Esta tese busca dar subsídios à compreensão da complexa relação entre cidade e seus sistemas de circulação, sobretudo a partir das diversas transformações urbanas ocorridas ao longo do século XX. É nossa hipótese que a obra do engenheiro-urbanista britânico Colin Buchanan, elaborada entre 1958 e 1966, constitui-se em um momento importante do debate acerca desta relação, sobretudo pelo deslocamento da ênfase das preocupações com a dinâmica da circulação urbana para questões relacionadas à cidade. Neste movimento, Buchanan estabelece um forte posicionamento contra algumas correntes hegemônicas de planejamento de transportes que enfatizavam as questões construtivas ou privilegiavam análises de base econômica. Seu trabalho identifica uma clara opção pelo automóvel como modo de transporte e discute quatro questões urbanas fundamentais: 1) a mobilidade urbana como uma questão política; 2) a circulação urbana como fenômeno; 3) a escala urbana local; 4) a estrutura urbana e regional para o tráfego. Estas quatro dimensões, como foram denominadas neste trabalho, ancoram aquilo que consideramos a sua proposta de cidade para a era do automóvel. / The object of this thesis is to provide subsidies for understanding the complex relationship between the city and its circulation systems, especially from the several urban transformations that have occurred over the twentieth century. It is our hypothesis that the work of the British engineer-planner Colin Buchanan, drafted between 1958 and 1966, constitutes an important contribution to the debate about this relationship, mainly by shifting the focus of concerns about traffic issues for the city. In this movement, Buchanan makes a strong point of view against some hegemonic currents of transportation planning that emphasized the issues favored constructive or economic analysis. This work identifies a clear option for the car as a mode of transportation and discusses four key urban issues: 1) urban mobility as a political issue, 2) the movement as urban phenomenon, 3) the local urban scale, 4) urban structure and regional traffic. These four dimensions, as named in this work, support what we consider his proposal to the city for the automobile age.

That women and men have different travel patterns has been known for a long time, and previous research argues that gender inequality is the reason for the different travel patterns. Thus, integrating a gender equality perspective into transportation planning has been a relevant topic for quite some time. However, it has been proven to be easier said than done. Gender equality has not been given much attention within transportation planning and planners find it difficult to know how to implement a gender equality perspective. By studying two County Transportation Plans developed by regions in northern Sweden and interviewing infrastructural planners as well as gender equality experts, this thesis will investigate how gender equality is managed and integrated in transport planning on a regional level, and how it could be integrated. How gender equality relates to sustainable transportation on a regional level is another research question. The results show that the planners are aware of women’s and men’s different travel patterns, but they have experienced the difficulties of how gender equality can be integrated in the plans, and integration has previously been made with modesty. This is partly due to lack of competence among the planners and because it has not been prioritized. The result also indicates that gender equality can be beneficial for sustainable transportation, but some goal conflicts were found as well. A conclusion it that there seems to exist a paradox among the respondents where they are unsure of if the transportation should adjust to the current travel needs, or promote change. It is seemingly not either the lack of competence that is the reason gender equality has not been prioritized, but the fact that other areas, such as the need of functional connections due to long distances between places has been seen as more important. The competence and knowledge exists, but need to increase among the planners, and gender equality within transportation planning has to be given more attention on a national level and in the directives from the government.

M.Ing. / South African road infrastructure has developed as product of various influences such as growth in traffic demand, economic and social demand, policies and imperatives, access needs and political ideologies and pressures. A country needs to revisit their road classification model on regular bases to ensure these influences are addressed. This support ensures sustainable economic and social growth in a region. Road classification models internationally and nationally use non-quantified terminology to classify road classes. Terminology such as “key towns” or “important towns” is commonly used. These terms creates misleading interpretations by authorities and transportation planners. This study developed a method to define road classification classes based on the economic activity and social interaction between origin and destination towns. The outcome is to eradicate the non-quantified terminology use in road classes.

