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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Pulmonary lipid homeostasis in cigarette smoke-associated lung diseases

Jubinville, Éric 19 September 2019 (has links)
Introduction. Les effets du tabagisme demeurent problématiques dans notre société. Les mécanismes initiateurs de la réponse immunitaire pulmonaire induits par la fumée de cigarette sont peu caractérisés. Un des phénomènes dominants en contexte tabagique est l’augmentation de la taille des macrophages alvéolaires. Ce changement phénotypique se distingue par une accumulation intracellulaire de lipides suggérant que le transport lipidique pulmonaire des macrophages alvéolaires est modifié en contexte tabagique. Le transport lipidique pulmonaire est composé de plusieurs étapes, dont la capture, le remaniement et l’export de lipides par les macrophages alvéolaires. Les impacts du tabagisme sur le transport lipidique pulmonaire sont actuellement inconnus. Hypothèse. Le tabagisme altère le transport lipidique pulmonaire. Objectifs : Chapitre 1) Investiguer l’impact de l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette sur le transport lipidique pulmonaire dans un modèle murin et chez l’humain ainsi qu’évaluer l’impact d’une thérapie d’augmentation des high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) dans un modèle murin. Chapitre 2) Investiguer les effets d’une thérapie avec un agoniste du récepteur nucléaire liver X receptor (LXR) activant l’export lipidique dans un modèle murin. Chapitre 3) Caractériser les répercussions d’une carence alimentaire sur la santé pulmonaire et sur la réponse pulmonaire en contexte tabagique dans un modèle murin. Méthodes. 1. Le transcriptome pulmonaire de souris exposées à la fumée de cigarette et de sujets non-fumeurs, fumeurs et ex-fumeurs a été étudié. La capacité d’efflux de cholestérol a été mesurée dans le sérum et dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire (LBA) de souris fumeuses et non fumeuses. Une HDL recombinante, le MDCO-216, a été administrée à des souris fumeuses et non-fumeuses et leurs réponses immunitaires, leurs fonctions pulmonaires et leurs compositions corporelles ont été analysées. 2. Un agoniste du LXR, le T0901317, a été administré à des souris en contexte tabagique. Le transcriptome pulmonaire relié au transport lipidique, la réponse immunitaire pulmonaire et du macrophage alvéolaire ainsi que les impacts sur le surfactant pulmonaire ont été investigués. 3. Des souris fumeuses et non fumeuses ont été nourries avec des diètes déficientes en méthionine (MD), choline (CD) et méthionine et choline (MCD) et leurs fonctions pulmonaires, leurs réponses immunitaires pulmonaires et leurs expressions géniques pulmonaires ont été caractérisées. Résultats. Chapitre 1. L’expression des gènes impliqués dans le transport lipidique pulmonaire murin et humain est modifiée en contexte tabagique. La capacité du sérum et du LBA à promouvoir la sortie de cholestérol est augmentée après une seule exposition à la fumée de cigarette. L’administration du MDCO-216 réduit la réponse inflammatoire pulmonaire et la taille des macrophages alvéolaires dans un modèle d’exposition aiguë à la fumée de cigarette. Le MDCO-216 semble protéger les fonctions pulmonaires et induit une augmentation de la quantité de masse maigre chez les souris fumeuses. Chapitre 2. L’agoniste du LXR augmente l’expression des gènes de transport lipidique pulmonaire, cependant il exacerbe la réponse immunitaire pulmonaire en contexte tabagique. Les macrophages alvéolaires ont aussi un phénotype inflammatoire exacerbé et ont davantage de stress au réticulum endoplasmique lorsqu’ils sont traités en contexte tabagique. L’activation de LXR mène à une réduction des niveaux de surfactant pulmonaire. Chapitre 3. La diète MCD altère les fonctions pulmonaires en induisant un profil restrictif pulmonaire et abolit la réponse immunitaire pulmonaire à la fumée de cigarette. En histologie, ces souris nourries avec la diète MCD n’ont toutefois aucun foyer fibrotique pulmonaire. L’expression génique de plusieurs gènes associés à la matrice extracellulaire et les niveaux de surfactant pulmonaire sont réduits chez les souris nourries avec la diète MCD. Les phénotypes pulmonaires de la diète MCD sont toutefois réversibles après un retour d’une semaine sur la diète contrôle. La diète CD induit un profil pulmonaire de type emphysémateux et la diète MD mène à un profil restrictif. Conclusions. Ces travaux démontrent que le transport lipidique pulmonaire a un rôle majeur en contexte tabagique et qu’il est modulé rapidement. La thérapie d’augmentation des HDLs, avec le MDCO-216, propose une nouvelle voie de traitement envisageable pour les ex-fumeurs. La thérapie ciblant LXR suggère qu’il pourrait y avoir des effets délétères chez les sujets fumeurs actifs. Les carences alimentaires en méthionine et en choline démontrent d’importants changements sur la physiologie pulmonaire. Ce tout nouveau domaine de recherche, le nutri-respiratoire, requiert davantage d’études afin de mieux comprendre l’impact d’une mauvaise nutrition sur la santé pulmonaire. / Introduction. Cigarette smoking remains a major problem in our society.While a lot of cigarette smoke impacts are actually known, few data are available on initiating mechanisms involved in the pulmonary immune response to cigarette smoke. One of the most intriguing phenomena under cigarette smoke exposure conditions is the presence of enlarged alveolar macrophages. This phenotypic change is characterized by an intracellular lipid accumulation which may be a sign of inadequate lipid export by alveolar macrophages induced by cigarette smoking. Pulmonary lipid transport begins with lipid capture, lipid reorganization and lipid droplet formation followed by lipid export by alveolar macrophages. Cigarette smoke impacts on these steps are actually unknown. Hypothesis. Cigarette smoking alters pulmonary lipid transport. Objectives: Chapter 1) To investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary lipid transport in cigarette smoke-exposed mice and in healthy controls, smokers and former smokers. To investigate the impact of high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) therapeutic potential in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Chapter 2) To investigate, in mice, the therapeutic potential of an agonist activating the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) involved in the transcription of lipid export genes. Chapter 3) To explore, in mice, if a dietary deficiency alters the pulmonary health and the pulmonary response to cigarette smoke. Methods. 1. The pulmonary transcriptome of cigarette smoke-exposed mice and healthy controls, smokers and former smokers was assessed. Cholesterol efflux capacity of serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was measured in unexposed and cigarette smoke-exposed mice. MDCO-216, a recombinant HDL, was administered to unexposed and cigarette smoke-exposed mice and analyzed their pulmonary immune response, lung functions and body composition. 2. T0901317, an LXR agonist, was systemically given to mice under cigarette smoke exposure conditions. Pulmonary genes associated with lipid transport, lungs and alveolar macrophage immune pulmonary response to cigarette smoke and the impact of T0901317 on the pulmonary surfactant were assessed. 3. Unexposed and cigarette smoke-exposed mice were fed with methionine deficient (MD), choline deficient (CD) or methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet. Diets impact on lung functions, pulmonary immune response to cigarette smoke and pulmonary transcriptome were characterized. Results. Chapter 1. Cigarette smoking altered the expression of pulmonary lipid transport genes in mice and in humans. Serum and BALF cholesterol efflux capacities were increased following a twohour cigarette smoke exposure. MDCO-216 dampened the pulmonary inflammatory response and reduced the size of alveolar macrophages in our acute cigarette smoke exposure model. MDCO-216 also seemed to be beneficial to lung functions and induced an increase in lean mass in cigarette smokeexposed treated mice. Chapter 2. T0901317 treatments led to an increase in the expression of pulmonary lipid transport genes. However, it also induced an exacerbated pulmonary immune response during cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoke-exposed treated-alveolar macrophages displayed an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype and showed an augmented endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, LXR activation led to pulmonary surfactant depletion under cigarette smoke exposure conditions. Chapter 3. The MCD diet altered lung function displaying a restrictive profile and almost abolished the pulmonary immune response to cigarette smoke. Lung histology showed no signs of fibrosis, a phenotype usually associated with restrictive pulmonary functions. MCD diet led to a dramatic change in the pulmonary expression of extracellular matrix genes and also reduced pulmonary surfactant levels. Nevertheless, these pulmonary phenotypes were reversible within a week when mice were refed a control diet. Interestingly, the CD diet induced an emphysema-like profile, while MD diet showed similar pulmonary functions to the MCD diet. Conclusions. The present thesis adds major data to an underestimated field of research and demonstrates the importance of pulmonary lipid transport, especially during cigarette smoking. Recombinant HDL therapy with MDCO-216 may be a new opportunity to overcome adverse effects of cigarette smoking, while activating LXR seems rather deleterious. Nutrient deficiencies, such as methionine and choline led to unprecedented impacts on the pulmonary health and on the pulmonary response to cigarette smoke. This completely new field of research, “nutri-respiratory”, requires additional studies to fully decipher the impact of unhealthy nutrition on the respiratory system.
22

