literature suggests that Hardy’s conclusion has limited applicability, and it is argued here that this limited applicability can be attributed to the problematic use of periodization and background information about translators, which reflects an uncritical application of methodologies informed by a historical perspective that stresses homogeneity, unity, continuity and progress, as well as by a view of identity as non-historical, single and fixed. To address issues arising from the application of these methodologies to the study of translations of DDJ, this thesis adopts a historical perspective informed by Michel Foucault’s (1972/2002) discussion of heterogeneity and discontinuity, and follows Stuart Hall’s (1990, 1992, 1996) view of identity as historical, unfixed and complicated. With reference to Hall’s (1997) discussions about representation and Foucault’s (1981) discussions about discourse, thesis will examine all the six English translations of DDJ, along with the paratexts, published between 1936 and 1950, with a view to investigating how Daoism is represented in each of these translations and how the translators’ identities are constructed in the process of representing DDJ. Investigation shows that, of the six translations, three translations are to different degrees consistent with the conclusion drawn by previous studies that Daoism is treated as an eastern wisdom capable of helping the West to examine, critique or save its own culture. In the other three translations, however, Daoism is presented quite differently, with reference to various discourses. Moreover, the six translators’ identities are intricately related to their social, cultural or educational backgrounds. They may be integrated, excluded, and (or) transformed, as complex, provisional identities are constructed in historical contexts. These findings, to some extent, suggest that translators’ backgrounds and periodization can be critically employed as a starting point for demarcating the scope of study. However, such approaches should be supplemented by a thorough and systematic examination of paratexts.

Even though English and French are spoken by people who have shared very similar cultural influences, that of the western European area, and have borrowed words from each other repeatedly for a thousand years or so, their modes of expression reflect basic differences in their conception of reality so that translation from one language into the other becomes a very intricate process. It appeared to us that the most useful guideline and best starting point for assessing where French and English differ, where they resemble each other, and the inherent problems encountered in translating from one language into the other, was outlined in Vinay and DarbeInet’s Stylistique comparée du francais et de l'anglais—Méthode de traduction. Practical applications of this method are illustrated throughout this thesis by translation analyses from selected passages of certain works by Albert Camus which were translated both into British English and into American English. This study therefore uses that method as its basic framework and borrows from it its outline in three main sections. These are, in Vinay and Darbelnet's French terminology: "le lexique", "l'agencement", and "le message". Words do not have a meaning by themselves; their signification is assigned to them by the people who use them. There seldom is a one-to-one relationship between a given word and a particular meaning. The meaning of words is determined by the context of the sentence or utterance in which it is found. There are a variety of ways of interpreting and therefore of translating a given word, groups of words as well as idiomatic expressions and others which, having become part of the language over the centuries, will require the use of certain techniques for their rendering into the other language; this will be the subject of the first section: "le lexique". In most instances, furthermore, sentences cannot be translated without undergoing some change in their structure; this will be examined in the second section: "l’agencement". Finally, once the sentences are organized into paragraphs, there remains for the translator the most delicate task of all, that of ascertaining that all possible hidden meanings can be sensed in his version as they are in the original, that the tone of the latter has been respected in order to achieve total meaning—these questions will be dealt with in the third section: "le message". In their work Stylistique comparée du frangais et de l'anglais, Vinay and Darbelnet have concluded, after an extensive and methodical comparison of the various means by which French and English speaking people express themselves, that most of the differences between the two systems of expression can be classified into seven categories, for each of which they provide a technique of translation. The first three are extremely simple: "l'emprunt", "le calque" and "la traduction littérale"; the other four are progressively more complex: "la transposition", "la modulation", "l'equivalence" and "l'adaptation. While this method does not answer all the problems that may face the translator in translating from one language into another, it provides a useful beginning as illustrated through the analyses in this study. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate