Programmers forgo existing solutions to problems in other programming lan- guages where software interoperation proves too cumbersome; they remake so- lutions, rather than reuse them. To facilitate reuse, interoperation must resolve language incompatibilities transparently. To address part of this problem, we present a model of computation that resolves incompatible lazy and eager eval- uation strategies using dual notions of evaluation contexts and values to mirror the lazy evaluation strategy in the eager one. This method could be extended to resolve incompatible evaluation strategies for any pair of languages with common expressions.

There is limited data about the positive application of self-efficacy and the practice of transparency for individuals in recovery to achieve long-term recovery from substance addiction and criminal recidivism. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to gain more insight and knowledge about how the application of self-efficacy and the practice of transparency help individuals in recovery achieve long-term recovery from substance addiction and criminal recidivism for two or more years. The conceptual framework used to guide this study was Albert Bandura's self-efficacy theory. This study is significant because it explains that long-term recovery is not an easy task to achieve, and many individuals who have a history of addiction and criminal behavior find it extremely difficult to achieve long-term recovery. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used for this study. This study employed a chain sample, using a semi-structured interview guide composed of open-ended questions. Five individuals agreed to the study and reported applying and practicing self-efficacy and transparency to achieve long-term recovery. The study analyzed and coded data to identify categories and themes. The findings reveled the importance of the use of self-efficacy and transparency in achieving long-term recovery from substances and decreasing recidivism. Themes identified was the ability to live day-to-day, breaking the cycle of addiction and recidivism, believing they are worth recovery (a better life), and sharing their story (transparency). This study may stimulate positive social change with the application of self-efficacy, as people struggling with addiction and recidivism may learn the importance of being transparent during the recovery process.

In this paper we describe {\\it syntactic closures}. Syntactic closures address the scoping problems that arise when writing macros. We discuss some issues raised by introducing syntactic closures into the macro expansion interface, and we compare syntactic closures with other approaches. Included is a complete implementation.

Ce travail étudie les couts et bénéfices liés à l'accroissement de la transparence dans les politiques d'interventions des banques centrales sur le marché des changes. Il s'articule autour de quatre articles de recherche. Chaque article repose sur des méthodes économétriques récentes et une base de données originale (politique de la banque centrale japonaise de 1991 à 2004).

Im öffentlichen Sektor hat, wie wir wissen, in den letzten 10-20 Jahren ein erheblicher Wandel stattgefunden. Die staatlichen Strukturen haben sich immer mehr ausdifferenziert und öffentliche Leistungen werden in sehr unterschiedlichen Erledigungsformen erbracht. Ein beachtlicher Teil der Leistungen ist auf private Dritte ausgelagert oder ganz privatisiert worden. Zudem haben sich verschiedene Muster von öffentlich-privaten Kooperationen herausgebildet. Verwaltungen und öffentliche Unternehmen wurden unter verstärkten Leistungsdruck und Wettbewerb gesetzt. All das führte zu einer weithin wahrnehmbaren Ökonomisierung und „Managerialisierung“ des öffentlichen Sektors, die verständlicherweise auch Werte und Verhaltensweisen der öffentlich Beschäftigten beeinflusst hat. Daraus ergeben sich ohne Zweifel erhebliche Konsequenzen für die Integrität der Akteure im öffentlichen Sektor sowie für deren Korruptionsanfälligkeit.<br><br> Das Buch führt wesentliche Argumentationsstränge und Praxiserfahrungen zum Thema „Ethik, Integrität und Korruption im öffentlichen Sektor“ aus dem Blickwinkel der sich wandelnden Rahmenbedingungen und Strukturfaktoren zusammen. <br> <hr> <br> Aus dem Inhalt: <br><br> Manfred Röber:<br> „Managerialisierung“ als Herausforderung für die Integrität der öffentlichen Verwaltung<br> Patrick von Maravic:<br> Dezentrale Korruptionsrisiken als Folge der Transformation des öffentlichen Sektors?<br> Thomas Edeling:<br> Die Korrumpierung bedarfswirtschaftlichen Handelns in öffentlichen Unternehmen<br> Christoph Demmke:<br> Öffentliche Meinung, Ethik und die Reform der öffentlichen Dienste in Europa<br> Uwe Bekemann:<br> ex-post Prüfung vs. ex-ante Beratung. Wandel der Rechnungsprüfungsämter als Reaktion auf neue Korruptionsrisiken?!<br> Woydt, Justus:<br> Der Integrity Pact von Transparency International<br> Elshorst, Hansjörg:<br> Ergänzende Gedanken aus der Sicht von Transparency International<br>

