[pt] O fenômeno de estabilidade de tensão é um problema associado ao fluxo de potência ativa e reativa nas linhas de transmissão. A manifestação mais conhecida do fenômeno é a existência de uma máxima carga que pode ser alimentada pela rede. Assim, é importante conhecer a proximidade ao ponto de máximo carregamento da rede de transmissão. Nesta dissertação foram estudados métodos existentes na literatura para determinar o ramo de transmissão mais carregado, foi avaliada a veracidade dos resultados obtidos quando são estudados os ramos de transmissão individualmente e, finalmente, foi apresentada uma alternativa para identificar o ramo de transmissão mais carregado observando as variações dos índices de estabilidade de tensão em cada ramo. Mostrou-se que é inadequada a avaliação de cada linha individualmente em um sistema multi-nó. / [en] The voltage stability phenomenon is a problem related with the flow of active and reactive power in transmission lines. The main characteristic of this phenomenon is the existence of a maximum load that can be supplied by the network. Therefore, did the importance of knowing the proximity to the point of maximum loading of the transmission network. In this dissertation, the existing methods in the literature for determining the most heavily loaded transmission branch were studied, was assessed the accuracy of the results obtained when the transmission branches are studying individually, and finally was displayed an alternative to identify the most heavily loaded transmission branch observing variations in voltage stability indices in each branch. It has been shown that it is inappropriate to evaluate each line individually in a multi-node system.

[pt] O fenômeno de estabilidade de tensão é um problema associado ao fluxo de potência ativa e reativa nas linhas de transmissão. A manifestação mais conhecida do fenômeno é a existência de uma máxima carga que pode ser alimentada pela rede, mas, atualmente também se sabe da existência de uma máxima injeção de potência ativa e reativa na rede por geradores e compensadores. É apresentado um método para avaliar as condições de carregamento da rede e detectar barras críticas. Identifica-se a sub-rede utilizada para transmitir potência ativa de ou para a barra critica, determinam-se os caminhos de transmissão que a compõem e identifica-se o ramo crítico do caminho mais carregado. É o ramo a ter seu fluxo de potência diminuído. Nesta dissertação foi proposta a determinação da sub-rede quando a barra em análise é de tensão controlada por compensador. Além disso, foram propostas modificações no método existente: injeção de potência ao invés de admitância equivalente no isolamento da sub-rede e dos caminhos de transmissão, e índices de estabilidade ao invés de fórmulas analíticas na determinação do caminho mais carregado e do ramo crítico. / [en] The voltage stability phenomenon is a problem related with the flow of active and reactive power in transmission lines. The main characteristic of this phenomenon is the existence of a maximum load that can be supplied by the network, but actually it is also known the existence of a maximum active and reactive power injection at the network supplied by generators and compensators. In this dissertation, a method is presented to evaluate the conditions of the network loadability and the critical buses identification. The network used to transmit the active power from or to a critical bus and its transmissions lines are identified, and identify the critical branch of the most loaded transmission path. This critical branch will have its power flow reduced. In this dissertation, is proposed the determination of the sub-transmission network when the bus under analysis has its voltage controlled by compensator. Furthermore, were proposed modifications to the current method: power injection rather than equivalent admittance in isolation of the sub-transmission network and the transmission paths and also, using voltage stability indexes rather than using analytical formulas to determine the most loaded path and critical branch.

This diploma thesis deals with the management of security information, according to ISO/IEC 27005 and it is implementation in the Verinice software environment. The risk information management process is applied to a critical infrastructure, that is connected to a optical fiber network. The work focuses on incidents aimed at threatening data from optical threats and active network elements in transmission systems. The result of the work is defined as a risk file in the .VNA format containing identified risks, for which appropriate measures are implemented in connection with the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001, for the protection of critical infrastructures and transmitted data in the transmission system.

