This thesis investigates how the size, structure and function of the family presented in Shakespeare's plays relates to an early modern understanding of the importance and function of the family. By examining domestic manuals, pamphlets, treatises and diaries from the early modern period, I establish what was considered normative domestic behaviour at the time and analyse Shakespeare's plays through these contemporary attitudes, specifically their treatment of privacy, household structure and medical beliefs surrounding reproduction and gynaecology. This thesis seeks to focus on the way in which people's positions in the family change over time, from infancy to adulthood, and how these relationships are represented in Shakespeare's plays. Beginning with marriage, where the family is first formed; I examine Othello and Macbeth, and show how the marriages in these plays, while tragic, are cherished and valued. Succession was integral to the legacy and sustainability of a family, which is the topic of the next chapter, in which I explore the notions of how children are conceived and raised in Richard III and The Winter's Tale. The transition from childhood into adulthood was fraught with change in both housing and legal circumstances, and this struggle in adolescence is clearly depicted in Romeo and Juliet, which comprises the third chapter. Aside from the familial relationships of husband and wife and parent and child, the most influential relationships were those of siblings, which I investigate in a number of plays in the fourth chapter. Finally, I focus on the traditional and complicated nuclear families in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Hamlet and Coriolanus, and analyse how the family is highlighted and valued in each of these plays. The thesis concludes that throughout Shakespeare's work, the family is privileged over war, nobility and absolute patriarchal control, emphasising that it is vital to understanding and analysing Shakespeare's plays.

Cette recherche a pour ambition d'étudier les vitraux, les commanditaires et les peintres-verriers de la fin du Moyen Age au début du XVIIe siècle dans l'Est du Bassin parisien, c'est-à-dire dans un secteur géographique couvrant des territoires où il reste parfois beaucoup de vitraux en place (pays troyen, par exemple) et d'autres où il ne subsiste presque rien, comme dans les Ardennes ou l'Aisne. Cependant, il est possible, grâce aux sources d'archives, de fournir un tableau des foyers de peinture sur verre dans des villes où l'absence de vestiges ne laisse pas supposer qu'on y ait produit du vitrail (Mézières, Laon). Ces sources, comptables, judiciaires, notariales, réglementaires ou techniques, permettent, d'une part, de suivre sur le long terme les mécanismes de commande, de pose et d'entretien des verrières et, d'autre part, d'étudier les familles de peintres-verriers qui ont été actives dans la plupart des cités du territoire couvert par notre étude. Nous avons donc tenté d'élaborer une définition du métier de peintre-verrier tenant compte des circonstances (métier réglementé ou non) ainsi que de la teneur exacte des activités des peintres-verriers qui sont, comme dans de nombreux autres pays, souvent polyvalents, les spécialisations dépendant du contexte artistique, économique et familial. Les source anciennes enrichissent aussi l'approche iconographique en contribuant à affiner notre connaissance des corpus de vitraux posés dans un espace géographique et pour une période donnés : si l'iconographie dépend pour une bonne part du statut du commanditaire et de sa culture, les dévotions locales, la nature de l'édifice et les modes ont aussi joué un rôle. / This project is a study of the stained-glass windows, patrons and painter-glassworkers of the end of the Middle Ages. It focuses on the east Parisian Basin at the 16th and 17th centuries, an area which encompasses regions (such as that around Troyes) where there are many extant windows, and others (such as the Ardennes and Aisne) where almost nothing survives. Using archival sources, however, it is possible to supply a picture of glassmaking centre where no material evidence suggests that glass was manufactured (for example in Mézières and Laon). On the one hand, these sources allow us to trace the processes of patronage, production, installation and maintenance of windows over a period of time. On the other, they provide an insight into the families of glassworkers which were active in most of the cities covered by this study. Drawing on this evidence, this thesis presents an account of the painter-glassworker's craft, taking into account socio-historical circumstances (including guilds), as well as the details of their activities given in the records, which are often, as in other countries, rather vague and general, depending on artistic, economic and familial context for clarification. The historical sources can also enrich an iconographic understanding of the glass by helping to refine our knowledge of the windows within their geographical and temporal contexts : if their subject-matter depends on the status and culture of patrons, the nature of local devotion, the nature of the edifice and fashion must all be taken into account.

The extant ancient Greek treatises on music show very striking similarities regarding the explanation of music theory, although they span a time period of seven centuries. The aim of this thesis is to prove that these similarities were not caused by the missing development of music, but rather by the habit of ancient musicologists, who seem to have preferred the information contained in their sources, however old they were, to the description of real musical practice. In this respect Aristides Quintilianus, an author of the 3rd century AD, who wrote three books On music, was not different. This thesis includes an explanation of the development of music as it is depicted by contemporary non-musicological writers and notational diagrams, then presents the work of Aristides Quintilianus per se as well as in the context of the other ancient Greek musicological research. There is also a translation and a commentary on Aristides's first book, where the musical changes should be present. Finally, by a comparison of some parallel passages found in Aristides's first book and in the rest of the extant musicological treatises, Aristides's sources are exposed.

