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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1982.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1982. / Also available in print.

A presença de poluentes em concentrações na faixa de ng L-1 e µg L-1 nos diferentes tipos de água é uma grande preocupação ambiental porque podem apresentar efeitos nocivos aos seres vivos e os sistemas convencionais de tratamento de água e esgoto não são eficientes em removê-los. Os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) são considerados métodos eficazes para a degradação desse tipo de contaminantes e podem ser utilizados para tratar efluentes com a finalidade de reúso em diferentes aplicações como, por exemplo, agricultura ou aquicultura. Assim, o objetivo desta Dissertação foi avaliar a inativação de fármacos e interferentes endócrinos, em um reator tipo coletor parabólico composto, pelo processo foto-Fenton mediado por radiação solar em efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto. Primeiramente, foi construído o reator, estabelecida a extração em fase sólida como a técnica aplicada para o preparo das amostras a serem analisadas por CLAE/DAD e desenvolvido o método para identificação de sete contaminantes (sulfatiazol, sulfamezarina, sulfadimetoxina, sulfametoxazol, metilparabeno, propilparabeno e naproxeno) no efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com o intuito de otimizar o tratamento e estabeleceram-se as concentrações de H2O2 e ferro (III). Por fim, foram realizados ensaios cinéticos e, adicionalmente, testes ecotoxicológicos para avaliar a ecotoxicidade do efluente antes e depois de 300 min do tratamento foto-Fenton solar. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo após 300 min de reação não houve a completa degradação dos contaminantes, entretanto, o efluente tratado não se mostrou prejudicial aos organismos Daphnia similis e Lactuca sativa. / Currently, the presence of pollutants in concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to µg L-1 in different types of waters constitutes a major environmental concern as they can be harmful to living beings and conventional water and wastewater treatment systems are not efficient in removing them. Advanced oxidation processes are effective methods for the degradation of this type of contaminants and can be applied to wastewater treatments for beneficial water reuse purposes such as agriculture or aquaculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of some pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors, by using a compound parabolic collector reactor, by solar photo-Fenton in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. First of all, the reactor was constructed, solid phase extraction (SPE) was determined as the technique used to prepare the samples to be analyzed by HPLC/DAD and the methodology to identify the seven contaminants (sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, methylparaben, propylparaben, and naproxen) in the WWTP effluent was developed. Then, experiments were carried out with the purpose of optimizing the treatment and the concentrations of H2O2 and iron(III) were established. Finally, kinetic tests and, additionally, ecotoxicological assays were carried out to evaluate the effluent ecotoxicity before and after 300 min of the solar photo-Fenton treatment. It has been observed that even after 300 min of reaction there was an incomplete degradation of the pollutants, however, the treated effluent was not harmful to the test-organisms Daphnia similis and Lactuca sativa.

As concentrações de carbono inorgânico e compostos sulfurados a partir das quais pode haver melhoria ou inibição do processo ANAMMOX variam muito na literatura especializada. Características como o tipo de efluente, inóculo, reator, temperatura, pH e tempo de detenção hidráulica influenciam as respostas obtidas em cada trabalho. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo encontrar uma relação ideal entre as concentrações de bicarbonato e sulfeto utilizadas pelas bactérias responsáveis pelo processo. Para isso, na etapa 1, tentou-se enriquecer biomassa ANAMMOX em um reator contínuo de leito fixo utilizando lodo de uma lagoa aerada proveniente da ETE da indústria \"Incofap\", fabricante de ração animal no município de Araraquara (São Paulo). Posteriormente, na etapa 2, para encontrar a relação ideal entre bicarbonato e sulfeto, optou-se por utilizar reatores em batelada inoculados com lodo proveniente de um reator experimental ANAMMOX previamente enriquecido. Tais reatores foram alimentados com substrato sintético contendo a mesma concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e nitrito (70 mgN/l), enquanto variou-se as concentrações de bicarbonato (5 - 125mgHCO3-/l) e sulfeto (0 - 32 mgS2-/l) por meio de um planejamento fatorial 2 x 2. Concluiuse, na etapa 1, que o lodo da \"Incofap\" possui grande potencial para processos de nitrificação parcial e desnitrificação heterotrófica, desde que condições de microaeração e estrita anaerobiose, respectivamente, sejam satisfeitas. Enquanto isso, na etapa 2, concluiu-se que qualquer presença de sulfeto no meio prejudica o processo ANAMMOX e quanto mais próximo da razão teórica estiver a concentração de bicarbonato, melhor é a atividade