<p> Tow Hill is a 109m butte located on the north shore of Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. It is composed of a massive, 105m thick layer of olivine tholeiite, underlain by thin sills of tholeiitic basalt and interbedded sediments of the Skonun Formation. The age of this basalt body has been estimated to be less than 5Ma. Three hypotheses have been proposed as to the origin of Tow Hill: 1. a sill intrusion; 2. hydroclastic material; and 3. a lava flow or flows. Macroscopic features observed on Tow Hill do not indicate an origin and each of the three hypotheses can adequately explain the features. Petrographical studies indicate that the basalt is not fragmental and thus, the second hypothesis can be rejected. Neither of the two remaining hypotheses can be strictly accepted or rejected with petrographical examination. Chemical analyses indicate that Tow Hill is made up of "within plate" basalts which are probably related to activity associated with rifting and/or transtension in a continental environment. This constrains the late Tertiary tectonic history of the Queen Charlotte Islands in that any model of the tectonics of this area must involve rifting and/or transtension.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

xv, 95 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Plate 1. Geologic Map of the Sierra Bacha, Coastal Sonora, Mexico (1:30,000 scale) attached as a separate file. / The Gulf of California is an active rift basin formed by late Cenozoic dextral-oblique extension along the Pacific-North America plate boundary. Well exposed volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Sierra Bacha, coastal Sonora, Mexico, preserve a history of proto-Gulf (late Miocene) deformation and offer insight into the structures and kinematics responsible for localization of the plate boundary and inception of the Gulf at about 6 Ma. Geologic mapping, fault kinematic analysis, and paleomagnetic data suggest that proto-Gulf deformation in the Sierra Bacha occurred primarily by ENE-WSW extension and that vertical-axis rotation related to dextral strain was minor. Lack of significant dextral shear supports an emerging model for proto-Gulf deformation in which dextral strain was not ubiquitous across Sonora but instead became localized during latest Miocene time in a narrow coastal shear zone that mechanically weakened the lithosphere and helped facilitate continental rupture. This thesis includes the "Geologic Map of the Sierra Bacha, Coastal Sonora, Mexico" as supplemental material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Rebecca J. Dorsey, Chairperson; Dr. Marli B. Miller, Member; Dr. Ray J. Weldon II, Member

Il y a trois catégories de failles décrochantes: les failles purement décrochantes, transtensives et les failles transpressives. Ces failles ont été décrites dans bien des environnements géodynamiques et sont le type de faille le plus communément associé avec les volcans, qui se situent souvent au-dessus ou prés d'une faille décrochante. L'impact que ces mouvements régionaux ont sur la morphologie de volcans coniques a été étudié à plusieurs reprises ces dernières années. Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse à un grand nombre de catégorie de failles et de géométrie volcaniques à travers trois exemples naturels: les volcans de Guadeloupe dans les Petites Antilles, le Mt Cameroun d'Afrique de l'ouest et le volcan de Maderas, au Nicaragua. Ce projet a permis d'établir des cartes structurales de ces trois volcans peu étudiés, grâce à des études de terrain détaillées et à des observations satellites. Les cartes ont ensuite été comparées avec les structures obtenues expérimentalement, en déformant un cône analogue à un volcan avec des mouvements décrochants, transtensifs et transpressifs. L'étude des volcans Guadeloupéen a conduit à une nouvelle interprétation de leurs phases de construction. Une faille régional senestre, transtensive et orientée NW-SE est responsable de l'alignement des volcans Guadeloupéens, de l'orientation de leur dykes et de l'effondrement d'une partie de leurs flancs. En ce qui concerne le Mt Cameroun, la zone de rift et la morphologie allongée du volcan sont contrôlées par un faille décrochante inactive de la croute continentale, au-dessus de laquelle le volcan c'est développé. Cette étude montre également que le Mt Cameroun s'est étalé sur sont les sédiments peu compétents de son substratum. Les structures du volcan de Maderas, c'est-à-dire sont graben sommital, sont alignement d'édifices monogénétiques, les demi grabens de ses flancs inférieurs et ses linéaments sommitaux sont liés à des mouvements régionaux et à l'étalement gravitaire du volcan. L'orientation de ces structures indique que Maderas c'est construit au-dessus d'une faille dextre, transtensive et orientée NW-SE. Le modèle théorique de l'interaction entre failles décrochantes et cônes volcaniques établi grâce aux expériences analogiques peu être appliqué aux volcans étudiés durant se projet ainsi qu'à d'autre volcans, dans le but de déterminer la position, l'orientation, la quantité et le sens du mouvement des failles cachées par une couverture de dépôt éruptifs récent et par une érosion intense.

