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Développement de méthodes d’analyse d’images dédiées à la caractérisation morphologique et nano structurale des noirs de carbone dans les matrices polymères / Images processing dedicated to the morphological and nano structural characterization of carbon blacks in polymer matricesLuengo, Lydie 03 March 2017 (has links)
Pour la confection des matériaux polymères à base de caoutchouc, le noir de carbone (NC) reste la charge renforçante la plus utilisée. Sa caractérisation morphologique et nano structurale est essentielle dans la maitrise des propriétés physico-chimiques qu’il confère aux matériaux auxquels il est mélangé. Les analyses classiques ne permettent d’accéder que de façon indirecte et incomplète à ces propriétés. Cette thèse propose une méthode de caractérisation innovante par le couplage d’un détecteur STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy) et d’une chaine d’analyse d’images complètement automatique pour identifier les types de NC. Une étude statistique approfondie d’une centaine de caractéristiques morphologiques et structurales des NC a été réalisée sur les 6000 images STEM acquises. Cette étude a permis d’introduire 7 nouveaux descripteurs et de sélectionner les 37 descripteurs les plus discriminants pour la création du modèle d’identification. Pour rendre le processus le plus automatique possible, un algorithme de segmentation non supervisé a été développé et évalué. Cinq classifieurs ont ensuite été entraînés et comparés sur une base de près de 65000 agrégats. Le modèle le plus adapté s’avère les réseaux de neurones avec une identification des NC avoisinant les 100%. L’identification étant réalisée à partir de projections 2D des agrégats via les images STEM, une confrontation statistique valide la capacité des descripteurs 2D à caractériser la structure tridimensionnelle des NC observée par tomographies électroniques. L'approche complète proposée, depuis le protocole de préparation des échantillons et l'acquisition d'images STEM jusqu'à leur classification en passant par les étapes d'analyse d'images, offre une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation fiable des NC (à l’état natif ou au sein de mélanges élastomères) exploitable en routine. / In the field of rubber material development, CB is the most commonly used reinforcing filler. The characterization of CB morphology and nanostructure is therefore crucial to understand the physicochemical properties induced by the introduction of CB in rubber materials. Classical analytical methods only allow indirect and incomplete access to these properties. This PhD offers an innovative method that allows the automatic identification of CB grades by coupling Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) detector and image processing chain. A thorough statistical investigation over a hundred of morphological and structural characteristics of CB was performed on a set of 6000 STEM images. This study has introduced 7 new features and selected the 37 most discriminating descriptors to create the final model. An unsupervised segmentation algorithm has been developed and evaluated in order to build an automatic process as efficient as possible. Then, five classifiers were trained and compared on a base of nearly 65,000 aggregates. It appears that the most suitable descriptor is the Neuron networks as it gives a perfect recognition. As the recognition model is based on 2D projections of CB aggregates, it is necessary to verify that the chosen descriptors are indeed able to correctly characterize the three dimensional structure of CB. The statistical comparison of the 2D descriptors with 3D descriptors extracted from electronic tomography images has been successful, and therefore demonstrates the relevance of the model. The proposed approach, starting from the sample preparation and STEM acquisitions to their classification and through the image analysis steps, offers a new and innovative method for the reliable characterization of CB. This method can be used routinely on raw CB or CB extracted from vulcanizes rubbers.
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Photophysical properties of zinc carboxy phthalocyanine-quantum dot conjugates / Photophysical properties of zinc carboxy phthalocyanines-quantum dot conjugatesSekhosana, Kutloano Edward 27 March 2013 (has links)
This thesis presents work based on the interactions of water soluble caboxylated zinc phthalocyanines (Pcs) and coreshell quantum dots (QDs). The Pcs are ZnPc(COOH)₈ and ZnPc(COOH)₄ and coreshell QDs are CdTe@ZnS-GSH. GSH = L-glutathione. Characterization and photophysical studies of conjugates were carried out. The approach of coordinating Pcs to QDs was achieved using an organic cross linker, N-N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) at pH 10 at room temperature. Employing atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, the formation of the conjugates was confirmed. Upon conjugation with Pc derivatives, the fluorescence quantum yield of CdTe@ZnS-GSH decreased due to energy transfer from the QDs to the Pc. The average fluorescence lifetime of the CdTe@ZnS-GSH QD also decreased upon conjugation. The föster resonance energy transfer (FRET) behaviour of CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₄ conjugates was compared to that of CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₈. Higher FRET efficiencies were observed for CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₄-mixed or CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₄-linked compared to the corresponding CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₈-mixed or CdTe@ZnS-GSH-ZnPc(COOH)₈-linked. Triplet quantum yield (ΦT) and lifetime (ΤT) of ZnPc(COOH)₈ were found to increase in the presence of coreshell QDs. Though the singlet quantum yield (ΦΔ) value of ZnPc(COOH)8 was lower than ΦT , there was a slight upsurge in the ΦT in the presence of QDs. / Microsoft� Word 2010 / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Mécanismes de croissance et défauts cristallins dans les structures à nanofils de ZnO pour les LED / Growth mechanism and crystalline defects in ZnO nanowire structures for LEDsPerillat-Merceroz, Guillaume 08 November 2011 (has links)
Les nanofils de ZnO à puits quantiques et le dopage p par implantation ionique d'azote sont étudiés pour la fabrication de LED ultra-violettes. Des pyramides de polarité O et des nanofils de polarité Zn sur substrats de saphir et ZnO sont élaborés. La croissance organisée de nanofils sur ZnO de polarité Zn est démontrée. De même, des pyramides ou des nanofils de GaN sont obtenus sur GaN de polarité Ga ou N. Sur saphir, l'élimination des dislocations dans les pyramides sous-jacentes aux nanofils est analysée. Les nanofils sans défauts structuraux permettent l'élaboration de puits quantiques coeur-coquille ZnO/Zn(1-x)MgxO. La relaxation plastique dans les nanofils est étudiée, puis la composition en Mg est optimisée pour l'éviter et atteindre un rendement quantique interne de 54%. Concernant l'implantation, les défauts sont identifiés avant et après recuit. Ils disparaissent en surface, d'où une guérison facilitée des nanofils. Un matériau guéri avec des accepteurs activés n'est pas obtenu. / Quantum well ZnO nanowires and p-type doping by nitrogen ion implantation are studied to make ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. O-polar pyramids and Zn-polar nanowires on sapphire and ZnO substrates are grown. Organized growth of nanowires on a masked Zn-polar ZnO is demonstrated. Similarly, GaN pyramids and nanowires are grown on Ga and N-polar GaN respectively. On sapphire, the dislocation elimination in the underlying pyramids is analyzed. Nanowires with no structural defects allow the growth of ZnO / Zn (1-x) Mg x O core-shell quantum wells. Plastic relaxation is studied, and the Mg composition is optimized to avoid it and attain an internal quantum efficiency as high as 54%. Concerning ion implantation, the defects are identified before and after annealing. They disappear in the near-surface, which lead to an easier recovery of nanowires compared to bulk ZnO. However, a recovered material with activated acceptors is not obtained.