microbiana. / The concentrations of inorganic carbon and sulfur compounds from which there may be improvement or inhibition of the ANAMMOX process vary greatly in the literature. Characteristics such as the type of effluent, inoculum, reactor, temperature, pH and time of hydraulic detention influence the responses obtained in each work. The present research had as objective to find an ideal relation between the concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfide used by the bacteria responsible for the process. For this, in step 1, we tried to enrich ANAMMOX biomass in a continuous bed reactor using sludge from an aerated lagoon from the WWTP of the industry \"Incofap\", animal feed manufacturer in the city of Araraquara (São Paulo). Later, in step 2, to find the ideal relationship between bicarbonate and sulfide, we decided to use batch reactors inoculated with sludge from a previously enriched ANAMMOX experimental reactor. These reactors were fed with synthetic substract containing the same concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite (70 mgN/l), while varying the concentrations of bicarbonate (5 - 125 mgHCO3-/l) and sulfide (0 - 32 mgS2-/l ) by means of a 2 x 2 factorial design. In stage 1, it was concluded that the \"Incofap\" sludge has great potential for partial nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification, provided that microaeration conditions and strict anaerobiosis are respectively satisfied. Meanwhile, in step 2, it was concluded that any presence of sulfide in the medium impairs the ANAMMOX process and the closer to the theoretical ratio is the bicarbonate concentration, better is the microbial activity.

A presença de poluentes em concentrações na faixa de ng L-1 e µg L-1 nos diferentes tipos de água é uma grande preocupação ambiental porque podem apresentar efeitos nocivos aos seres vivos e os sistemas convencionais de tratamento de água e esgoto não são eficientes em removê-los. Os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) são considerados métodos eficazes para a degradação desse tipo de contaminantes e podem ser utilizados para tratar efluentes com a finalidade de reúso em diferentes aplicações como, por exemplo, agricultura ou aquicultura. Assim, o objetivo desta Dissertação foi avaliar a inativação de fármacos e interferentes endócrinos, em um reator tipo coletor parabólico composto, pelo processo foto-Fenton mediado por radiação solar em efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto. Primeiramente, foi construído o reator, estabelecida a extração em fase sólida como a técnica aplicada para o preparo das amostras a serem analisadas por CLAE/DAD e desenvolvido o método para identificação de sete contaminantes (sulfatiazol, sulfamezarina, sulfadimetoxina, sulfametoxazol, metilparabeno, propilparabeno e naproxeno) no efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com o intuito de otimizar o tratamento e estabeleceram-se as concentrações de H2O2 e ferro (III). Por fim, foram realizados ensaios cinéticos e, adicionalmente, testes ecotoxicológicos para avaliar a ecotoxicidade do efluente antes e depois de 300 min do tratamento foto-Fenton solar. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo após 300 min de reação não houve a completa degradação dos contaminantes, entretanto, o efluente tratado não se mostrou prejudicial aos organismos Daphnia similis e Lactuca sativa. / Currently, the presence of pollutants in concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to µg L-1 in different types of waters constitutes a major environmental concern as they can be harmful to living beings and conventional water and wastewater treatment systems are not efficient in removing them. Advanced oxidation processes are effective methods for the degradation of this type of contaminants and can be applied to wastewater treatments for beneficial water reuse purposes such as agriculture or aquaculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the inactivation of some pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors, by using a compound parabolic collector reactor, by solar photo-Fenton in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent. First of all, the reactor was constructed, solid phase extraction (SPE) was determined as the technique used to prepare the samples to be analyzed by HPLC/DAD and the methodology to identify the seven contaminants (sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, methylparaben, propylparaben, and naproxen) in the WWTP effluent was developed. Then, experiments were carried out with the purpose of optimizing the treatment and the concentrations of H2O2 and iron(III) were established. Finally, kinetic tests and, additionally, ecotoxicological assays were carried out to evaluate the effluent ecotoxicity before and after 300 min of the solar photo-Fenton treatment. It has been observed that even after 300 min of reaction there was an incomplete degradation of the pollutants, however, the treated effluent was not harmful to the test-organisms Daphnia similis and Lactuca sativa.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Flinders University, School of Medicine, Dept. of Environmental Health. / Typescript bound. Includes bibliographical references: (leaves 650-698) Also available online.