In the past century, there has been an increasing trend in American government toward opening government procedures to the general public. The intention of these reforms was to improve government accountability and responsiveness, increase public education and involvement in government, and prevent corruption and undue influence by special interests. Conventional wisdom about open government, however, does not take into consideration many of the repercussions of opening up congressional proceedings to the glare of public scrutiny. Reforms in the 1970’s opened the deliberative process and made members of Congress more vulnerable to constituent and interest group pressure. These effects have had many negative impacts, in both the House Appropriations Committee and the Ways and Means Committees, for deliberative democracy and responsible budgeting.

This thesis proposes a new proof of the acoustic transparency theorem for material with a bounded variation. The theorem states that if the material properties (density, bulk modulus) is of bounded variation, the net power transmitted through the point z = 0 over a time interval [−T,T] is greater than some constant times the energy at the time zero over a spatial interval [0,Z], provided that T equals the time of travel of a wave from 0 to Z. This means the reflected energy of an input into the earth will be received. Otherwise, the reflections may not arrive at the surface. A proof gives a lower bound for material properties (density, bulk modulus) with bounded variation using sideways energy estimate. A different lower bound that works only for piecewise constant coefficients is also given. It gives a lower bound by analyzing reflections and transmissions of the waves at the jumps of the material properties. This thesis also gives an example to illustrate that the bounded variation assumption may not be necessary for the medium to be transparent. This thesis also discusses relations between the transparency property and the data of an inverse problem.

This thesis presents the fabrication of transparent conductive Boron-Doped CVD diamond (BDD) thin film with the appropriate processing parameters. The BDD shows the transmittance in the visible wavelength and good electrical conductivity. The depositing rate of Diamond films yields 0.37 £gm per hour with Hydrogen, Argon, Methane and oxygen as gas sources, and B(OCH3)3 was used as the doping source. Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWCVD) was performed for the BDD deposition. Also, PECVD was applied to grow diamond-like Carbon (DLC) film on silicon as substrate. Through systematical experiments, the influence of carrier gas flow rates of B(OCH3)3, the variation of ratio of Argon, and growth pressure of BDD on the transmittance in the visible light and electrical conductivity has been studied. In addition, dc bias was applied to synthesize diamond films and extend long depositing time shows the stable growth rate of diamond films. The thickness of BDD films increases and acquired more than 60% optical transmittance. BDD samples were analyzed by Raman Spectroscopy for the diamond quality, N & K Analyzer for the film thickness and optical properties. Van Der Pauw I-V Measurement and Hall Measurement were analyzed p-type diamond films carrier mobility, carrier concentration, electrical resistivity. By increasing Argon and applying negative dc bias can improve the growth rate and transmittance of diamond films. And the quality of diamond films could be improved by the coating of DLC on Si substrates. This work has achieved fabricating a transparent conducting BDD successfully.

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This thesis is a study on the interface of public built form and the open public space surrounding it. The aim is to explore the problem of the transition between interior and exterior public space, that is the exterior skin of the public built form: its public wall. Public wall is explored as an in-between element belonging to both spaces, which forms the dialogue of these spaces. The dialogue is studied in terms of communicative qualities. A conceptual framework is established for the analysis of the public wall. To develop the communication notion further, two milieus of communication of the interior and exterior public space are discussed: transparency and de-materialization. At the end, in order to examine how the theoretical approaches turn into practical solutions, some contemporary architectural examples of public buildings are evaluated in relation to the established framework of the public wall. Therefore, the emphasis given on the subject of public wall is supposed to contribute to the network of relations in the cityscape, and activate those relations, as these relations of built form and open space are at the base of urban realm.