Cette thèse vise à développer les opportunités et conséquences d’une demande incertaine pour le réseau de transport de gaz. Ce sujet est décliné en quatre contributions. Les deux premières adoptent une perspective de long terme : on cherche à évaluer l’efficacité de la réglementation du taux rendement lorsqu’il s’agit d’inciter à la réalisation de projets d’infrastructures gazières dans des pays en développement. Une première contribution analytique présente le développement d’une représentation simplifiée du réseau de transport de gaz, de forme Cobb-Douglas. Inspiré par les projets d’acheminement de gaz naturel au Mozambique, celle-ci est ensuite utilisée pour évaluer dans quelles conditions il est possible pour une autorité de régulation de choisir un taux de rendement régulé qui améliore l’efficacité du système dans le cas où la demande réelle serait plus importante que la demande anticipée par la firme régulée. A moyen terme ensuite, l’efficacité face à une demande de plus en plus variable de la structure tarifaire actuelle dite « entrée-sortie » pour l’accès au réseau européen est évaluée. Après avoir démontré l’existence d’inefficacités dans un tel système, celles-ci sont évaluées numériquement. Enfin, la dernière contribution explore la possibilité d’offrir directement la flexibilité du réseau de transport de gaz à ses utilisateurs, dans le cadre d’enchères et du système de prix nodaux. Après avoir souligné la complexité d’un tel mécanisme, les limites à son efficacité sont présentées. A chaque fois, l’analyse repose sur la modélisation simultanée du réseau de transport de gaz (en régime statique ou transitoire) et des mécanismes économiques en jeu. / This PhD thesis is centered on the opportunities and impact of demand uncertainty for the gas transport networks. We study the ability of various market designs to foster an efficient network allocation in liberalized gas markets when demand is variable or uncertain. We introduce and solve operation research models that bind an economic representation of the gas market and its associated regulation, to a technical representation of the gas network. The complex interactions at stake in liberalized gas markets, where shippers trade gas for its economic value and coordinate with system operators that allocate and operate the network, result in MCP or MPEC formulations. While a detailed network representation is necessary to assess the feasibility of gas flows under any market organization, the physics and engineering of gas transport networks adds non-linearities and non-convexities to those already challenging formulations. This thesis is divided in four contributions. We first introduce an approximated network representation of the Cobb-Douglas form and use it to study the impact of long-term demand uncertainty on investment problems in developing markets subject to rate-of-return regulation. We then study the effect of demand variability on daily gas dispatch in the European Entry-Exit system, using a linearized steady-state network representation. Finally, we assess the benefits of introducing flexibility products in gas locational marginal pricing auctions to handle intraday demand uncertainty. This requires the use of a linearized transient network formulation to account for linepack dynamics.

Europe requires significant transmission grid expansions to foster the integration of electricity markets, enhance security of supply and integrate renewable energies. However, next to lengthy authorization processes, transmission system operators (TSOs) in Europe are currently facing extreme public opposition in their transmission line projects leading to significant project delays. These delays imply significant additional costs for TSOs as well as society as a whole and put the transformation of the European energy system at risk. Existing scientific literature currently lacks comprehensive studies that have tried to identify generalizable success factors to overcome public opposition in transmission line projects. The goal of work at hand was to close this research gap. Potential success factors were collected through extensive literature review and interviews throughout Europe with respective stakeholders such as citizen action groups, NGOs or energy experts. Experiences from analogue large infrastructure projects like wind parks, carbon capture and storage facilities, hydro dams, nuclear waste repositories, etc. were also used to form hypotheses. The findings were transformed into a structural