L’usage que fait Shakespeare des métaphores dans les romances (Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale et The Tempest) contrevient aux prescriptions des traités de rhétorique anglais du XVIe siècle quant à l’élaboration de cette « figure du transport ». Les métaphores dans les romances sont marquées par une forte promotion de l’hybridité, que ce soit celle de la figure elle-même ou celle que le trope induit. Les métaphores que les rhétoriciens auraient pu qualifier d’inconvenantes et de cherchées trop loin contribuent à enrichir le genre protéiforme des pièces et la palette des émotions suscitées chez le spectateur. Elles ont aussi pour fonction de produire des effets catoptriques, de construire des identités sociales et sexuelles fluctuantes et complexes et de créer une dialectique subtile entre le visuel de la scène et celui de l’œil intérieur. Dès lors, le déploiement des métaphores au-delà des règles érigées par les rhétoriciens permet au dramaturge de révéler au mieux la diaprure du monde et celle des êtres. / Shakespeare’s use of metaphors in the romances (Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest) breaks the rules of decorum such as they were prescribed by sixteenth-century rhetoricians concerning the elaboration of this “figure of transport”. Metaphors in the romances tend to promote hybridity in a very powerful way. The figure, which relies on the art of grafting meanings, creates generic hybridity. Metaphors which may well have been deemed inappropriate and far-fetched by Renaissance rhetoricians are a means of strengthening the protean genre of these plays and producing an elaborate affective response in the audience. Moreover, they produce catoptric effects, build complex and fluctuating social and sexual identities and construct a dialectic relation that invites the spectator to approach the plays both with their physical and their inner eyes. Therefore, the development of metaphors beyond strict rhetorical rules enables the playwright to change perspectives and embrace a larger view of the world.

Mon travail de doctorat porte sur l’implication des enfants et des jeunes gens dans les phénomènes de sorcellerie qui se sont déroulés au Pays Basque de la fin du XVe siècle au début du XVIIe siècle. Mon corpus d'analyse comporte des traités de l'époque, des minutes de procès inquisitoriaux, ainsi que des documents officiels provenant des autorités. A travers l'examen en archives des différentes pièces, j'ai cherché à savoir qui étaient ces enfants et ces jeunes gens, à connaître leur âge, leur condition sociale et leur profil psychologique. D'autres questions ont surgi au cours de ma recherche : combien y a-t-il eu d'enfants concernés en fonction des années et du contexte socio-économique ? Quelle a été la place des rêves et de l’imagination dans ces phénomènes de sorcellerie ? Quelles ont été les répercussions des procès sur l'ensemble de la société ? J'ai pu mettre au jour le rôle joué par ces enfants et ces jeunes gens dans la progression, la propagation, l’expression et la matérialisation des actes tenant à la sorcellerie. Dans un deuxième temps, je me suis intéressée plus particulièrement à un évènement majeur de cette histoire : la chasse aux sorcières de Zugarramurdi qui a conduit à l’autodafé de Logroño en 1610. Je tente grâce aux documents d’époque, qu’il s’agisse de procès, de traités, de documents officiels en tous genres, de faire surgir un profil type de ces enfants et de ces jeunes gens et de proposer des faits une interprétation globale. Mon hypothèse de départ est que certains ont revêtu un habit de victime, d’autres de bourreau, et certains des deux à la fois dans un jeu subtil. J’essaie également de déterminer quelle fut la réaction et la réponse des autorités, des élites et du peuple face à cette dynamique de peur du diable et de châtiment alimentée en grande partie par les enfants eux-mêmes. Enfin, je m’emploie à déterminer la spécificité de la Péninsule Ibérique en matière de sorcellerie et à montrer que l’autodafé de Logroño de 1610 a marqué une évolution décisive dans la prise en compte de ces phénomènes de sorcellerie — notamment à travers l'écriture de traités sur la question novateurs —, ce qui signale un changement des mentalités de l’époque. / My PHD thesis tackles children’s and young people’s involvement in the witchcraft phenomena which happened in the Basque Country at the end of the 15th Century and at the beginning of the 17th century. My corpus of analysis is composed of treatises written at that time, of minutes from inquisitorial trials, as well as of official documents issued by authorities. By examining the different texts in the archives, I endeavoured to find out who these children and young people were, their age, their social statuses and their psychological profiles. More questions arose during my research: how many children were involved depending on the years and on the socio-economical context? What part did dreams and imagination play in those witchcraft phenomena? What were the repercussions of the trials for the whole society? I managed to bring to light the role played by these children and these young people in the progression, the spreading, the expression and the materialization of the acts relating to witchcraft. Secondly, I particularly turned my attention to a major event of this period that is Zugarramurdi witch hunt, which led to Logroño auto-da-fé in 1610. Thanks to the documents written at that period – trial minutes, treatises, and various official documents alike – I tried to discover the typical profile of those children and those young people and to suggest a global interpretation for the facts. My premise is that some of the children and young people played the part of victims, others of torturers, and some of both in a subtle way. I also attempted to establish what were the responses and reaction of the authorities, the elite and the people in that climate of Fear of the Devil and that of Punishment, a fear which was mainly fed by children themselves. Finally, I applied myself to determining the specificity of the Iberian Peninsula in terms of witchcraft and to showing that the Logroño auto-da-fé of 1610 marked a decisive evolution in the way people perceived those phenomena of witchcraft, which can be notably noticed in the innovative treatises that were written after that date. This new vision indicates a change in mentalities at that period.

