The isotopic labelling of carbon in tree-rings varies as a function of growth season temperature and relative humidity. The isotopic labelling of oxygen in tree-rings varies as a function of source-water isotopic composition and humidity-dependent evaporative enrichment of leaf water during the growth season. The season of carbon-isotope labelling was identified statistically as late-spring to early-fall (April to October) for temperatures and relative humidity with a three-year weighted (50-30-20) carry-over due mainly to stored photosynthates. The season of oxygen-isotope labelling was identified statistically as a combination of a winter (pDecember to March) source-water signal (temperature-dependent precipitation isotope composition) with a late-spring to early-fall (April to October) humidity signal (evaporative enrichment of leaf water). A two-year carry-over was attributed to the residence time of soil water, but no notable photosynthate carry-over was identified. Carbon- and oxygen- (mechanistic) isotope response surface models were then compared and contrasted to regression-based bivariate and univariate models. It was found that in most cases the isotope response surface models were the best means of predicting isotopic labelling when environmental data are known. The carbon-isotope response surface was used to reconstruct 50-years (AD 1900-1954) of relative humidity data by introducing measured carbon isotope values and instrumental growth season temperature. During the analysis of the oxygen-isotope response surface we found an isotope-temperature relation that appears to reflect circulation-dependent damping. To verify this we introduced scaled values of the North Pacific index as a proxy for this suppression. The coupling of the isotope response surfaces generated a humidity reconstruction that is also thought to be driven by atmospheric circulation. Our reconstruction shows that the fluctuations in temperature range have not exceeded the natural variability in the instrumental record of the 20th century; however, the atmospheric moisture (humidity) reconstruction predicts a directional drying trend in the Peace-Athabasca Delta that appears to reflect increasingly zonal circulation in western Canada over this period.

Dendrochronology focuses on the relationship between a tree's growth and its environment and thus investigates interdisciplinary questions related to archaeology, climate, ecology, and global climate change. In this study, I examine the growth of two forms of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva): strip-bark and whole-bark trees from two subalpine adjacent sites: Patriarch Grove and Sheep Mountain in the White Mountains of California. Classical tree-ring width analysis is utilized to test a hypothesis related to a proposed effect of the strip-bark formation on trees' utilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This effect has grown to be controversial because of the dual effect of temperature and carbon dioxide on trees' growth. The proposed effect is hypothesized to have accelerated growth since 1850 that produced wider rings, and the relation of the latter topic to anthropogenic activities and climate change. An interdisciplinary approach is taken by answering a question that relates temperature inferences and precipitation reconstructions from the chronologies developed in the study and other chronologies to Native Americans subsistence settlements and alpine villages in the White Mountains. Strip-bark trees do exhibit an enhanced growth that varies between sites. Strip-bark trees grow faster than whole-bark trees, however, accelerated growth is also evident in whole-bark trees but to a lesser degree. No evidence can be provided on the cause of the accelerated growth from the methods used. In the archaeological study, 88% of the calibrated radiocarbon dates from the alpine villages of the White Mountains cluster around above average precipitation, while no straightforward relationship can be established with temperature variations. These results confirm that water is the essence of life in the desert.

Tree-ring data serves as a chronicle of the past environment and provides long-term records about climate variations, volcanic eruptions, glacial activity and many others processes. Over the past few decades, dendrochronology has become common in studying disturbances. This thesis is focused on release detection methods (i.e. abrupt growth after death of neighbouring tree(s)) and their application. The presented review showed that despite the some uncertainties in methodological approaches, release detection is a reliable tool for forest disturbance reconstruction. In this thesis, release detection was applied in various forest ecosystems for reconstruction of disturbances and their effects. The achieved results importantly contribute to the understanding of the ecological processes concerning forest management, long-term changes in natural forest ecosystems, forest diversity and the impact of global changes.