The interest in telecommuting stems from the potential benefits in alleviating traffic congestion, decreasing vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and improving air quality by reducing the necessity for travel between home and the workplace. Despite the potential economic, environmental, and social benefits, telecommuting has not been widely adopted, and there is little consensus on the actual impacts of telecommuting. One of the major hurdles is lack of a sound instrument to quantify the impacts of telecommuting on individuals’ travel behavior. As a result, the telecommuting phenomenon has not received proper attention in most transportation planning and investment decisions, if not completely ignored. This dissertation addresses the knowledge gap in telecommuting studies by examining several factors. First, it proposes a comprehensive outline to reveal and represent the complexity in telecommuting patterns. There are various types of telecommuting engagement, with different impacts on travel outcomes. It is necessary to identify and distinguish between those people for whom telecommuting involves a substitution of work travel and those for whom telecommuting is an ancillary activity. Secondly, it enhances the current modeling framework by supplementing the choice/frequency approach with daily telework dimensions, since the traditional approach fails to recognize the randomness of telecommuting engagement in a daily context. A multi-stage modeling structure is developed, which incorporates choice, frequency, engagement, and commute, as the fundamental dimensions of telecommuting activity. One pioneering perspective of this methodology is that it identifies non-regular telecommuters, who represent a significant share of daily telecommuters. Lastly, advanced statistical modeling techniques are employed to measure the actual impacts of each telecommuting arrangement on travelers’ daily activity-travel behavior, focusing on time-use analysis and work trip departure times. This research provides a systematic and sound instrument that advances the understanding of the benefits and potentials of telecommuting and impacts on travel outcomes. It is expected to facilitate policy and decision makers with higher accuracy and contribute to the better design and analysis of transportation investment decisions.

Thesis: M. Arch. A.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 1976 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-274). / M. Arch. A.S. / M. Arch. A.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture

The justification of government support of rural transit on the basis of the presence of increasing returns to scale and the most efficient regional organization of transit is investigated. Returns to density, size, and scope at most levels of output were found. Cost subadditivity, where a monopoly firm can provide service at a lower cost than two firms, was found for many, but not all observations. The presence of natural monopoly in rural transit in a strict sense is rejected. The findings and implications are directly applicable to rural transit in North Dakota and should be helpful in informing future federal policy as well as rural transit policy, service design, and operation in other states.

The last couple of decades have seen a renewed interest among urban transportation planners in light rail transit (LRT) systems in large cities across the United States (US) as a possible means of addressing negative transportation externalities such as congestion and greenhouse gas emissions while encouraging the use of public transit [1]. LRT infrastructure investments have also gained traction as a means of revitalizing decayed urban centres because transportation infrastructure developments are highly correlated with economic growth in surrounding areas [2]. <div>The primary objective of this dissertation is to examine the externalities associated with LRTs during its the construction and operations phases. In particular, three areas of concern are addressed: (1) The effect that proximity to LRT stations </div><div>have on nearby single family residences (SFRs) throughout the LRT life-cycle; (2) the effect that directional heterogeneity between LRT stations, the central business district (CBD), and the SFR; and (3) the longer term effects on nearby populations due to LRT operations. To answer the first two research objectives, quasi-experimental spatial econometric models are used; to address the last objective, a-spatial fixed effects panel models are developed. The analyses primarily relies on SFR sales data from 2001-2019, publicly available geographical information systems data, as well as demographic data from eight 5-year American Communities Surveys (ACS). Charlotte, NC, a medium-sized US city, is chosen as the site of analysis, both due to the relative novelty factor of its LRT in the region and data availability.</div><div>The results show that SFR values are positively associated with proximity to LRT stations in the announcement and construction phases but negatively associated with proximity to stations once the LRT is operational. Additionally, potential homeowners with prior experience with LRT do not behave any differently than potential homeowners with no prior experience with LRT in terms of willingness to pay to live a certain distance from LRT stations. Further, directional heterogeneity is shown to be a statistically significant source factor in deciding the extent to which house-buyers are willing to pay to be near LRT stations. Lastly, distance from LRT stations are found to have no statistically significant effect on changes in the racial composition of nearby areas but have significant positive effects on educational attainment and average median incomes of residents living in nearby areas over time. </div><div>The contributions of this research are twofold. First, in addition to highlighting the need to use spatial econometric methods when analyzing the effect that LRTs have on surrounding real estate markets, this research provides a framework by which directional heterogeneity can be incorporated into these analyses. Second, this research adds to the existing pool of knowledge on land use externalities of LRT through incorporating the life-cycle of LRT from announcement to operations. Furthermore, this research examines the effects that LRT have on surrounding populations in transit adjacent areas to provide a look at the broader effects of LRT over time. </div><div>A major challenge in the analyses conducted in this dissertation is its reliance on SFR sales data. Urban areas near LRT may contain additional land uses. In order to fully determine LRT’s effects on its surrounding area, one should examine the proximity effects on all land use types. Furthermore, LRT stations and rail lines are assumed exogenous, which may not be the case as public hearings and town halls during the planning phase may influence stations’ locations. Future research should seek to understand how the circumstances surrounding the planning process could indirectly affect the socio-demographic characteristics in transit adjacent areas over time. Finally, additional research is needed to better understand the extent to which LRT affects urban intra- and inter-migration. Knowing the population repulsion and attraction of LRT can help planners design facilities to better serve the public.</div>