As concentrações de carbono inorgânico e compostos sulfurados a partir das quais pode haver melhoria ou inibição do processo ANAMMOX variam muito na literatura especializada. Características como o tipo de efluente, inóculo, reator, temperatura, pH e tempo de detenção hidráulica influenciam as respostas obtidas em cada trabalho. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo encontrar uma relação ideal entre as concentrações de bicarbonato e sulfeto utilizadas pelas bactérias responsáveis pelo processo. Para isso, na etapa 1, tentou-se enriquecer biomassa ANAMMOX em um reator contínuo de leito fixo utilizando lodo de uma lagoa aerada proveniente da ETE da indústria \"Incofap\", fabricante de ração animal no município de Araraquara (São Paulo). Posteriormente, na etapa 2, para encontrar a relação ideal entre bicarbonato e sulfeto, optou-se por utilizar reatores em batelada inoculados com lodo proveniente de um reator experimental ANAMMOX previamente enriquecido. Tais reatores foram alimentados com substrato sintético contendo a mesma concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e nitrito (70 mgN/l), enquanto variou-se as concentrações de bicarbonato (5 - 125mgHCO3-/l) e sulfeto (0 - 32 mgS2-/l) por meio de um planejamento fatorial 2 x 2. Concluiuse, na etapa 1, que o lodo da \"Incofap\" possui grande potencial para processos de nitrificação parcial e desnitrificação heterotrófica, desde que condições de microaeração e estrita anaerobiose, respectivamente, sejam satisfeitas. Enquanto isso, na etapa 2, concluiu-se que qualquer presença de sulfeto no meio prejudica o processo ANAMMOX e quanto mais próximo da razão teórica estiver a concentração de bicarbonato, melhor é a atividade microbiana. / The concentrations of inorganic carbon and sulfur compounds from which there may be improvement or inhibition of the ANAMMOX process vary greatly in the literature. Characteristics such as the type of effluent, inoculum, reactor, temperature, pH and time of hydraulic detention influence the responses obtained in each work. The present research had as objective to find an ideal relation between the concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfide used by the bacteria responsible for the process. For this, in step 1, we tried to enrich ANAMMOX biomass in a continuous bed reactor using sludge from an aerated lagoon from the WWTP of the industry \"Incofap\", animal feed manufacturer in the city of Araraquara (São Paulo). Later, in step 2, to find the ideal relationship between bicarbonate and sulfide, we decided to use batch reactors inoculated with sludge from a previously enriched ANAMMOX experimental reactor. These reactors were fed with synthetic substract containing the same concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite (70 mgN/l), while varying the concentrations of bicarbonate (5 - 125 mgHCO3-/l) and sulfide (0 - 32 mgS2-/l ) by means of a 2 x 2 factorial design. In stage 1, it was concluded that the \"Incofap\" sludge has great potential for partial nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification, provided that microaeration conditions and strict anaerobiosis are respectively satisfied. Meanwhile, in step 2, it was concluded that any presence of sulfide in the medium impairs the ANAMMOX process and the closer to the theoretical ratio is the bicarbonate concentration, better is the microbial activity.