Global warming and extreme weather events have impacted the ability of Earth’s forest ecosystems to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. The full effects of these events on forest productivity, vulnerability, and the carbon cycle have not yet been fully assessed. One potentially fruitful approach is to explore past climate and forest growth patterns through tree ring records. These records may be used to explore how past environmental events may have impacted tree growth and provide insight into the functioning of forest ecosystems in the future. The stable isotope ratios (e.g. 13C to 12C) of tree ring material also provide additional information about tree growth trajectories and environmental stressors that may not be recognized in radial growth. In this study, tree ring and stable isotope records were measured and constructed to explore the dynamics of growth over the lifespan of plantation pine stands in southern Ontario. Tree ring growth records were used to determine the effects of climate and other environmental changes on radial growth. These records were constructed from two white pine (Pinus strobus L.) plantations established in 1939 (TP39) and 1974 (TP74) and one red pine plantation established in 1931 (TP31). Air temperature, precipitation, and drought indices were analyzed at monthly combinations to determine controls on growth. Temperature was consistently negatively correlated to growth, while precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) were consistently positively correlated to growth. The effectiveness of each climate variable to control ring growth differed between sites which may be related to stand age, stand density, and management factors. In both white pine plantations, inter-annual eddy-flux quantifications of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) was found to be significantly related to tree ring growth over the overlapping period from 2003 to 2017. These relationships enabled an inter-annual estimate of GEP to be constructed for both growth chronologies over the period 1942 to 2017 for TP39 and 1981 to 2017 for TP74). Additionally, growth rings from three specimens in two different-age (14- and 77-year old) white pine plantation forests were analyzed for stable carbon isotope ratios to identify both short- and long-term variations in the physiological response to changing environmental conditions. Variations in δ13C time series from whole wood samples provided a potential record of intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) for these three trees. These iWUE records were compared to climate records and inter-annual eddy-flux quantifications of GEP and evapotranspiration (ET). Long-term iWUE was found to increase by 50 μmol mol–1 yr–1, with nearly all of the increase occurring as the tree shifted into active homeostasis of stomatal control in the late 1960s. Changes in time series of internal and external concentration of CO2 (ratio) also displayed a significant shift from first increasing and then decreasing trend. In the three wood samples, air temperature, ET, and GEP were found to be significantly, but inconsistently related to iWUE. The work of this thesis shows that tree ring properties are strongly related to key environmental variables such as temperature and drought stress in pine plantation forests in southern Ontario, Canada. Results also suggest that dendrochronology and isotope tracers are useful tools to be used to evaluate historical environmental impacts on growth in these different-age plantation stands. The background knowledge of climate drivers acting on tree ring growth and ring isotopic compositions over the forests’ history may be used to make informed management decisions to promote tree productivity in a changing climate in Eastern North America. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The full effect of water availability and environmental factors on forest productivity, vulnerability, and the carbon cycle has not been fully assessed. Tree ring chronologies offer one approach to explore past climate and forest growth patterns. These records may be used to identify past environmental events may have impacted tree growth and provide insight into the functioning of forest ecosystems in the future. Additionally, stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C, or 13C to 12C) of tree ring material provide information about tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) which is not captured in radial width measurements. Lastly, inter-annual eddy-flux quantifications record stand-level dynamics of ecosystem productivity. In this study, tree ring, stable isotopes, and eddy-flux records were measured and constructed to explore the dynamics of growth over the lifespan of plantation pine stands in southern Ontario. In all three techniques, records were constructed from three white pine (Pinus strobus L.) plantations established in 1939 (TP39), 1974 (TP74) and 2002 (TP02). Air temperature, precipitation, and drought indices were analyzed at monthly resolution to determine controls on water use and productivity. Temperature was consistently negatively correlated to growth, while precipitation and PDSI were consistently positively correlated to growth. Variations in the δ13C time series from whole wood samples also provided a record of iWUE. Long-term iWUE was found to increase by 50 μmol mol–1 yr–1, with nearly all of the increase occurring as the tree shifted into active homeostasis of stomatal control in the late 1960s. In all three white pine plantations, inter-annual eddy-flux quantifications ecosystem productivity were found to be significantly related to tree ring growth over the overlapping period from 2003 to 2017. These relationships enabled an inter-annual estimate of tree ring-inferred fluxes to be constructed for all three growth chronologies. These results suggest that dendrochronology and isotope tracers are useful tools to be used to evaluate historical environmental impacts on growth in these different-age plantation stands. The interrelationships of tree ring growth, ring isotopic compositions, and eddy-flux quantifications found here serve as useful background knowledge on which to base additional studies of forest climate change impacts.