Interactions membranaires de canaux ioniques artificiels : une étude approfondie par dichroïsme circulaire orienté

Savoie, Jean-Daniel 24 April 2018 (has links)
Les peptides et les protéines font partie intégrante de l'arsenal dont l'évolution a pourvu les êtres vivants. Plusieurs fonctions essentielles d'un organisme, tel le transport ionique, dépendent d'ailleurs de leur implication. Les protéines-canal sont ubiquitaires chez tous les êtres vivants et pourtant, plusieurs questions non résolues sont soulevées quand on pense à leur mécanisme d'action et plus précisément à la relation qui existe entre leur structure et leur activité. Puisque l'étude des protéines-canal s'avère très complexe et laborieuse, plusieurs ont cherché à les étudier indirectement en développant, par exemple, des modèles synthétiques. Ce mémoire présente une catégorie unique de peptides développés par le groupe Voyer et constitués exclusivement de leucines et de 21-couronne-7-L-phénylalanines. La structure du peptide a été conçue spécialement pour qu'il puisse effectuer du transport ionique membranaire et servir de modèle dans l'étude des protéines-canal. Le peptide a été caractérisé de façon exhaustive au cours des vingt dernières années et les études ont bien établi sa conformation et démontré sa capacité à effectuer du transport membranaire sans, toutefois, lever le voile sur le mécanisme par lequel il opère. Afin d'y voir plus clair et d'en apprendre davantage sur leur mécanisme d'action, les travaux qui sont décrits dans les pages suivantes portent sur la caractérisation par dichroïsme circulaire orienté de la structure et de la topologie membranaire des peptides du groupe Voyer.
23

Structural analysis of yeast amino acid transporters: substrate binding and substrate-induced endocytosis