Thesis (MScEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urine contains up to 80% of nitrogen, 50 % of phosphates and 90 % of potassium of the total load in domestic wastewater but makes up less than 1% of the total volume (Larsen et al., 1996). The source separation and separate treatment of this concentrated waste stream can have various downstream advantages on wastewater infrastructure and treated effluent quality. The handling of undiluted source separated urine however poses various challenges from the origin onward. The urine has to be transported to a point of discharge and ultimately has to be treated in order to remove the high loads of organics and nutrients. Wilsenach (2006) proposed onsite treatment of source separated urine in a sequencing batch reactor before discharging it into the sewer system. This study focused on the treatment of urine in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) primarily for removal of nitrogen through biological nitrification-denitrification. The aim of the study was to determine nitrification and denitrification kinetics of undiluted urine as well as quantification of the stoichiometric reactions. A further objective was to develop a mathematical model for nitrification and denitrification of urine using experimental data from the SBR. The SBR was operated in 24 hour cycles consisting of an anoxic denitrification phase and an aerobic nitrification phase. The sludge age and hydraulic retention time was maintained at 20 days. pH was controlled through influent urine during volume exchanges. Undiluted urine for the study was obtained from a source separation system at an office at the CSIR campus in Stellenbosch. Conditions in the reactor were monitored by online temperature, pH and ORP probes. The OUR of the system was also measured online. One of the main challenges in the biological treatment of undiluted urine was the inhibiting effect thereof on nitrification rate. The anoxic mass fraction was therefore limited to 17 % in order to allow longer aerobic phases and compensate for the slow nitrification rates. Volume exchanges were also limited to 5% of the reactor volume in order to maintain pH within optimal range. Samples from the reactor were analysed for TKN, FSA-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N and COD. From the analytical results it was concluded that ammonia oxidising organisms and nitrite oxidising organism were inhibited as significant concentrations of ammonia-N and nitrite-N were present in the effluent. It was also concluded that nitrite oxidising organisms were more severely inhibited than ammonia oxidising organisms as nitrate-N was present in very low concentrations in the effluent and in some instances not present at all. Ultimately the experimental system was capable of converting 66% of FSA-N to nitrite- N/nitrate-N of which 44% was converted to nitrogen gas. On average 48% of COD was removed. A mathematical model was developed in spreadsheet form using a time step integration method. The model was calibrated with measured online data from the SBR and evaluated by comparing the output with analytical results. Biomass in the model was devised into three groups, namely heterotrophic organisms, autotrophic ammonia oxidisers (AAO) and autotrophic nitrite oxidisers (ANO). It was found that biomass fractionation into these three groups of 40% heterotrophs, 30% AAO and 30% ANO produced best results. The model was capable of reproducing the general trends of changes in substrate for the various organism groups as well as OUR. The accuracy of the results however varies and nearexact results were not always achievable. The model has some imperfections and limitations but provides a basis for future work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Carvalho.pdf: 1090354 bytes, checksum: 2030967b9c0c255376ba3167b9a6b633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-18 / In terms of the actual Brazilian scenario, 56% of the solid s treatment units produce leachate, 46.8% of this leachate is treated and 70.4% of Brazilian residences are sewered. The development of methods to jointly treat landfill leachate and domestic sewage must recognize the great potential that landfill leachate has as a pollutant and the advantages gained by this combined treatment. The combined treatment of leachate and domestic sewage already exists at full-scale but studies on the optimum levels of dilution of the leachate with sewage are yet to be resolved. The objective of this work was to study the efficiency of a UASB reactor treating landfill leachate in combination with different proportions of domestic sewage, evaluate the influence of the organic loading on the treatment process and develop a biological treatment technology for residual liquids with high pollution loads. The study was carried out between February 2008 and February 2009. The UASB reactor was constructed, installed and monitored at EXTRABES in