Este trabalho contempla a teoria e prática da música inglesa do final do século XVI e início do XVII. Seu objetivo central é oferecer uma tradução comentada da primeira parte do tratado A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke\" (1597) de Thomas Morley, amparada por notas explicativas e críticas que tratam dos problemas referentes à terminologia e algumas questões de caráter histórico. A escolha do tratado de Morley para a presente pesquisa deve-se ao seu enfoque completo e pedagógico das principais definições da teoria musical da época e é na primeira parte do tratado que todos os elementos melódicos e rítmicos necessários para a leitura de uma partitura são apresentados. Portanto, a tradução para o português desta importante obra será muito útil para músicos e editores, pois permitirá realizar transcrições, leituras críticas de edições modernas e leitura em fac-símile. Além disso, será essencial para o estudo da música inglesa daquele período, considerando que a prática musical inglesa difere, em alguns aspectos, daquela ensinada no continente europeu. / This research contemplates the theory and practice of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century English music. Its main objective is to provide a commented translation of the first part of \"The Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke\" (1597) by Thomas Morley supported by explanatory notes and criticisms dealing with problems related to terminology and reflections on historical matters. The choice of Morleys treatise for this research is due to its comprehensive teaching of the main definitions of music theory at that time. It is in the first part that all the melodic and rhythmic elements necessary for the reading of a musical score are presented. Therefore, the translation of this important work into Portuguese should be very useful for musicians and publishers, as it will allow transcriptions and critical readings of modern editions and reading in facsimile. Moreover, it should also be essential for the study of English music of that period, as the English musical practice differs in some respects from that taught in the European continent.

Este estudo tem como fim contribuir para o conhecimento da recepção latina no Portugal quinhentista, revelada na análise da vulgarização portuguesa intitulada \"Sonho de Scipião\". Este texto vulgarizado pelo fidalgo português duarte de Resende e impresso pela primeira vez em 1531 por Germão de Galharde, juntamente com outros dois tratados ciceronianos, uma carta dedicatória e uma \"Vida de Marco Túlio\". Assim,esta pesquisa busca aprofundar o conhecimento das relações entre as letras portuguesas do século XVI com as autocritates latinas, especificamente na apropriação e uso oratório e ético dos tratados de filosofia moral ciceronianos. Assim, para evidenciar as motivações de Resende em publicar o Somnium Scipionis de Cícero em língua vulgar portuguesa, observamos a prática de vulgarizações da Corte de Avis, analisando cartas, prólogos e obras divulgadas desde o século XV. Em seguida, relacionamos o Sonho de Scipião português com questões do tempo, tais como a tópica da valorização da língua vulgar, o Averroísmo paduano e a difusão do pensamento erasmista. Por fim, detivemo-nos a analisar retoricamente a vulgarização quinhentista de Duarte de Resende intitulada Sonho de Scipião. / This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the latin reception in XVIth centurty Portugal, as revealed by the analysis of the portuguese popularization entitled Sonho de Scipião. This text was popularized by the portuguese gentleman, duarte de Resende, and was firtly printed in 1531 by Germão de Galharde, together with two other ciceronian treaties, a dedication-letter and \"Vida de Marco Tulio\". Moreover, this research seeks to deepen the knowledge of the relation between the portuguese letters of the XVIth century and the latin auctoritates, specifically as to the oratorical and ethical appropriation and use of Cicero\'s treatises of moral philosophy. Thus to reveal, Resende\'s motivation in the publication of Cicero\'s Somnium Scipionis in portuguese vernacular language, it has observed the practice of popularization from the Court of Aviz, analysing letters, prologues and other widespread works since the XVth century. Then, it puts the portuguese Sonho de Scipião into perspective with other questions of its time, such as the topic of enhanced valuation of vernacular language, of padouan averroism and diffusion of erasmist thought. Last, it has concentrated on the rhetorical analysis of the XVth century popularization by Duarte de Resende, entitled Sonho de Scipião.