equation model and tested through a questionnaire answered by almost all European TSOs. Results revealed that people’s trust in the TSO is of utmost importance for less public opposition. It can be regarded as the critical success factor per se. TSOs can create trust through stakeholder participation, sufficient communication, proper organizational readiness and liaison with stakeholders. Furthermore, appropriate technical planning can help to reduce public opposition in transmission line projects. In total 18 concrete and actionable success factors were identified for TSO management to facilitate the establishment of these aforementioned aspects. They will help European TSOs to reduce public opposition and thus accelerate the implementation of new transmission lines. Interestingly, economic benefits for people did not turn out to be a Significant success factor in reducing their opposition against new transmission lines.:Contents I List of tables VIII List of figures IX List of abbreviations XI List of symbols XV List of country codes XVI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 1 1.2 Thematic classification and research gap 2 1.3 Objective, research questions and scop e of work 3 1.4 Methodology and structure of work 5 2 Fundamentals of electricity transmission line planning 7 2.1 History of the European electricity transmission network 7 2.2 Transmission technologies 9 2.2.1 High-voltage alternating current (HVAC) 9 2.2.1.1 High - voltage alternating current overhead lines (HVAC OHL) 9 2.2.1.2 High - voltage alternating underground cables (HVAC UGC) 10 2.2.2 High - voltage direct current (HVDC) 12 2.2.2.1 High - voltage direct current overhead lines (HVDC OHL) 12 2.2.2.2 High - voltage direct current underground cables (HVDC UGC) 13 2.2.3 Gas - insulated lines (GIL) 14 2.3 Major players 15 2.3.1 European Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and related associations 15 2.3.1.1 National Transmission System Operators (TSOs) 15 2.3.1.2 ENTSO - E 16 2.3.2 Energy regulators and related associations 18 2.3.2.1 National regulatory authorities (NRA) 18 2.3.2.2 European associations of energy regulators 19 2.4 Development of new transmission lines 20 2.4.1 Planning objectives 20 2.4.2 Planning process 21 2.4.2.1 Identification of needs 22 2.4.2.2 Feasibility study 23 2.4.2.3 Spatial planning 24 2.4.2.4 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 25 2.4.2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 26 2.4.2.6 Permitting procedure 28 2.4.2.7 Securing land rights and way - leaves 28 2.4.2.8 Construction, commissioning and operation 29 2.5 Project delays and obstacles 31 2.5.1 Project delays 31 2.5.2 Rationales for delay 33 2.5.2.1 Minor obstacles 34 2.5.2.2 Public opposition 35 2.5.2.3 Insufficient authorization procedures 36 2.5.3 Excursus: Recent governmental measures to overcome delays 38 2.5.3.1 Austria 38 2.5.3.2 Denmark 38 2.5.3.3 Germany 39 2.5.3.4 Great Britain 41 2.5.3.5 Netherlands 42 2.5.3.6 European Union 43 2.5.3.7 Further recommendations 48 2.6 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of transmission line planning 49 3 Fundamentals of social acceptance 51 3.1 Definition and classification 51 3.2 Contextual factors that influence stakeholders’ attitudes 54 3.2.1 Proximity of stakeholders to a facility 54 3.2.2 Risk perception of individuals 55 3.2.3 Individual knowledge base 56 3.2.4 Existing and marginal exposure 56 3.2.5 Land valuation and heritage 57 3.2.6 Trust in project developer 58 3.2.7 Energy system development level 59 3.3 The history of social movement against infrastructure facilities 60 3.4 Forms of public opposition 61 3.5 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of social acceptance 63 4 Fundamentals and methodology of success factor research 64 4.1 The goal of success factor research 64 4.2 Defining success factor terminology 64 4.2.1 Success 64 4.2.2 Success factors 65 4.3 Success factor research history and current state 67 4.4 Classification of success factor studies 67 4.4.1 Specificity 68 4.4.2 Causality 69 4.5 Success factor identification approaches 70 4.5.1 Systematization of success factor identification approaches 70 4.5.2 Approach assessment 72 4.6 Criti cism to success factor research 73 4.7 Interim conclusion on the fundamentals of success factor research 75 5 Success factor res earch on social acceptance in transmission line planning – a combination of research streams 77 5.1 State of research 77 5.1.1 Social acceptance in electricity transmission