[pt] Vários aspectos de um sistema elétrico de potência devem ser avaliados em detalhe antes de sua construção e operação. A escolha dos níveis de isolamento utilizadas é editada pelas condições em regime permanente e de sobre tensões que poderão ocorrer no sistema. Naturalmente, as linhas de transmissão veículos de transporte de energia estão intimamente ligadas a este problema. A sua perfeita operação determina níveis de atendimento apropriados aos consumidores. Portanto, é de extrema importância que se conheça o comportamento do isolamento do sistema de transmissão. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo fornecer ao engenheiro condições d analisar a performance de uma linha de transmissão quando submetida a surtos atmosféricos e a surtos de manobra através de dois programas desenvolvidos para o computador digital HP- 2100. / [en] Many aspects of an electric utility power system design must be evaluated in detail prior to construction and operation. The choice of insulation requirements on eletric utility system equipment is dictated both by the steady state conditions as well as by overvoltages which can occur on the system. Transmission lines, which are the way to carry energy, are certainly involved in this problem. Therefore it is very important to know their insulation behavior. The purpose of this work is to give the engineer conditions to analyze transmission lines behavior, by way of two digital programs, one concerning lightining strokes and the other switching surges.

In India, the natural energy resources (thermal and hydro) are unevenly distributed and are mostly present in the remote areas and the load centers are distributed across various regions of the country. Therefore high voltage lines have become necessary for the devel-opment of large interconnected power networks and for the reliable and economic transfer of power. The increase in electric power demand due to the electric load growth has lead to the expansion of the transmission systems to ultra high voltage levels. Presently, Ultra High Voltage (UHV) power transmission lines are being built to transfer large electric power to distant load centers from the generating stations. Increasing the line voltage increases the surge impedance loading, stability and the thermal capacity of the line. Lightning is one of the major causes for the line outages and interruptions of UHV power lines. A lightning strike generates a very large voltage leading to insulator puncture, melting, burning and pitting of conductors and the supporting hardware. Lightning can lead to transient over-voltages thus leading to ash-over in the power transmission lines which are dangerous for the power equipments as well as for the human beings working in the vicinity. Ground wires are used for the protection of overhead power transmission lines against a lightning stroke. The overhead ground wires are installed such that the lightning attaches to it and shunts the lightning current to the ground through the tower, thus protecting the phase conductors. Shielding failure happens when the lightning strikes the phase conductor instead of the ground wires. Lightning shielding failure is a major con-cern in UHV lines due to their large height, very high operating voltage and wide exposure area of the phase conductors. The lightning over-voltages injected on the phase conductor (shielding failure) nally reaches the substation causing serious threat to the substation components and can lead to temporary or permanent outage of the power transmission system. There have been cases of very high shielding failure ash-overs of UHV lines and thus lightning attachment to power transmission lines need to be studied in detail to reduce the power system line outages. Several models such as electro-geometric model (EGM) and leader progression model (LPM) have been developed to study the shielding failure of power transmission lines. EGM has been extensively used to obtain lightning attachment to power transmission lines but in recent years it is seen that EGM is unable to accurately predict the lightning attach-ment to UHVAC lines. The shielding failure rates obtained by EGM does not match with the observed shielding failure rate for UHV lines. For this reason LPM is considered to obtain lightning attachment to UHV lines but LPM in its initial stage do not deal with the detailed physics of the upward leader inception, i.e., corona inception and unstable as well as stable upward leader inception from the object on the ground. In this thesis a model for the lightning attachment has been developed based on the present knowledge of the lightning physics. The thesis mainly focuses on the modelling of upward leader inception and propagation for lightning attachment to UHV power trans-mission lines. Upward leader inception is modeled based on the corona charge present near the conductor region and the upward leader propagation model is based on the correlation between the lightning induced voltage on the conductor and the voltage drop along the upward leader channel. The present model considers corona inception and modelling of unstable and stable upward leader inception from the ground object for the analysis of the lightning attachment process. The upward leader inception model developed is compared with the previous inception models and the results obtained using the present and previous models are found to be comparable. Lightning striking distances ( nal jump) for various lightning return stroke current were computed for di erent conductor heights using present lightning attachment model. It is seen that the striking distance increases with the increase in lightning re-turn stroke current and increases with increase in conductor heights. The striking distance computed using the present model matches with the value calculated using the equation proposed by the IEEE working group for the applicable conductor heights of up to 8 m. The in uence of the conductor operating voltage, cloud electric eld, lightning down-ward leader lateral distance, conductor length, transmission line tower and conductor sag on the upward lightning leader inception are analysed and reported in the thesis. It is found that the lightning attraction to power transmission line increases with increase in conductor positive operating voltage and decreases with increase in conductor negative op-erating voltage. The presence of transmission line tower reduces the lightning attachment to the conductor lines and the probability of lightning strike decreases with the increase in downward leader lateral distance from the conductor lines. The present lightning attachment model is applied to study the shielding failure of UHV power transmission lines rated for 1200 kV ac (delta and horizontal con guration) and for 800 kV dc (with and without a dedicated metallic return conductor) and thereby the lightning shielding failure ash-over rate is computed for the UHV power transmission lines. It is seen that the lightning shielding rate for UHV power transmission lines depend on the lateral distance of the downward leader channel, instantaneous 50 Hz voltage on the transmission line conductor, height of the transmission line conductor, induced voltages on the conductor and the lightning return stroke current.