Frente aos preceitos ditados por Vitrúvio em seu De Architectura, arquitetos tratadistas do Quatrocentos e do Quinhentos, absortos em requalificar a arquitetura e a cidade, divisam symmetria e decor como premissas excelsas a corporificar na ars aedificatoria a perfeita ordem e beleza da natureza. A perquirição de suas acepções, não obstante os obstáculos postos à exegese dos tratados, desvela novos juízos sobre os sentidos de ordem então exalçados. Instituídas, desde a fonte antiga, pelas analogias com o homo ad circulum e ad quadratum, os tratados de Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini e Cesare Cesariano consolidam e multiplicam as possibilidades de associações macro e microcósmicas com a ordo divina. Congêneres ao decor, tais symmetriai e razões do homem bene figuratus precisam expedientes inescusáveis de adequação e variedade, inerentes à vera práxis arquitetônica. / Before the precepts stated by Vitruvius in his De Architectura, architects from the 15th and 16th centuries, absorbed in requalifying the architecture and the city, perceive symmetria and decor as excelling premises that embodied the perfect order and beauty of nature in the ars aedificatoria. The search of their significances, despite the obstacles placed by the treatises exegesis, discloses new judgments about the senses of order extoled at that age. Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Cesare Cesariano\'s treatises consolidate and multiply the possibilities of macro and microcosmic associations with the divine ordo, already settled in the ancient source through the analogy with the homo ad circulum and ad quadratum. Congeneric to decor, such symmetriai and the reasons of the homo bene figuratus determine required expedients for adequacy and variety inherent in the veracious architectural praxis.

Giuseppe Tartini is one of the most important personalities in the history of violin playing and literature. His rich heritage has contributed to the development of both, and his influence has crossed afar the Italian borders. This diploma thesis brings a complex view into the life and creation of this 18th century violin virtuoso. His composing activity uprose from his master violin skills, and therefore he composed especially for this instrument. Tartini transmitted his knowledge to the students of paduan School of nations, which he himself had founded. His treatise on ornaments Traité des agréments, compiled of the practical comments on the ornament interpretation, is of great significance. No small attention deserves also his letter to the pupil Maddalena Lombardini. As a matter of fact, it is a violin lesson in a letter form, and the value of the letter is by no means just historical. Another area of Tartini's interest was music theory, in which he invented so called difference tones. His contribution to the development of violin bow is also praiseworthy; he made several adaptations which brought the bow nearer to its current shape.

O presente trabalho constitui a completa tradução em língua portuguesa do tratado italiano Il Transilvano de Girolamo Diruta publicado em Veneza, em dois volumes distintos, no ano de 1593 e 1609. Sob a forma retórica do Diálogo, esta obra versa sobre a maneira correta de tocar o órgão e outros antigos instrumentos de teclado e sobre os mais importantes assuntos da música italiana do século XVI. Objeto de interesse de músicos e cortesãos, Il Transilvano é ao mesmo tempo tratado de música dedicado ao ensino da arte do teclado aos nobres e também importante documento da escola tecladística veneziana, especialmente das preceptivas técnicas de Claudio Merulo, e da tradição polifônica de A. Willaert e G. Zarlino. Rico em exemplos da didática musical antiga, \"O Transilvano\" registra a formação do antigo músico e apresenta diversas peças do repertório quinhentista abordadas segundo as regras daquele período. A presente tradução é acompanhada de uma introdução sobre as suas tópicas fundamentais e pretende favorecer os estudiosos da música interessados naquela antiga. / This work constitutes the complete English translation of the Italian treatise \"Il Transilvano\" from Girolamo Diruta, published in Venice in two separate volumes, in 1593 and 1609. Rhetorically written in the form of the Dialogue, this historical work focuses on the true way to play the organ and others early Keyboard\'s instruments and on the most important issues of Italian music in the sixteenth century. Object of interest to musicians and courtiers, \"Il Transilvano\" is both Music Treatise dedicated to the art of the keyboard for the nobles but, also, important document of the Venetian music tradition, especially the precepts of Claudio Merulo, and the counterpoint from A. Willaert and G. Zarlino. Rich in examples of ancient musical didactic, The Transylvanian describes the formation of the old musician and has several of the sixteenth music\'s repertory analyzed under the rules of that period. This translation is accompanied by an introduction to their fundamental topics and aims to be useful for music scholars interested in early music.