line planning (A) 77 5.1.2 Success factor research on social acceptance (B) 83 5.1.3 Success factor research in transmission line planning (C) 89 5.2 Value add and classification of this work 89 5.3 Research design 90 5.3.1 Identification of potential success factors through a direct, qualitative - explorative approach 92 5.3.1.1 Overview of methodologies 92 5.3.1.2 Survey 93 5.3.2 Quantitative - confirmatory approach to validate potential success factors 95 5.3.2.1 Overview of statistical methodologies 95 5.3.2.2 Structural equation modeling (SEM) 96 5.3.2.2.1 Path analysis 97 5.3.2.2.2 Structure of SEM 99 5.3.2.2.3 Methods for SEM estimation 102 5.3.2.2.4 PLS algorithm 106 6 Identification of reasons for public opposition and derivation of potential success factors 112 6.1 Conducted interviews 112 6.1.1 Selection of interviewees 112 6.1.2 Preparation, conduction and documentation of interviews 115 6.2 Reasons for public opposition 117 6.2.1 Health and safety issues 118 6.2.1.1 Electric and magnetic fields (EMF) 118 6.2.1.2 Falling ice 124 6.2.1.3 Toppled pylons and ruptured conductors 125 6.2.1.4 Flashover 125 6.2.2 Reduced quality of living 126 6.2.2.1 Visual impact 126 6.2.2.2 Noise 128 6.2.3 Economic unfairness 130 6.2.3.1 Devaluation of property and insufficient compensation 130 6.2.3.2 Expropriation 131 6.2.3.3 Negative impact on tourism 132 6.2.3.4 Lack of direct benefits and distributional unfairness 132 6.2.3.5 Agricultural disadvantages 133 6.2.4 Lack of transparency and communication 135 6.2.4.1 Insufficient justification of line need 135 6.2.4.2 Insufficient, inaccurate and late information 137 6.2.4.3 Intransparent decision making 138 6.2.4.4 Inappropriate appearance 138 6.2.4.5 Expert dilemma 139 6.2.5 Lack of public participation 140 6.2.5.1 Lack of involvement 140 6.2.5.2 One - way communication 141 6.2.5.3 Lack of bindingness 141 6.2.5.4 Inflexibility 142 6.2.6 Environmental impact 142 6.2.6.1 Flora 143 6.2.6.2 Fauna 145 6.2.7 Distrust 146 6.3 Potential success factors to reduce public opposition 147 6.3.1 Communication 149 6.3.1.1 Communication strategy 149 6.3.1.2 Early communication 150 6.3.1.3 Line justification 150 6.3.1.4 Direct personal conversation 151 6.3.1.5 Appropriate communication mix 153 6.3.1.6 Comprehensibility 156 6.3.1.7 Sufficient and honest information 157 6.3.1.8 Stakeholder education 158 6.3.1.9 Post - communication 159 6.3.2 Participation 160 6.3.2.1 Pre - polls 160 6.3.2.2 Participation possibilities 161 6.3.2.3 Participation information 164 6.3.2.4 Macro - planning involvement 165 6.3.2.5 Pre - application involvement 166 6.3.2.6 Neutral moderation/mediation 166 6.3.2.7 Joint fact finding 169 6.3.2.8 Flexibility, openness and respect 170 6.3.2.9 Commitment and bindingness 171 6.3.2.10 Transparent decision making 172 6.3.3 Economic benefits 173 6.3.3.1 Local benefits 173 6.3.3.2 Individual compensations 174 6.3.3.3 Muni cipality compensations 176 6.3.3.4 Socio - economic benefits 177 6.3.3.5 Excursus: Social cost - benefit analysis of a new HVDC line between France and Spain 177 6.3.4 Organizational readiness 182 6.3.4.1 Stakeholder analysis and management 182 6.3.4.2 Qualification and development 184 6.3.4.3 Sufficient resources 186 6.3.4.4 Internal coordination 187 6.3.4.5 Cultural change 187 6.3.4.6 Top - management support 188 6.3.4.7 Best practice exchange 188 6.3.5 Stakeholder liaison 189 6.3.5.1 Stakeholder cooperation 189 6.3.5.2 Supporters / Multiplicators 190 6.3.5.3 Local empowerment 191 6.3.6 Technical planning 191 6.3.6.1 Line avoidance options 191 6.3.6.2 Route alternatives 194 6.3.6.3 Transmission technology options 194 6.3.6.4 Piloting of innovations 198 6.3.6.5 Excursus: Exemplary transmission line innovations 198 6.3.6.6 Avoidance of sensitive areas 206 6.3.6.7 Bundling of infrastructure 206 6.3.6.8 Line deconstruction 207 6.3.6.9 Regulatory overachievement 208 7. Development of research model 209 7.1 Procedure 209 7.2 Development of hypotheses on causal relationships 209 7.2.1 Stakeholder liaison 209 7.2.2 Participation 210 7.2.3 Communication 210 7.2.4 Organizational readiness 211 7.2.5 Economic benefits 212 7.2.6 Technical planning 212 7.2.7 Trust 213 7.2.8 Summary of hypotheses 213 7.3 Development of path diagram and model specification 214 7.3.1 Structural model 214 7.3.2 Measurement model 215 7.3.2.1 Formative measurements 215 7.3.2.2 Reflective measurements 2 7.4 Identifiability of model structure 217 8 Empirical validation of potential success factors 219 8.1 Data acqu isition 219 