Over the last couple of years, more than a million unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) have made it to the European Union. Their journeys have been long, tough, and hard and each unaccompanied minor refugee has a unique story, but they all share one thing. The traumatic events they have witnessed and experienced along the way have affected their mental health. Mental health issues, often symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are very common among UMRs. Untreated issues can lead to chronic PTSD, which could impact them for the rest of their lives. UMRs need support to process the traumas they have experienced, and one possible intervention is NET, Narrative Exposure Therapy. NET is an evidence-based, short-term, individual form of therapy. Supported by a therapist, the individual talk through his/her whole life while putting emphasis on the traumatic events aiming to work through and past them. The adapted form of NET that is used to treat children is called KidNET. Based on the hypothesis that KidNET has positive effects, reduces symptoms of PTSD, and strengthens mental health, the aim of the study is to show the effects of KidNET when treating traumatized children diagnosed with PTSD. Further objectives are set to see how effective KidNET is when compared to control groups, and if KidNET can be recommended as a suitable intervention to use among UMRs suffering from PTSD in Greece. A narrative literature review is chosen as the research method to reach the aim. The review revealed overall positive effects when using KidNET as an intervention targeting traumatized children with PTSD in various settings in different parts of the world. Positive effects found were better daily functioning, an ability to engage in meaningful activities, a reduction in feelings of guilt, stigmatization, and suicidal ideation, a decrease in the severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, and a full recovery from major clinical depression and PTSD. No negative effects were found in any of the studies included in the review. Several studies were limited by small sample sizes, no passive control group and not enough follow-up assessments. However, the overall outcome shows successful results and KidNET is found to be a suitable intervention when treating PTSD among UMRs in Greece, but further studies are recommended. / <p>On Zoom</p>

This study is aimed at exploring the impact of secondary trauma on the child. A shortcoming has been identified in practice because of the lack of trained social workers and therapists in the field of secondary trauma and children and applying effective therapeutic intervention. The goal of this study was to explore and determine the impact of trauma on the child as the secondary victim in the emergency room of the hospital. In order to reach the required goal, a number of objectives were set. By means of a literature study and consultation with experts in the field of trauma, a theoretical framework was set up with regard to the following: secondary trauma as phenomenon; the child in the middle childhood as part of life; trauma debriefing and the child. An empirical study where semi-structured interviews and participatory observation were used as the methods of data collection was undertaken, to assess the impact of trauma on the child, as the secondary victim in the emergency room of the hospital. The following aspects were handled specifically: 1. the experience of trauma by the child 2. fears and anxiety 3. re-experiencing the event through thoughts 4. sensation, communication and play 5. increase in sensitivity through sight, noises and smell 6. avoidance of memories, thoughts and feelings towards the trauma and then the search for closure Individual semi-structured interviews were used with ten respondents. Applied research was undertaken as the researcher aimed at establishing solutions for problems that occur in the emergency room of the hospital. The researcher used a qualitative research approach. Considering that in this study a relatively unknown field was researched, a phenomenological strategy within an exploratory study was used to explore, understand and interpret the research question, which is not well known. The research question formulated for this study was: “What is the effect of trauma on the child as the secondary victim?” Empirical data, which was obtained by using a semi-structured interview schedule and participatory observation, revealed the following: 1. The secondary traumatized child is the individual that’s been exposed to the trauma by either witnessing the event or through the relationship with the victim. 2. The following phases of trauma were identified through the study of the secondary traumatized child: i. PHASE 1 : Biological impact phase ii. PHASE 2 : Reaction phase iii. PHASE 3 : Avoidance phase iv. PHASE 4 : Reintegration and recovery of homeostasis 3. Role of social support systems for the adaptation of the psycho-social functioning of the victim. 4. External factors that might influence the traumatized child. The study revealed information on the child as the secondary traumatized victim in the emergency room of the hospital, which holds further research possibilities. The desired information was acquired and can be used in further studies and the development of a trauma-debriefing programme. / Dissertation (MSW (Social Health Care))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Social Health Care) / Unrestricted

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Endodontic regeneration (ERP) has been successfully used in the treatment of traumatized immature teeth. The procedure has three essential steps: disinfecting the root canal (i.e. triple antibiotic paste (TAP) or double antibiotic paste (DAP)), provoking bleeding inside the canal to form a scaffold upon which pulp stem cells will be deposited and continue root growth, and creating a good coronal seal. Previous research has reported that antibiotic pastes (TAP and DAP) are cytotoxic to stem cells in the concentrations commonly used in endodontic regeneration (1000 mg/mL). To decrease the adverse effects on stem cells and increase the rate of success of the regeneration, defining appropriate antibiotic concentrations for ERP is critical. In this project, five in-vitro experiments were conducted to determine the breakpoint dilutions of both TAP and DAP medicaments, and to prepare a suitable novel pastes containing diluted TAP or DAP medicaments for ERP. In the first experiment, we compared the antibacterial effect of TAP, and DAP against early biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. In the second study, we investigated the antibacterial effect of various dilutions of TAP and DAP antibiotic medicaments against established E. faecalis biofilm. In the third experiment, we investigated longitudinally the residual antibacterial activity of human radicular dentin treated with 1000, 1 or 0.5 mg/ml of TAP and DAP. In the fourth study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of various dilutions of TAP and DAP antibiotic medicaments on the survival of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). And in the fifth experiment, we investigated the antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of novel intracanal medicaments consisting of methylcellulose (MC) and/or propylene glycol (PG) mixed with 1mg/ml of TAP or DAP. 1 mg/ml of DAP or TAP medicaments had a significant antibacterial effect against early bacterial biofilm formation, and established bacterial biofilm. Furthermore, 1 mg/ml had a residual antibacterial activity comparable to 1000 mg/ml. The novel intracanal medicaments had comparable antibacterial effect to currently used medicaments (1000 mg/ml). Additionally, the novel intracanal medicaments significantly enhanced DPSC metabolic activity, compared to currently used medicaments in endodontic regeneration procedures.