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Etude des catalyseurs hétérogènes à base de Co en conditions réactives "réalistes" par microscopie électronique in-situ et opérando / Study of heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts in realistic and reactive conditions by in-situ and operando transmission electron microscopyDembélé, Kassiogé 20 December 2017 (has links)
Nous avons étudié des catalyseurs de cobalt utilisés pour la synthèse Fischer-Tropsch des hydrocarbures en suivant les processus d’activation, de fonctionnement et de désactivation par microscopie électronique en transmission in-situ environnementale. Une méthodologie operando a été développée en couplant ces études structurales dans une cellule environnementale à la mesure de gaz résiduels par spectrométrie de masse. Utilisant des nano-objets de morphologie contrôlée, nous avons mis en évidence des mécanismes de désactivation des catalyseurs par frittage des particules, ré-oxydation, encapsulation et carburation. Pour les catalyseurs supportés, leur activation se distingue par une densification des particules. Nous avons démontré que la réduction des particules est plus facile sur silice que sur alumine ainsi qu’en présence des atomes de Pt. Durant leur fonctionnement sous gaz de synthèse, nous avons détecté la formation d’hydrocarbures. Cette méthodologie a donné accès aux propriétés physico-chimiques d’une série de catalyseurs de cobalt, ouvrant ainsi la voie à des études approfondies de catalyseurs hétérogènes par microscopie operando. / In this work, we studied cobalt catalysts used in producing hydrocarbons through the Fischer-Trospch synthesis process, in which their activation, operation and deactivation mechanisms are recorded using in-situ and environmental transmission electron microscopy. An operando methodology was developed by combining electron microscopy-based structural studies in an environmental cell and mass spectrometry analysis of the reacting gases. Using controlled-morphology nanocatalysts we have demonstrated that deactivation occurs through particles sintering, re-oxidation, encapsulation and carburization. The activation of supported catalysts arises due to particles densification. It was clearly established that the reduction of the nanoparticles is better enhanced on a silica support than on an alumina one. Also, Pt doping of the catalysts greatly increases their reduction. By analysing the hydrocarbons formed during the Fischer-Tropsch reactions of a series of cobalt catalysts, we could obtain a comprehensive physico-chemical characterization, thus opening the way to in-depth studies of heterogeneous catalysts by operando microscopy.
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Preparação e caracterização de eletrocatalisadores a base de paládio para oxidação eletroquímica de álcoois em meio alcalino / Preparation and characterization of electrocatalysts based on palladium for electro-oxidation of alcohols in alkaline mediumBRANDALISE, MICHELE 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Estudo de interações hiperfinas em nanopartículas de Fesub(3)Osub(4) e Fesub(3)Osub(4) dopadas com gadolínio pela espectroscopia de correlação angular perturbadaHUET, SARAH D.P. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Preparação de eletrocatalisadores PtSnCu/C e PtSn/C e ativação por processos de Dealloying para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do Etanol / Preparation of PtSnCu/C and PtSn/C electrocatalysts and activation by dealloying processes for ethanol electro-oxidationCRISAFULLI, RUDY 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Estudo dos micromecanicos de deformacao e fratura da liga de titanio Ti-6Al-4V utilizando-se tecnicas de microscopia eletronica e difracao de raios X / Study of deformation and fracture micromechanisms of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V using electron microscopy and X-ray difraction techniquesMORCELLI, APARECIDO E. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Filmes finos de carbono depositados por meio da técnica de magnetron sputtering usando cobalto, cobre e níquel como buffer-layers / Carbon thin films deposited by the magnetron sputtering technique using cobalt, copper and nickel as buffer-layersCOSTA e SILVA, DANILO L. 08 October 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-10-08T12:18:50Z
No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T12:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Estudo da preparação de eletrocatalisadores Pt-Sn/C por meio da deposição superficial de Pt sobre Sn/C utilizando diferentes metodologias para aplicação na oxidação eletroquímica do etanol / Study of the preparation of Pt-Sn//C electrocatalysts through deposition of Pt on the surface of Sn/C for ethanol electrooxidationRIBEIRO, VILMARIA A. 10 December 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-12-10T18:03:27Z
No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T18:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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