Fault location detection plays a crucial role in power transmission network, especially on security, stabilization and economic aspects. Accurate fault location detection in transmission network helps to speed up the restoration time, therefore, reduce the outage time and improve the system reliability [1]. With the development of Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) and Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), various fault location algorithms have been proposed. The purpose of this work is to determine, modify and test the most appropriate fault location method which can be implemented with a PMU only linear state estimator. The thesis reviews several proposed fault location methods, such as, one-terminal [2], multi-terminal [3]-[11] and travelling wavelets methods [12]-[13]. A Two-stage fault location algorithm using PMU voltage measurements proposed by Q. Jiang [14] is identified as the best option for adaption to operate with a linear state estimator. The algorithm is discussed in details and several case studies are made to evaluate its effectiveness. The algorithm is shown to be easy to implement and adapt for operation with a linear state estimator. It only requires a limited number of PMU measurements, which makes it more practical than other existing methods. The algorithm is adapted and successfully tested on a real linear state estimator monitored high voltage transmission network. / Master of Science

[pt] Com o aumento das interligações elétricas entre países, surgiram vários desafios para reguladores e operadores do setor elétrico desses países. Um dos desafios mais importantes consiste em definir qual o custo pelo uso da transmissão de um país a outro país. O principal problema, neste caso, é que a informação elétrica de um país não está disponível para outros países, o que dificulta a devida alocação internacional pelo uso da transmissão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar possíveis soluções para o problema da alocação de custos pelo uso da transmissão em sistemas multiárea. Para isso, alguns métodos representativos pelo uso da transmissão serão combinados com diferentes técnicas para criar sistemas elétricos equivalentes, representando um país (ou uma área). São analisados os métodos Prorata, divisão proporcional (PS-Proportional Sharing), Zbus e EBE (E-quivalent Bilateral Exchange). Para gerar os equivalentes são considerados os seguintes modelos: equivalente baseado em uma rede otimizada equivalente (ROE), que cria linhas fictícias a partir das barras de fronteira de cada país e das tensões destas barras definidas no caso base; equivalente Ward, em que cada país estabelece seu sistema equivalente com o uso da técnica de fatoração da matriz de admitância nodal e; finalmente, o equivalente REI (Radial Equivalent Indepen-dent), no qual uma rede elétrica é reduzida a um equivalente radial. As análises dos métodos de alocação de custos pelo uso da transmissão junto aos sistemas equivalentes foram realizadas com os sistemas 9 barras e IEEE 24 barras, ambos com três áreas. / [en] With the increase of the electrical interconnections among countries, there were several challenges for regulators and operators in these countries. One of the most important challenges is to define what is the transmission cost usage from one country to another country. The main problem in this case is due to the elec-trical information of one country which is not available to another country, which makes difficult the multiarea transmission cost allocation. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine possible solutions for the multiarea transmission cost allocation problem. To do this, some representative methods for transmission cost allocation will be combined with techniques to create equivalent electrical systems, which will represent a country (or area). The transmission cost allocation methods used are: methods Pro-rata, proportional sharing (PS), Zbus and EBE (Equivalent Bilateral Exchange). To generate the equivalents are considered the following models: equivalent based on an optimized network equivalent (ONE), which creates fictitious lines based on the optimization problem considering the interconnection buses of the frontier of the country and voltage in these buses es-tablished for the base case; The Ward equivalent, in which each country creates an equivalent system based on the internal information of its area and, finally, the REI equivalent (Radial Equivalent Independent), in which the power grid is repre-sented by a radial system. Analyses of those transmission cost allocation methods and equivalent systems were performed for 9 bus and IEEE 24 bus, both with three areas.