A transmissão de grandes blocos de energia elétrica por longas distâncias é uma tecnologia cujo domínio é de bastante interesse para o Brasil, devido às suas características de grande dimensão territorial, com uma distância considerável entre geração e centros de carga, e com um grande potencial energético ainda não explorado. A solução mais utilizada na transmissão em corrente alternada convencional, que é a compensação, ao longo da linha, da reatância série e paralela, se torna dispendiosa quando aplicada em distâncias muito longas. Sabe-se que a transmissão em corrente continua é uma solução viável para este tipo de transmissão. Outra opção, que é objeto deste trabalho, é a transmissão em linhas de \"pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda\", cujo principal atrativo é o fato de as distâncias entre as gerações na Amazônia e os centros de carga no Sudeste brasileiro serem bastante próximas do meio comprimento de onda das tensões e correntes alternadas em 60 Hz. Neste trabalho, serão descritas etapas de definição de condutor economicamente mais adequado e projeto da geometria da torre. Com base nesses dados, serão avaliados algumas propriedades das linhas de meia onda, durante operação normal, curtos-circuitos e energização. Serão também analisadas as perdas resistivas. / Bulk power transmission over long distances is a technology of much interest to Brazil, due mainly to the large territory owned with considerable distances between generation and the load centers; to which, it can be added the large amount of energetic potential still unexplored. When conventional AC power transmission is used, usually it is necessary to provide series and shunt compensation, solution that becomes expensive when applied to very long distances. It is known, though, that DC power transmission is still a viable solution to this type of transmission. In this work, differently of the above alternatives, it will be addressed another type of transmission, the so-called half-wavelength transmission lines (HWLL). One interesting requirement of this technology is the fact that these lines should be about 2500 km long, which is approximately the same distance between the generation area (Amazon region) and the load centers located in the Southeast region of the country. In this work, it will be suggested some steps to define the most suitable conductor cross section resulting from the compromise between line components acquisition and installation costs as well as power loss costs. Subsequently, a suitable geometry for the tower that could be used will be selected. Some of the properties of HWLL will be assessed for normal operation, short circuits and line energization. Finally, Joule losses will also be examined.

A transmissão de grandes blocos de energia elétrica por longas distâncias é uma tecnologia cujo domínio é de bastante interesse para o Brasil, devido às suas características de grande dimensão territorial, com uma distância considerável entre geração e centros de carga, e com um grande potencial energético ainda não explorado. A solução mais utilizada na transmissão em corrente alternada convencional, que é a compensação, ao longo da linha, da reatância série e paralela, se torna dispendiosa quando aplicada em distâncias muito longas. Sabe-se que a transmissão em corrente continua é uma solução viável para este tipo de transmissão. Outra opção, que é objeto deste trabalho, é a transmissão em linhas de \"pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda\", cujo principal atrativo é o fato de as distâncias entre as gerações na Amazônia e os centros de carga no Sudeste brasileiro serem bastante próximas do meio comprimento de onda das tensões e correntes alternadas em 60 Hz. Neste trabalho, serão descritas etapas de definição de condutor economicamente mais adequado e projeto da geometria da torre. Com base nesses dados, serão avaliados algumas propriedades das linhas de meia onda, durante operação normal, curtos-circuitos e energização. Serão também analisadas as perdas resistivas. / Bulk power transmission over long distances is a technology of much interest to Brazil, due mainly to the large territory owned with considerable distances between generation and the load centers; to which, it can be added the large amount of energetic potential still unexplored. When conventional AC power transmission is used, usually it is necessary to provide series and shunt compensation, solution that becomes expensive when applied to very long distances. It is known, though, that DC power transmission is still a viable solution to this type of transmission. In this work, differently of the above alternatives, it will be addressed another type of transmission, the so-called half-wavelength transmission lines (HWLL). One interesting requirement of this technology is the fact that these lines should be about 2500 km long, which is approximately the same distance between the generation area (Amazon region) and the load centers located in the Southeast region of the country. In this work, it will be suggested some steps to define the most suitable conductor cross section resulting from the compromise between line components acquisition and installation costs as well as power loss costs. Subsequently, a suitable geometry for the tower that could be used will be selected. Some of the properties of HWLL will be assessed for normal operation, short circuits and line energization. Finally, Joule losses will also be examined.