Para tomar decisiones sobre alternativas para reducir los efectos negativos de la congestión, se debe planificar el transporte. La planificación requiere, según el enfoque clásico, el conjunto secuencial de cuatro (04) modelos de transporte para tomar decisiones pertinentes. El cuarto y último modelo corresponde a la asignación de tráfico, el cual requiere de la función BPR. La función BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) estima el tiempo de viaje (Tf) respecto al flujo de transporte (V), a la capacidad (C), al tiempo de viaje en flujo libre (to) y a los parámetros (α y β), los cuales deben reflejan el desempeño de la infraestructura vial. En Lima Metropolitana, como en otras ciudades de Latinoamérica, suele emplearse valores estandarizados de α y β en la función BPR, esto significa que dichos valores no están ajustado a las condiciones actuales de la ciudad. A partir de ello, se genera incertidumbre en la estimación de los datos de salida de la función (tiempo de viaje) y en efecto, incertidumbre en la eficiencia de las decisiones para disminuir la congestión. El objetivo de la presente investigación es calibrar la función BPR, es decir, estimar los valores de α y β. Y, en consecuencia, asegurar que esta represente, de manera confiable, el comportamiento vial en Lima Metropolitana, específicamente en la vía colectora: Avenida San Luis. La metodología se desarrolla en tres (03) etapas: Levantamiento de información, determinación de los parámetros y análisis de los resultados. Como resultado de la calibración se obtiene valores de α=2.22 y β=1.19, y se demuestra que la función calibrada representa de forma adecuada los tiempos de viaje observados en la vía en estudio. En cambio, la utilización de valores estandarizados no resulta ser la mejor para dicha representación, y por el contrario, presenta errores significativos. / In order to take decisions about alternatives to reduce the congestion’s negative effects, transport must be planified. Planification requires, according to the classic approach, the four-model transport sequential set to take the pertinent decisions. The fourth and last model corresponds to the traffic allocation, that requires the BPR function. The BPR function (Bureau of Public Roads) estimates the travel time (Tf) regarding the transport’s flow (V), the capacity (C), the travel time in free flow (to) and the parameters (α y β), that reflect the performance of the road infraestructure. In the city of Lima, as in others Latinamerican cities, it is common to use standarised values of α and β in BPR function. That means that those values are not adjusted to the city’s current conditions. On that basis, uncertainty arises on the function of the data output (travel time) and also on the efficiency of the decisions taken to diminish the traffic congestion. The main approach of this investigation is to calibrate the BPR function, that means, to estimate the functions of α y β, and, because of it, ensure that this function represents the traffic behavoir in the city of Lima in a reliable way, specifically in the collector road: San Luis Avenue. The methodology is developed in three stages: gathering of information, determination of the parameters and analysis of the results. As a result of the calibration, the values obtained are α=2.22 and β=1.19, and it is demonstraded that the calibrated functions represent in a reliable way the travel times observed in the studied avenue. However, the use of standarised values is not the best one for such representation, and, on the contrary, it shows significative errors. / Tesis

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 342-356. / by Ilan Salomon. / Ph.D.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 126-129. / by Francisco A. Tourreilles. / M.S.