[pt] Apresenta-se uma abrangente ferramenta de avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão, composta de índices com significado físico / matemático, propícia para uso na operação em tempo real. A ferramenta identifica se a solução de tensão para uma carga conectada à barra i está na parte superior, na inferior e a distância ao máximo carregamento da curva V x P,Q. Neste trabalho a enfâse está no desenvolvimento da margem de potência, distância em MVA do atual ao máximo carregamento, assim como na análise do ângulo entre os vetores-gradiente dos fluxos de potência ativa e reativa chegando / saindo de barras de carga / geração. Mostra-se a evolução desses índices durante um horizonte de tempo correspondente a uma rampa de carregamento do sistema. A área Rio do sistema brasileiro foi escolhida para observação por ter seu desempenho fortemente influenciado pela coordenação entre os diversos recursos de controle internos e externos e, também por ser um grande centro de carga com sistema de suprimento radial. A implementação das lógicas desses recursos de controle, caracterizada pela escolha das barras controladas e faixas de tensão, refletiram a experiência acumulada na operação do sistema, respeitando-se todos os limites operativos Verifica-se a ocorrência de situações extremas que levariam o sistema ao colapso de tensão. Apresenta-se ainda um estudo de barras associadas à compensação série no tronco de transmissão entre Itaipu a Tijuco Preto, barras que apresentam índices com valores atípicos. Conclui-se que o método computacional de avaliação das condições de segurança de tensão é adequado para a operação em tempo real, quando é monitorada a evolução dos índices relativos a uma seqüência de diferentes pontos de operação. / [en] This work presents a comprehensive and meaningful tool for voltage security assessment adequate for real time operational monitoring. With this tool it is possible to verify if the voltage is in the upper or in the lower region of the V, P,Q curve, as well as to quantify voltage stability margin. The emphasis of this work is on the development of margins, the distance in MVA from the current to the maximum loading, as well as on the analysis of the angle between the gradient vectors of active and reactive power flow leaving / arriving generation / load buses. It is shown the evolution of the indexes during a period of time that corresponds to a system-loading ramp. The Rio and Espírito Santo area of the Brazilian electric system was chosen for observation because its performance is strongly influenced by the co-ordination between the several types of internal and external existing controls. Also because this area represents a large load centre with an almost radial transmission system. The logic implementation of these control resources, characterised by controlled buses and voltage limits choice, respecting all the operational limits, reflected the operational experience acquired by system operators. It is verified the occurrence of extreme situations that could lead to voltage collapse in the network. It is also presented a study on the buses associated with series compensation on the Itaipu - Tijuco Preto bulk transmission path that present unusual values for the indexes. It is concluded that the computational method of voltage security assessment is adequate for real time operation, when the evolution of indexes related to different operation points are monitored.

In this thesis, methods of charging for the transmission system and optimising the expansion of the transmission network under the competitive power market are described. The first part of this thesis considers transmission tariff design. In the proposed approach, not only is all the necessary investment in the transmission system recovered, but also an absolute economic signal is offered which is very useful in the competitive power market. A fair power market opportunity is given to every participant by the new nodal-use method. The second part of this thesis considers transmission system expansion. All the tests are based on the Three Gorges Project in China. In this thesis, to optimally expand the transmission system, the LMP (Locational Marginal Price) selection method and the CBEP (Congestion-Based transmission system Expansion Planning) method are introduced. The LMP selection method is used to select optional plans for transmission system expansion. It is especially suitable for large transmission systems. The outstanding advantages of the LMP selection method are simplicity and computational efficiency. The CBEP method produces the optimal system expansion plan. For the first time, generation congestion and transmission congestion are separated within the system expansion problem. For this reason the CBEP method can be used in a supply-side power market and is suitable for the Chinese power market. In this thesis, the issue of how to relax the congestion in the transmission system have been solved. The transmission system can obtain enough income to recover the total required cost. For this reason more and more investment will come into the transmission system from investors. The risk for the independent generators is also under control in the CBEP method. Even when the system is congested, the uncertainty of LMP is taken into consideration.