An analytical solution for the coupled telegrapher’s equations in terms of the voltage and current on a homogeneous lossy transmission line and multiconductor transmission line is presented. The resulting telegrapher’s equation solution is obtained in the form of an exact time domain propagator operating on the line voltage and current. It is shown that the analytical equations lead to a stable numerical method that can be used in the analysis of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous transmission lines. A numerical dispersion relation is derived proving that this method has no numerical dispersion down to the two points per wavelength Nyquist limit. Examples are presented showing that exceptionally accurate results are obtained for lossy single and multiconductor transmission lines. The method is extended to represent the general solution to Maxwell’s differential equations in vector matrix form. It is shown that, given the electromagnetic field and boundary conditions at a given instant in time, the free space time domain propagator and corresponding dyadic Green’s functions in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensions can be used to calculate the field at all subsequent times.

[pt] As fundações dos elementos de apoio de uma linha aérea de transmissão de energia elétrica situam-se ao longo de extensos traçados, onde diferentes condições de apoio para as estruturas são encontradas em razão da variação natural dos horizontes. Tal configuração pode levar alternativamente a se programarem estudos e sondagens especiais em cada local de suporte, fazendo crescer os custos e prazos de projeto, ou ao contrário, reduzindo drasticamente a investigação, com prejuízos evidentes ao planejamento, execução e economia da obra de implantação da linha de transmissão. Dessa maneira, são organizados e propostos procedimentos para avaliação do terreno segundo as suas orografia, hidrografia, geologia e pedologia e do ambiente atmosférico local, cujas manifestações são capazes de impor severas solicitações às torres e, indiretamente, às fundações. É eleita a região da bacia do rio da Prata para constituir o grande cenário do estudo, quer pela abundância de dados e informações disponíveis sobre linhas de transmissão já em carga, ou ainda em construção, nessa região. Assim sendo, desenvolve-se uma metodização para orientar o estudo dessas fundações, considerando o conjunto torre x terreno x fundação e buscando soluções técnicas convenientes e economicamente aceitáveis, atendendo assim ao binário desempenho-custo. Para as torres são considerados os modelos auto-suportados e estaiados, o terreno é variado entre algumas categorias identificadas na região e as fundações são representadas pelas superficiais, em sapatas, e pelas profundas do tipo tubulão. Buscando, ainda, auxiliar no aprimoramento dos projetos de fundações para suportes de linhas de transmissão, é desenvolvido um estudo de confiabilidade estrutural tendo como modelo algumas das fundações pré-selecionadas para a metodização primariamente desenvolvida. São determinadas as probabilidades de falha dessas fundações através do programa FERUM e, a partir do levantamento dos prejuízos financeiros causados pela falha desses elementos, determina-se o risco de falha. Por último, é desenvolvido um estudo paramétrico para avaliar a influência do projeto de fundação, do tipo de solo e da velocidade de vento sobre a probabilidade de falha. / [en] The transmission line tower foundations are executed following extensive paths, where different structural foundation conditions are found, in reason of natural horizontal ground layer variations. Then, one may alternatively to schedule and to execute special and specific studies or, conversely, to substantially reduce the geothecnical investigation, with sensible economical loses in the transmission line design and behavior. In such way, a methodology is proposed to evaluate conveniently the site according to its geology, orography , hydrography and pedology as well to related atmospheric local manifestations, able to submit severe mechanical solicitations to the towers and their foundations. In this way, one proposes a methodology to govern the study of these foundations, considering the tower x site x foundation relations and searching for convenient technical and acceptable economical solutions. Guyed and self-supported models are considered for towers, and the foundations are represented by footings, as the superficial type, and piers, as the deep type. The rio do Prata basin is chosen to constitute the large scenery of the study, because its abundant available data concerned to already operational transmission lines, or still under design and construction ones. Moreover, seeking the improvement of the tower foundation design a study based on structural reliability is developed considering some foundation models selected as mentioned above. Foundation failure probabilities are determined by the FERUM computational program and the risk of failure is obtained from economical damages caused by foundation failures. In the last, a parametric study is developed to evaluate how does the failure probability behave according to variations in the foundation soil, wind velocity and footing dimensions and depth.