8.1.1 Concept of using questionnaires for data acquisition 219 8.1.2 Target group and sample size 220 8.1.3 Questionnaire design 222 8.1.3.1 Form and structure 222 8.1.3.2 Operatio nalization 224 8.1.3.2.1 Operationalization of potential success factors 224 8.1.3.2.2 Operationalization of construct TRUST 225 8.1.3.2.3 Operationalization of construct REDUCED PUBLIC OPPOSITION 226 8.1.3.2.4 Operationalization of control variables 226 8.1.3.3 Bias 227 8.1.3.3.1 Common method bias 227 8.1.3.3.2 Key i nformation bias 229 8.1.3.3.3 Hypothetical bias 229 8.1.4 Pretest 230 8.1.5 Questionnaire return and data preparation 231 8.2 Model estimation 236 8.2.1 Software selection for modeling 236 8.2.2 Estimation results 237 8.3 Model evaluation 239 8.3.1 Evaluat ion of reflective measurement models 240 8.3.1.1 Content validity 240 8.3.1.2 Indicator reliability 243 8.3.1.3 Construct validity 245 8.3.1.3.1 Convergent validity 245 8.3.1.3.1.1 Average var iance extracted (AVE) 245 8.3.1.3.1.2 Construct reliability 245 8.3.1.3.2 Discriminant validity 247 8.3.1.3.2.1 Fornell/Larcker criterion 247 8.3.1.3.2.2 Cross loadings 248 8.3.2 Evaluation of formative measurement models 250 8.3.2.1 Content validity 250 8.3.2.2 Indicator reliability / relevance 250 8.3.2.2.1 Indicator weights and significance 250 8.3.2.2.2 Multicollinearity 254 8.3.2.3 Construct validity 256 8.3.3 Evaluation of structural model 256 8.3.3.1 Multicollinearity 256 8.3.3.2 Explanatory power 257 8.3.3.3 Predictive relevance 259 8.3.4 Evaluation of total model 260 8.4 Verification of hypotheses and discussion of results 260 8.5 Success factors for reducing public opposition in transmission line planning: Recommendations for TSO management 264 8.5.1 Measures to create stakeholder trust 266 8.5.1.1 Sufficient stakeholder participation 266 8.5.1.2 Proper stakeholder communication 267 8.5.1.3 TSO’s organizational readiness for stakeholder management 267 8.5.1.4 Creating liaison with stakeholders 268 8.5.2 Important aspects in technical planning 268 8.5.3 Consolidated overview 269 9 Concluding remarks 270 9.1 Summary of results 270 9.2 Contribution, limitations, and directions for further research 272 10 Appendix 276

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: A análise de sistemas altamente complexos quando e analizado o problema de planejamento de expansão de redes de transmissão de longo prazo, é o foco principal deste trabalho. Os modelos e metodos propostos são aplicados ao problema de planejamento estático tradicional, que é um problema de otimização matemática classificado como NP-completo, não-linear inteiro misto. O qual envolve no investimento, variáveis operacionais contínuas e variáveis inteiras. O comportamento normal de cada sistema pode conter informação essencial para a criação de novos métodos, como os planos de corte baseados em cortes de diferença de ângulos para problemas de grande escala, o que é a base é o ponto de partida deste trabalho, derivando em desigualdades válidas é ciclos críticos. Os cortes angulares básicos reduzem o espaço de busca do problema e o tempo total de cálculo deste problema, enquanto ao método de inequações válidas que pode ser usado para fornecer limites inferiores sólidos no investimento ótimo do planejamento de transmissão, já que a diferença entre o modelo DC (modelo exato) e o modelo de transporte (modelo mais relaxado) são as restrições angulares. Os ciclos críticos têm sido desenvolvidos para melhoraralguns dos modelos tradicionais do problemas de planejamento da expansão da rede de transmissão de longo prazo. A razão por trás disso é a ausência da segunda lei de Kirchhoff, que completa a representação do sistema, mas aumenta a complexidade. Para resolver os problemas resultantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The analysis of highly complex systems when solving the long-term transmission network expansion planning problem is the main focus of this work. The proposed improved models and methodology are applied to the traditionalstatic planning problem, which is a mathematical optimization problem classified as NP-complete and mixed-integer nonlinear problem. It involves continuousoperating variables and integer investment variables. The normal behavior of each system can be shown essential information to the creation of new methods, as the cutting-planes based in bus-angle difference cuts for large-scale problems which were the starting point of this work, deriving in valid inequalities and critic cycles. The angular cuts aim