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com o passar do tempo, a demanda elétrica de diversas áreas varia tornando necessária a construção de novos geradores elétricos e a expansão da rede de transmissão de energia elétrica. Nesta dissertação, focamos no problema de expansão da rede de transmissão, assumindo que novos geradores estão construídos para suprir as novas demandas. Essa expansão exige altos investimentos que precisam ser cuidadosamente planejados. O problema pode ser modelado como um problema de otimização não linear inteira mista e pertence à classe dos problemas NP-difíceis. Desta forma, uma abordagem heurística pode ser adequada para a sua solução pois pode vir a fornecer boas soluções em tempo computacional aceitável. Esta dissertação se propõe a apresentar um estudo do problema de planejamento da expansão de redes de transmissão de energia elétrica estático e multiestágio. Mostramos o que já existe na literatura para o que é chamado de problema sem redimensionamento e as inovações feitas por nós para o problema com redimensionamento. Quanto aos métodos de solução, utilizamos a metaheurística GRASP para o problema estático e combinamos o GRASP com o procedimento Backward-Forward quando falamos em problema multiestágio. Nesta dissertação comparamos os resultados computacionais obtidos com resultados encontrados na literatura. / At times, the electrical load in diferent areas varies, claiming the construction of new electric generators and the expansion of the electrical transmission network. In this dissertation we focus on the transmission expansion planning problem, assuming that new generators are built to meet the new demands. This expansion requires large investments, which need to be carefully planned. This problem can be modeled as a mixed nonlinear programming problem, considered to be a NP-hard problem. Therefore a heuristic approach may be appropriate for its solution because it might be able to provide good solutions in satisfactory computational time. This dissertation intends to present a study of both the static and multistage transmission expansion planning problem. We present first a review of the most interesting works found in the technical literature. Then, we present metaheuristics for the static and multistage problems with re-design. These etaheuristics extend known algorithms for the problems without re-design. For the static problem, we extend a GRASP procedure and for the multistage problem, we embed the GRASP (or an exact method) into a backward-forward algorithm. We test our algorithms on real-based power transmission networks and compare them to the results found in the litterature.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com o passar do tempo, a demanda elétrica de diversas áreas varia tornando necessária a construção de novos geradores elétricos e a expansão da rede de transmissão de energia elétrica. Nesta dissertação, focamos no problema de expansão da rede de transmissão, assumindo que novos geradores estão construídos para suprir as novas demandas. Essa expansão exige altos investimentos que precisam ser cuidadosamente planejados. O problema pode ser modelado como um problema de otimização não linear inteira mista e pertence à classe dos problemas NP-difíceis. Desta forma, uma abordagem heurística pode ser adequada para a sua solução pois pode vir a fornecer boas soluções em tempo computacional aceitável. Esta dissertação se propõe a apresentar um estudo do problema de planejamento da expansão de redes de transmissão de energia elétrica estático e multiestágio. Mostramos o que já existe na literatura para o que é chamado de problema sem redimensionamento e as inovações feitas por nós para o problema com redimensionamento. Quanto aos métodos de solução, utilizamos a metaheurística GRASP para o problema estático e combinamos o GRASP com o procedimento Backward-Forward quando falamos em problema multiestágio. Nesta dissertação comparamos os resultados computacionais obtidos com resultados encontrados na literatura. / At times, the electrical load in diferent areas varies, claiming the construction of new electric generators and the expansion of the electrical transmission network. In this dissertation we focus on the transmission expansion planning problem, assuming that new generators are built to meet the new demands. This expansion requires large investments, which need to be carefully planned. This problem can be modeled as a mixed nonlinear programming problem, considered to be a NP-hard problem. Therefore a heuristic approach may be appropriate for its solution because it might be able to provide good solutions in satisfactory computational time. This dissertation intends to present a study of both the static and multistage transmission expansion planning problem. We present first a review of the most interesting works found in the technical literature. Then, we present metaheuristics for the static and multistage problems with re-design. These etaheuristics extend known algorithms for the problems without re-design. For the static problem, we extend a GRASP procedure and for the multistage problem, we embed the GRASP (or an exact method) into a backward-forward algorithm. We test our algorithms on real-based power transmission networks and compare them to the results found in the litterature.