RF and microwave applications represent one of the fastest-growing segments of the high performance electronics market, where ongoing innovation is critical. Manufacturers compete intensively to meet market needs with reduced cost, size, weight and many other performance criteria demands. Under this scenario, transmission lines based on metamaterial concepts can be considered a very interesting alternative to the conventional transmission lines. They are more compact (compatible with planar manufacturing processes) and present higher degrees of design flexibility. Furthermore, metamaterial transmission lines can also provide many other unique properties not achievable with ordinary transmission lines, such as dispersion or impedance engineering. Nevertheless, the impact in the industry is still not relevant, mostly due to the complexity of the related synthesis and design procedures. These procedures are mainly based on the engineer’s experience, with the help of costly full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulators and parameter extraction methods. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to simplify and speed up the synthesis and design procedures of artificial transmission lines. In particular, the lines obtained by periodically loading a conventional transmission line with electrically small resonators, such as split ring resonators (SSRs) or its complementary particle (CSRR). The design procedure is automated by using Space Mapping techniques. In contrast to other alternative methods, real synthesis is found from the circuit schematic (that provides a given target response) and without need of human intervention. Some efforts to make the method practical and useful have been carried out. Given a certain target response, it is determined whether it can be physically implemented with a chosen technology, and hence proceeding next to find the synthesis, or not. For this purpose, a two-step Aggressive Space Mapping approach is successfully proposed. In contrast to other methods, the real synthesis is found from certain target circuit values (corresponding to the equivalent circuit model that characterizes the structure to be synthesized). Different efforts have been carried out in order to implement a useful and practical method. Some of them were focused to determine if, given certain circuit parameters (which determine the target response) and certain given technology specifications (permittivity and height of the substrate, technology limits), that response is physically realizable (convergence region). This technique was successfully formulated and it is known as “Two-Step Aggressive Space Mapping Approach”. In this work, the latest improvements made till date, from the synthesis of basic unit cells until different applications and kinds of metamaterial-based circuits, are presented. The results are promising and prove the validity of the method, as well as its potential application to other basic cells and more complex designs. The general knowledge gained from these cases of study can be considered a good base for a coming implementation in commercial software tools, which can help to improve its competitiveness in markets, and also contribute to a more general use of this technology. / Rodríguez Pérez, AM. (2014). Synthesis of Planar Microwave Circuits based on Metamaterial Concepts through Aggressive Space Mapping [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48465

Thesis: Elec. E., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980 / Bibliography: leaf 96. / by Jeffrey Clay McHarg. / Elec. E. / Elec. E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis relates to the design and characterization of a 10 kW L-band power combiner consisting of 8 input ports. The design is implemented in a non-radial planar transmission line architecture and operates between 1.2 and 1.4 GHz. Because of the ultra high power requirements for the combiner, special attention is given to the power handling capabilities of the transmission lines and the other components involved. Simulated S-parameter models of connector to stripline transitions and a one to four-way junction, as well as measured S-parameter models of high power terminations are incorporated in the final design. A 10 kW combiner was built and measured at low power only due to time constraints and the limited availability of high power sources. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of the graceful degradation of unit amplifiers, port mismatches and power combining efficiency.

Multi band technology helps in getting multiple operating frequencies using a single microwave device. This thesis presents the design of dual and tri band microwave devices using coupled transmission line structures. Chapter 2 presents the design of a novel dual band transmission line structure using coupled lines. In chapter 3, Design of a dual band branch line coupler and a dual band Wilkinson power divider are proposed using the novel dual band transmission line structure presented in the previous chapter. In chapter 4, Design of a tri band transmission line structure by extending the dual band structure is presented. The Conclusion and future work are presented in chapter 5.