the municipality of Campina Grande PB. The UASB was constructed in PVC tubing with a diameter of 150mm, 2.35m in height and with a total volume of 41.5L and the treatment consisted of two phases. In the first phase of operation, the UASB reactor was fed with leachate and domestic sewage in ratio of 1:9 by volume respectively, resulting in an AOL of 2.1 kg m-3 d-1. In the second phase of operation the volumetric fraction of leachate was reduced in the proportion of 0.3 to 9.7 of the volume of domestic sewage or 1.6 kg m-3 d-1. The leachate used in this study were from the Metropolitan Landfill in the city of Joao Pessoa and pre-treated for removal of the load of ammonia in piston flow for stripping of ammonia. The domestic wastewater used in this study came from the city where the study was conducted in Campina Grande.In both phases the HRT was 12 hours and the flow of 83L d-1. The influent and effluent of the experimental system were monitored for pH, VFA and TA twice. Analysis of COD, TSS and VSS were monitored weekly. All tests were recommended by APHA (1998). The results show that the combined treatment of landfill leachate diluted domestic sewage in a UASB reactor is technologically feasible alternative and produces effluent with characteristics satisfactory to post-treatment in stabilization ponds. Were obtained removal efficiencies of 44.0, 48.5, 85.4 and 79.9% in the first stage and 59.4, 53.6, 92.7 and 89.8% in the second step for the parameter of COD , STV, TSS and VSS respectively. The second stage had the highest decomposition constants for the parameters of STV, TSS and VSS. It is recommended the continuation of studies of treatment of leachate from landfill diluted sewage with COA than 1.6 kg COD m-3d-1. / No atual cenário brasileiro 56% das unidades de processamento de resíduos drenam lixiviado, apenas 46,8 % tratam esse lixiviado e 70,4% dos domicílios brasileiros são atendidos por rede coletora de esgotamento sanitário. O desenvolvimento de métodos de tratamento integrado de lixiviado e esgotos domésticos é necessário, visto grande potencial poluidor do lixiviado e as vantagens apresentadas nesse tratamento combinado. O tratamento conjugado de lixiviado com esgotos domésticos em escala real já existe, porém, estudar as faixas de diluições de lixiviado para realização do tratamento conjugado em faixas ótimas é imprescindível.Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o desempenho de reator UASB no processo de tratamento de lixiviado combinado com esgotos domésticos em diferentes proporções, avaliar a influência da carga orgânica aplicada no processo de tratamento conjugado de lixiviado e esgoto doméstico em reator UASB e desenvolver tecnologia de tratamento biológico para resíduos líquidos com elevada carga poluidora. O trabalho foi realizado no período de Fevereiro de 2008 a Fevereiro de 2009. O reator UASB foi construído, instalado e monitorado nas dependências físicas da EXTRABES no município de Campina Grande PB. O reator UASB foi construído em tubo de PVC com diâmetro de 150 mm, 2,35 m de altura e volume total de 41,5 L e o tratamento consistiu de duas etapas. Na primeira etapa o reator UASB foi alimentado com lixiviado numa proporção de 1 para 9 vezes o volume de esgoto doméstico, o que resultou numa COA de 2,1 kg m-3dia-1. Na segunda fase de operação a fração volumétrica de lixiviado foi diminuída para a proporção de 0,3 para cada 9,7 vezes o volume de esgoto doméstico ou COA de 1,6 kg m-3 dia-1. O lixiviado utilizado neste trabalho foi proveniente do Aterro Sanitário Metropolitano da cidade de João Pessoa e era pré-tratado para remoção da carga de amônia em reatores de fluxo pistonado para Stripping de amônia. O esgoto doméstico utilizado neste trabalho foi proveniente da cidade onde o estudo foi realizado, Campina Grande-PB. Em ambas as etapas do tratamento o TDH foi 12 horas e a vazão de 83 L.d-1. O monitoramento do sistema experimental foi realizado no afluente e efluente do reator e as análises referentes aos parâmetros pH, AGV e AT foram realizadas duas vezes por semana. As análises referentes aos parâmetros DQO total e solúvel, STV, SST e SSV foram realizadas semanalmente. Todas as análises foram preconizados por APHA (1998). Os resultados mostram que o tratamento conjugado de lixiviado de aterro sanitário diluído em esgotos domésticos em reator UASB é uma alternativa tecnologicamente viável e produz efluente com características satisfatórias para pós-tratamento em lagoas de estabilização. Foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de 44,0; 48,5; 85,4 e 79,9% na primeira etapa e 59,4; 53,6; 92,7 e 89,8% na segunda etapa para os parâmetro de DQO, STV, SST e SSV respectivamente. A segunda etapa apresentou as maiores constantes de decomposição para os parâmetros de STV, SST e SSV. Recomenda-se a continuidade dos estudos de tratamento de lixiviado proveniente de aterro sanitário diluído em esgoto doméstico com COA superior a 1,6 Kg DQO m-3d-1.