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T11:41:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 1432328 bytes, checksum: 68aebf134272c7d3ee8daad48baf21cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 1432328 bytes, checksum: 68aebf134272c7d3ee8daad48baf21cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 1432328 bytes, checksum: 68aebf134272c7d3ee8daad48baf21cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo a realização do planejamento estático da expansão de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica via otimização por Enxame de Partículas (EP). A metodologia proposta faz uso de um Algoritmo Heurístico Construtivo (AHC) que tem a finalidade de pré-selecionar as linhas candidatas à expansão mais relevantes, de modo a reduzir o espaço de busca e consequentemente, aumentar a eficiência do processo de otimização bioinspirado. Desta forma, a metodologia proposta pode ser dividida em duas etapas: (i) Obtenção do conjunto reduzido de rotas através do AHC, com o objetivo de identificar os caminhos relevantes à expansão e, assim, diminuir o espaço de busca; (ii) Utilização da otimização por enxame de partículas e das informações heurísticas advindas da primeira etapa, com o objetivo de encontrar o custo mínimo de expansão através de um número reduzidos de partículas. Em ambas as etapas a rede de transmissão é representada pelo modelo linearizado de fluxo de carga, onde as decisões de expansão são incorporadas ao problema através das equações originais do modelo CC. O critério de seleção da expansão é realizado através de heurística, de modo a evitar a explosão combinatória referente às alternativas de investimento. A metodologia proposta é aplicada ao sistema Garver e a dois sistemas reais equivalentes a região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. / This dissertation aims at the realization of the static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) of electric power systems using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. The proposed methodology uses a Constructive Heuristic Algorithm (CHA) in order to pre-select the most relevant candidates lines for expansion, so as to reduce the search space and thereby increasing efficiency of the bioinspired optimization process. Thus, the proposed methodology can be divided into two steps: (i) Obtaining the reduced set of routes through the CHA, in order to identify relevant routes for expansion and thus reduce the search space; (ii) Using the Particle Swarm Optimization and heuristic information provided by the first stage, in order to find the minimum expansion cost using a reduced number of particles. In both stages the transmission network is represented by a linearized load flow model, where the expansion decisions are incorporated into the optimization problem using the original equations of the model DC. The selection of expansion criterion is done through heuristic in order to avoid combinatorial explosion associated with expansion alternatives. The proposed methodology is applied to the Garver system and two real equivalent South and Southeastern Brazilian systems.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T14:13:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 2220110 bytes, checksum: 5dc0f4e3929098da2984e16872a06681 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:27:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 2220110 bytes, checksum: 5dc0f4e3929098da2984e16872a06681 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelamirandademendonca.pdf: 2220110 bytes, checksum: 5dc0f4e3929098da2984e16872a06681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova estratégia visando à redução do espaço de busca e à inicialização do processo de otimização multimodal para resolução do problema de planejamento estático da expansão de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica. Para tanto, a metodologia proposta faz uso de um algoritmo heurístico construtivo baseado em índices de sensibilidade, no qual as decisões de expansão são relaxadas e representadas através da função tangente hiperbólica. Através da consideração de diferentes inclinações da função tangente hiperbólica, dentro de um intervalo previamente determinado, associadas aos principais índices de sensibilidade existentes na literatura é possível extrair um conjunto reduzido de alternativas de expansão. Sendo assim, com base nas informações heurísticas obtidas, é utilizado um algoritmo bioinspirado visando obter de um plano final de expansão para sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica. A rede de transmissão de energia elétrica é representada por um modelo linearizado de fluxo de carga. Os planos finais de expansão obtidos pela metodologia proposta foram satisfatórios, mostrando que a utilização da função tangente hiperbólica agregada às heurísticas adotadas resultaram em uma estratégia eficiente de decisão. Foram analisados os sistemas Garver, IEEE 24 barras, Sul Brasileiro de 46 barras, e o Colombiano de 93 barras. Os resultados obtidos pela a metodologia proposta foram satisfatórios e de excelente qualidade. / This thesis presents a new strategy aimed at the search space reduction and initialization of the multimodal optimization process to solve the problem of static expansion planning of electric power transmission systems. The proposed methodology uses a constructive heuristic algorithm based on sensitivity indices, in which the expansion decisions are relaxed and represented through the hyperbolic tangent function. By considering different slopes of the hyperbolic tangent function, within a predetermined range, associated with the main existing sensitivity indices in the literature, it is possible to extract a reduced set of expansion alternatives. Thus, based on the heuristic information obtained, a bio-inspired algorithm is used to obtain a final expansion plan for electric power transmission systems. The electric power transmission network is represented by a linear load flow. The final expansion plans obtained by the proposed methodology were satisfactory, showing that the use of the hyperbolic tangent function added to the adopted heuristics yielded an effective decision strategy. The Garver system, IEEE 24 bus system, real equivalent system in southern Brazil 46 bus and real Colombian system 93 bus were analyzed. The results obtained by the proposed method were satisfactory with excellent quality.