The southern Patagonian Andes record the Late Cretaceous closure and inversion of the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes marginal basin, subsequent development of the Patagonian retroarc fold-thrust belt and the Neogene to present tectonic superposition of a left-lateral strike-slip plate margin defined by the Magallanes- Fagnano fault zone. In this dissertation, I present new geologic maps, cross sections and detailed macro- and microscopic structural analyses that describe the geometry and kinematic evolution of the fold-thrust belt and superposed strike-slip deformation over ~200 km along-strike between 53° and 55° S latitude. Results are discussed in the context of the regional tectonic development of the southernmost Andes and are relevant to the understanding of important tectonic processes including the development of a retroarc fold-thrust belt, the formation of a basal décollement below and toward the hinterland of a fold-thrust belt and the spatial distribution of deformation along a strike-slip plate margin. New maps and balanced cross-sections of the Patagonian fold-thrust belt show that it developed during two main phases of Late Cretaceous to Paleogene shortening that were partly controlled by the antecedent geology and mechanical stratigraphy of the Rocas Verdes basin. During the Late Cretaceous, a thin-skinned thrust belt developed above a décollement that formed first in relatively weak shale deposits of the Rocas Verdes basin and later deepened to <1 km below the basement-cover contact. Ramps that cut mechanically rigid volcanic rocks of the marginal basin link the two décollements. Basement-involved reverse faults that cut the early décollements and probably reactivate Jurassic normal faults reflect Paleogene shortening. Shortening estimates increase northwest to southeast from 26 to 37% over 100 km along-strike and are consistent with regional models of the fold-thrust belt. Structural data, kinematic analyses, and microstructural observations from the lower décollement show that it is defined by transposition of several generations of northeast-vergent noncylindrical folds, shear bands, and a quartz stretching lineation that are kinematically compatible with first-generation structures of the fold-thrust belt. Quartz microstructural data from the décollement are consistent with deformation temperatures that decrease from ~500-650° C to ~400-550° C over ~75 km in the transport direction, indicating that the décollement dipped shallowly (~6°) toward the hinterland. The décollement decoupled the underthrust continental margin from the fold- thrust belt and exemplifies the kinematic relationship between shortening that occurs coevally in a retroarc fold thrust-belt and its polydeformed metamorphic ‘basement’. Fault kinematic data and crosscutting relationships show kinematic and temporal relationships between populations of thrust, strike-slip and normal faults that occur in the study area. Thrust faults form an internally compatible population that shows subhorizontal northeast-trending shortening of the fold-thrust belt and is kinematically distinct from populations of normal and strike-slip faults. Both strike-slip and normal faults crosscut the fold-thrust belt, are localized near segments of the Magallanes- Fagnano fault zone, have mutually compatible kinematic axes and are interpreted to be coeval. Strike-slip faults form Riedel and P-shear geometries that are compatible with left-lateral slip on the Magallanes-Fagnano fault-zone. Strike-slip and normal faults occur in a releasing step-over between two overlapping left-lateral, left-stepping segments of the Magallanes fault zone and record a tectonic event defined by sinistral transtension that probably reflects changing plate dynamics associated with the opening of the Drake Passage during the Early Miocene. / text