Ghaddar, Kassem 03 April 2014 (has links)
Plasma membrane transport proteins play a crucial role in all cells by conferring to the cell surface a selective permeability to a wide range of ions and small molecules. The activity of these transporters is often regulated by controlling their amount at the plasma membrane, via intracellular trafficking. The recent boom in the numbers of crystallized transporters shows that many of them that belong to different functional families with little sequence similarity adopt the same structural fold implying a conserved transport mechanism. These proteins belong to the APC (Amino acid-Polyamine-organoCation) superfamily and their fold is typified by the bacterial leucine transporter LeuT. This LeuT fold is characterized by inverted structural repeats of 5 transmembrane domains that harbor the central substrate-binding site and a pseudo-symmetry axis parallel to the membrane. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses about 16 amino acid permeases (yAAPs) that belong to the APC superfamily and that display various substrate specificity ranges and affinities. Topological, mutational analysis and in silico data indicate that yAAPS adopt the LeuT fold.<p><p>In this work we combined computational modeling and yeast genetics to study substrate binding by yAAPs and the endocytosis of these transporters in response to substrate transport. In the first part of this work, we analyzed the selective recognition of arginine by the yeast specific arginine permease, Can1. We constructed three-dimensional models of Can1 using as a template the recently resolved structure of AdiC, the bacterial arginine:agmatine antiporter, which is also a member of the APC superfamily. By comparison of the binding pockets of Can1 and Lyp1, the yeast specific lysine permease, we identified key residues that are involved in the recognition of the main and side chains of arginine. We first showed that the network of interactions of arginine in Can1 is similar to that of AdiC, and that the selective recognition of arginine is mediated by two residues: Asn 176 and Thr 456. Substituting these residues by their corresponding residues in Lyp1 converted Can1 into a specific lysine permease. In the second part of this work, we studied the regulation of two permeases, Can1 and the yeast general amino acid permease, Gap1. In the presence of their substrates, Gap1 and Can1 undergo ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis and targeting to the vacuolar lumen for degradation. We showed that this downregulation is not due to intracellular accumulation of the transported amino acids but to transport catalysis itself. By permease structural modeling, mutagenesis, and kinetic parameter analysis, we showed that Gap1 and Can1 need to switch to an intermediary conformational state and persist a minimal time in this state after binding the substrate to trigger their endocytosis. This down-regulation depends on the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase and involves the recruitment of arrestin-like adaptors, resulting in the ubiquitylation and endocytosis of the permease.<p><p>Our work shows the importance of the structural analysis of yAAPs to get further insight into the different aspects of their function and regulation. We validate the use of a bacterial APC transporter, AdiC, to construct three-dimensional models of yAAPs that can be used to guide experimental analyses and to provide a molecular framework for data interpretation. Our results contribute to a better understating of the recognition mode of amino acids by their permeases, and the regulation of this transport in response to substrate binding. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
24

Molecular basis of secondary multidrug transport

Masureel, Matthieu 14 June 2013 (has links)
The Major Facilitator Superfamily groups a vast number of secondary transporters that import or export distinct substrates. Among these, multidrug antiporters constitute a peculiar class of transporters, both because of their multispecificity, recognizing structurally very diverse substrates, and because of their transport mechanism, that relies on bilayer-mediated extrusion of cytotoxic compounds. An accurate and detailed description of the conformational changes that underlie the transport cycle is still lacking and the structural basis for energetic coupling in these transporters has not been elucidated, with so far only limited crystallographic evidence available. We investigate the molecular basis of secondary multidrug transport with biochemical and biophysical studies on LmrP, a Major Facilitator Superfamily multidrug transporter from Lactococcus lactis. We used extensive continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance and double electron-electron resonance measurements on a library of spin-labeled LmrP mutants to uncover the conformational states involved in transport and to investigate how protons and ligands shift the equilibrium between conformers to enable transport. We find that the transporter switches between outward-open and outward-closed conformations depending on the protonation states of specific acidic residues forming a transmembrane protonation relay. We observe that substrate binding restricts the conformational freedom of LmrP and induces localized conformational changes. Our data allows to build a model of secondary multidrug transport wherein substrate binding initiates the transport cycle by opening the extracellular side to protons. Subsequent protonation of membrane-embedded acidic residues induces substrate release to the extracellular side and triggers a cascade of conformational changes that culminates in a proton release to the intracellular side. Parallel to this, we have optimized our purification and expression protocol in order to set up crystallization trials on LmrP. Through extensive screening and optimization of the lipidation state of LmrP, using ad hoc methods for sample preparation, we were able to obtain low-resolution diffracting crystals. By improving our lipidation technique and modifying the lipid composition we further improved crystal quality. Other factors such as ligand addition, the presence of secondary detergent and additives for controlling phase separation and nucleation were tested, paving the way to high resolution structure determination of LmrP. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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