Der europarechtlich vorgeprägte und national stark ausdifferenzierte Bedarfsplanungs- und Genehmigungsablauf für Hoch- und Höchstspannungsleitungsvorhaben ist durch ein umfassendes Beteiligungsregime zu Gunsten der Öffentlichkeit ausgestaltet. Im Rahmen der gegenständlichen Arbeit wurden sowohl die formellen als auch die informellen Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten der Öffentlichkeit analysiert, klassifiziert, kritisch hinterfragt und hinsichtlich der verschiedentlich anwendbaren normativen Vorgaben miteinander verglichen. Hierbei haben unter anderem europarechtlich das Vierte Energiebinnenmarktpaket aus den Jahren 2018 und 2019, national das Gesetz zur Beschleunigung des Energieleitungsausbaus aus dem Jahr 2019 und das Planungssicherstellungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2020 sowie föderal das Umweltverwaltungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2014 besondere Berücksichtigung gefunden. Insgesamt konnte die aktuelle Gesetzeslage, Rechtsprechung und Literatur bis Ende Juni 2020 in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingearbeitet werden.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes / The planning and approval process for high and extra high voltage power line pro- jects, which is predefined by European law and differentiated by German law, is designed in favour of the public through a comprehensive participation regime. In the context of this work, both the formal and the informal opportunities for public participation were analysed, classified, critically questioned and compared with one another in terms of the various normative requirements. Among other things, the Fourth European Internal Energy Market Package from 2018 and 2019, the national law to accelerate the expansion of power lines from 2019, and the law to ensure proper planning and approval procedures from 2020 as well as the federal law to standardise environmental administration law and to strengthen public participation in the environmental field from 2014 have been given special consideration. Overall, the current legal situation, the case law and the literature until the end of June 2020 have been incorporated into the present study.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes

<p>Climate change is recognized as one of the most significant challenge of the 21st century. Anthropogenic activities have led to a substantial increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) since the Industrial Revolution, with the energy sector being one the biggest contributors globally. The energy sector is now facing unique challenges not only due to decarbonization goals but also due to increased risks of climate extremes under climate change. </p><p>This dissertation focuses on leveraging machine learning, specifically utilizing unstructured data such as images, to address many of the unprecedented challenges faced by the energy systems. The dissertation begins (Chapter 1) by providing an overview of the risks posed by climate change to modern energy systems. It then explains how machine learning applications can help with addressing these risks. By harnessing the power of machine learning and unstructured data, this research aims to contribute to the development of more resilient and sustainable energy systems, as described briefly below. </p><p>Accurate forecasting of generation is essential for mitigating the risks associated with the increased penetration of intermittent and non-dispatchable variable renewable energy (VRE). In Chapters 2 and 3, deep learning techniques are proposed to predict solar irradiance, a crucial factor in solar energy generation, in order to address the uncertainty inherent in solar energy. Specifically, Chapter 2 introduces a cost-efficient fully exogenous solar irradiance forecasting model that effectively incorporates atmospheric cloud dynamics using satellite imagery. Building upon the work of Chapter 2, Chapter 3 extends the model to a fully probabilistic framework that not only forecasts the future point value of irradiance but also quantifies the uncertainty of the prediction. This is particularly important in the context of energy systems, as it relates to high-risk decision making.</p><p>While the energy system is a major contributor to GHG emissions, it is also vulnerable to climate change risks. Given the essential role of energy systems infrastructure in modern society, ensuring reliable and sustainable operations is of utmost importance. However, our understanding of reliability analysis in electricity transmission networks is limited due to the lack of access to large-scale transmission network topology datasets. Previous research has mostly relied on proxy or synthetic datasets. Chapter 4 addresses this research gap by proposing a novel deep learning-based object detection method that utilizes satellite images to construct a comprehensive large-scale transmission network dataset.</p>