to reduce the search space of the problem and the total computation time of this NP-hard problem as for the valid inequalities methodthat can be used to provide strong lower bounds on the optimal investment of the transmissionplanning, since the difference between the DC model (exact model) and the transport model (more relaxed model) are the angular constraints. Critic cycles has been develop in order to improve some of the traditional long-term transmission network expansion planning problem models. The reason behind it is the absence of second Kirchhoff’s law which completes the representationof the system, but increase the complexity. In order to solve the resulting problems, this work uses the modeling language AMPL with the solver CPLEX. In test systems w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Anna Diva Plasencia Lotufo / Banca: Marcos Julio Rider Flores / Banca: Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada / Resumo: Nessa pesquisa tem-se por objetivo a análise teórica e a implementação computacional de duas propostas de solução ao problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando diferentes fatores relacionados com a confiabilidade do sistema e a adoção dos novos modelos de mercados elétricos. É importante notar, que no planejamento básico não são levados em conta esses importantes aspectos. Dessa forma, uma primeira aproximação considera um critério de confiabilidade para expandir o sistema, de forma que ele opere adequadamente no horizonte de planejamento satisfazendo um nível de confiabilidade pré-definido. O índice de confiabilidade utilizado para exigir esse nível de confiabilidade é o LOLE, que corresponde ao número médio de horas/dias em um período dado (normalmente um ano) no qual o pico da carga horária/diária do sistema possivelmente exceder'a a capacidade de geração disponível. O problema de planejamento considerando a confiabilidade é, portanto, formulado como um problema de otimização que minimiza o investimento sujeito ao critério de confiabilidade. O índice de confiabilidade para o sistema de transmissão é calculado para cada configuração, subtraindo o índice de confiabilidade do sistema de geração do sistema composto geração-transmissão (bulk power system ). Para calcular o índice no sistema composto geração transmissão, utiliza-se uma curva de duração de carga efetiva para este sistema. Esta curva acumulada de carga é obtida de um processo de convolução de outras duas curvas que representam a função de distribuição de probabilidade (FDP) das saídas aleatórias dos componentes do sistema e a curva de duração de carga, respectivamente. A avaliação de confiabilidade no sistema de geração é feita usando um método que calcula o índice de confiabilidade por meio dos momentos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work aims to the theoretical analysis and computational implementation of two proposals for the transmission expansion planning problem considering several factors such as system reliability and new electricity market structures. It is important to observe, that the basic planning does not consider these issues. Therefore, one first approach considers a reliability criterion to expand the system, so that it operates in adequate conditions in the horizon planning while satisfying pre-defined limits in the reliability index. Transmission system reliability criterion regards to LOLE, which refers to the number of hours/days in a specified period of time (normally one year), in which the hourly/daily peak load possibly will exceed the available generation capacity. So, the planning problem considering reliability is formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the investment subject to probabilistic reliability criterion. Reliability index for the transmission system is calculated for each configuration by subtraction of generation and bulk power reliability indexes. A composite power system effective load curve is used for reliability analysis of the bulk power system. This accumulate curve is obtained convolving two curves, one of them corresponding to a probability distribution function of the random outages of the system components, and the other one corresponding to the load duration curve. Reliability assessment in the generation system is done using a method that calculates the reliability index through the statistics moments of the frequency distribution of equivalents loads. This curve is obtained by convolving the generation units which are dispached in merit order. The proposed model is solved using the specialized genetic algorithm of Chu-Beasley (AGCB). Detailed results on two test systems are analyzed and discussed. A second approach to the transmission expansion... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcesnegrete_lpg_dr_ilha.pdf: 1723635 bytes, checksum: ec9b369023c0d16cf9bcbe29a4bc0ada (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Nessa pesquisa tem-se por objetivo a análise teórica e a implementação computacional de duas propostas de solução ao problema de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão de energia elétrica considerando diferentes fatores relacionados com a confiabilidade do sistema e a adoção dos novos modelos de mercados elétricos. É importante notar, que no planejamento básico não são levados em conta esses importantes aspectos. Dessa forma, uma primeira aproximação considera um critério de confiabilidade para expandir o sistema, de forma que ele opere adequadamente no horizonte de planejamento satisfazendo um nível de confiabilidade pré-definido. O índice de confiabilidade utilizado para exigir esse nível de confiabilidade é o LOLE, que corresponde ao número médio de horas/dias em um período dado (normalmente um ano) no qual o pico da carga horária/diária do sistema possivelmente exceder´a a capacidade de geração disponível. O problema de planejamento considerando a confiabilidade é, portanto, formulado como um problema de otimização que minimiza o investimento sujeito ao critério de confiabilidade. O índice de confiabilidade para o sistema de transmissão é calculado para cada configuração, subtraindo o índice de confiabilidade do sistema de geração do sistema composto geração-transmissão (bulk power system ). Para calcular o índice no sistema composto geração transmissão, utiliza-se uma curva de duração de carga efetiva para este sistema. Esta curva acumulada de carga é obtida de um processo de convolução de outras duas curvas que representam a função de distribuição de probabilidade (FDP) das saídas aleatórias dos componentes do sistema e a curva de duração de carga, respectivamente. A avaliação de confiabilidade no sistema de geração é feita usando um método que calcula o índice de confiabilidade por meio dos momentos... / This work aims to the theoretical analysis and computational implementation of two proposals for the transmission expansion planning problem considering several factors such as system reliability and new electricity market structures. It is important to observe, that the basic planning does not consider these issues. Therefore, one first approach considers a reliability criterion to expand the system, so that it operates in adequate conditions in the horizon planning while satisfying pre-defined limits in the reliability index. Transmission system reliability criterion regards to LOLE, which refers to the number of hours/days in a specified period of time (normally one year), in which the hourly/daily peak load possibly will exceed the available generation capacity. So, the planning problem considering reliability is formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the investment subject to probabilistic reliability criterion. Reliability index for the transmission system is calculated for each configuration by subtraction of generation and bulk power reliability indexes. A composite power system effective load curve is used for reliability analysis of the bulk power system. This accumulate curve is obtained convolving two curves, one of them corresponding to a probability distribution function of the random outages of the system components, and the other one corresponding to the load duration curve. Reliability assessment in the generation system is done using a method that calculates the reliability index through the statistics moments of the frequency distribution of equivalents loads. This curve is obtained by convolving the generation units which are dispached in merit order. The proposed model is solved using the specialized genetic algorithm of Chu-Beasley (AGCB). Detailed results on two test systems are analyzed and discussed. A second approach to the transmission expansion... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: Neste trabalho, consideram-se a análise teórica e a implementação computacional dos algoritmos Primal Simplex Canalizado (PSC) e Dual Simplex Canalizado (DSC) especializados. Esses algoritmos foram incorporados em um algoritmo Branch and Bound (B&B) de modo a resolver o problema de Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas de Transmissão (PEST). Neste caso, o problema PEST foi modelado usando os chamados modelo de Transportes e modelo Linear Disjuntivo (LD), o que produz um problema de Programação Linear Inteiro Misto (PLIM). O algoritmo PSC é utilizado na resolução do problema de Programação Linear (PL) inicial após desconsiderar a restrição de integralidade do problema PLIM original. Juntamente com o algoritmo PSC, foi implementada uma estratégia para reduzir o número de variáveis artificiais adicionadas ao PL, consequentemente reduzindo o número de iterações do algoritmo PSC. O algoritmo DSC é utilizado na reotimização eficiente dos subproblemas gerados pelo algoritmo B&B, através do quadro ótimo do PL inicial, excluindo, assim, a necessidade da resolução completa de cada subproblema e, consequentemente, reduzindo o consumo de processamento e memória. Nesta pesquisa, é apresentada uma nova proposta de otimização, e, consequentemente, a implementação computacional usando a linguagem de programação FORTRAN que opera independentemente de qualquer solver. / Doutor

Submitted by JEFERSON BACK VANDERLINDE null (jefersonbv@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-01T16:38:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jeferson_tese_final_20171101.pdf: 4860852 bytes, checksum: 2f99c37969be3815f82b1b4455a40230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-13T15:38:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vanderlinde_jb_dr_ilha.pdf: 4860852 bytes, checksum: 2f99c37969be3815f82b1b4455a40230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T15:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vanderlinde_jb_dr_ilha.pdf: 4860852 bytes, checksum: 2f99c37969be3815f82b1b4455a40230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho, consideram-se a análise teórica e a implementação computacional dos algoritmos Primal Simplex Canalizado (PSC) e Dual Simplex Canalizado (DSC) especializados. Esses algoritmos foram incorporados em um algoritmo Branch and Bound (B&B) de modo a resolver o problema de Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas de Transmissão (PEST). Neste caso, o problema PEST foi modelado usando os chamados modelo de Transportes e modelo Linear Disjuntivo (LD), o que produz um problema de Programação Linear Inteiro Misto (PLIM). O algoritmo PSC é utilizado na resolução do problema de Programação Linear (PL) inicial após desconsiderar a restrição de integralidade do problema PLIM original. Juntamente com o algoritmo PSC, foi implementada uma estratégia para reduzir o número de variáveis artificiais adicionadas ao PL, consequentemente reduzindo o número de iterações do algoritmo PSC. O algoritmo DSC é utilizado na reotimização eficiente dos subproblemas gerados pelo algoritmo B&B, através do quadro ótimo do PL inicial, excluindo, assim, a necessidade da resolução completa de cada subproblema e, consequentemente, reduzindo o consumo de processamento e memória. Nesta pesquisa, é apresentada uma nova proposta de otimização, e, consequentemente, a implementação computacional usando a linguagem de programação FORTRAN que opera independentemente de qualquer solver. / In this research, the theoretical analysis and computational implementation of the specialized dual simplex algorithm (DSA) and primal simplex algorithm (PSA) for bounded variables is considered. These algorithms have been incorporated in a Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm to solve the Transmission Network Expansion Planning (TNEP) problem. In this case, the TNEP problem is modeled using transportation model and linear disjunctive model (DM), which produces a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. After relaxing the integrality of investment variables of the original MILP problem, the PSA is used to solve the initial linear programming (LP) problem. Also, it has been implemented a strategy in PSA to reduce the number of artificial variables which are added into the LP problem, and consequently reduces the number of iterations of PSA. Through optimal solution of the initial LP, the DSA is used in efficient reoptimization of subproblems, resulting from the B&B algorithm, thus excludes the need for complete resolution of each subproblems, which results reducing the CPU time and memory consumption. This research presents the implementation of the proposed approach using the FORTRAN programming language which operates independently and does not use any commercial solver.