Long-duration records are necessary to understand and assess the long-term dynamics of natural systems. The purpose of this research was to use dendrochronologic modelling to construct proxy histories of hydroclimatic conditions and Pacific salmon abundance in west central British Columbia. A multi-species regional network of tree ring-width and ring-density measurements was established from new and archived tree-ring chronologies. These chronologies were then used in multivariate linear regression models to construct proxy records of nival river discharge, summer temperature, end-of-winter snow-water equivalent (SWE), the winter Pacific North America pattern (PNA) and Pacific salmon abundance. All proxy hydroclimate records provide information back to 1660 AD. Reconstructions of July-August mean runoff for the Skeena and Atnarko rivers describe below average conditions during the early- to mid-1700s and parts of the early-, mid- and late-1900s. Models describe intervals of above average river discharge during the late-1600s, the early-1700s and 1800s, and parts of the early- and mid-1900s. Fluctuations in proxy reconstructions of July-August mean temperature for Wistaria and Tatlayoko Lake, May 1 SWE at Mount Cronin and Tatlayoko Lake and October-February PNA occurred in near synchrony with the shifts described in runoff records. Episodes of above average runoff were typically associated with periods of enhanced end-of-winter SWE, below average summer temperature and positive winter PNA. A history of Pacific salmon abundance was reconstructed for four species of salmon (chinook, sockeye, chum and pink) that migrate to coastal watersheds of west central British Columbia. Proxy records vary in length and extend from 1400 AD, 1536 AD and 1638 AD to present. Salmon abundance reconstructions varied throughout the past six centuries and described significant collapse in population levels during the early-1400s, the late-1500s, the mid-1600s, the early-1700s, the early-1800s and parts of the 1900s. Wavelet analyses of reconstructed hydroclimate and salmon population records revealed low- and high-frequency cycles in the data. Correlation analyses related reconstructions to atmospheric teleconnection indices describing variability in North Pacific sea surface temperatures and the Aleutian Low pressure centre. To a lesser degree, relationships were also established between reconstructions and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Results thus confirm the long-term influence of large-scale ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns on hydroclimate and Pacific salmon abundance in west central British Columbia. The reconstructions introduced in this thesis provide insights about the long-term dynamics of the west central British Columbia environment. Several reconstructions presented in this thesis provide novel contributions to dendrohydroclimatic and paleoecologic research in Pacific North America. Proxy runoff records for the Skeena and Atnarko rivers are the first to be constructed for nival-regime basins in British Columbia. The models of Skeena River runoff and Mount Cronin SWE are additionally the first reconstructions of runoff and snowpack in Pacific North America based on a ring-density chronology, demonstrating the significant contribution that wood density measurements can make to dendrohydroclimate research. The models of Pacific salmon stocks are the first to utilize climate-sensitive tree-ring records to construct a history of regional salmon abundance and thus represent a significant advancement to paleoecological modelling. / Graduate

I arbetet har jag samlat in borrprovkärnor från 21st levande träd 218-27år gamla från en lokal nära Torneträsk, behandlat och analyserat borrprovkärnorna vad gäller ringvidd (TRW), eng. tree ring width, och densitet (MXD), eng. maximum density, samt studerat hur väl resulterande kronologier följer sommarmedeltemperaturerna från Abisko väderstation. I arbetet ges kort bakgrundsfakta om det valda geografiska områdets, Torneträsk, roll och betydelse i det aktuella forskningsområdet, dendroklimatologi, och beskrivningar av några för uppgiften viktiga aspekter och metoder och problematiken med fenomenet divergence phenomena (DP). Datat är förberett för att användas som en förlängning till den existerande kronologin. Dendrokronologin vid Torneträsk innehåller innan detta; TRW som sträcker sig över 7 400år (år 5704 f.kr. – år 2004) och MXD som sträcker sig över 1 563år (åren 441 – 2004). Vid insamlandet har unga träd inkluderats i proverna för att undvika DP vid skapandet av kronologin. / In this project I have sampled 21 living trees in the age range of 218-27years old in the Torneträsk area, northern Sweden. I have prepared and analysed the samples regarding ring width (TRW) and maximum density (MXD) and investigated the correlation to summertemperatures from the nearby wheather station in Abisko. The data has been prepared as an update for the now existing chronology from the area which up until this contains TRW data spanning over 7 400years (BC 5704 – AD 2004) and MXD data over 1 563years (AD 441 – 2004). Young trees as well as older were sampled in an attempt to avoid creating divergence phenomena (DP) from the update.

Forward and inverse modeling studies of the relationship between tree ring width and bivariate climate are performed using a model called VS-Lite. The monthly time-step model incorporates two simple but realistic nonlinearities in its description of the transformation of climate variability into ring width index. These features ground VS-Lite in scientific principles and make it more complex than empirically-derived statistical models commonly used to simulate tree ring width. At the same time, VS-Lite is vastly simpler and more efficient than pre-existing numerical models that simulate detailed biological aspects of tree growth. A forward modeling validation study shows that VS-Lite simulates a set of observed chronologies across the continental United States with comparable or better skill than simulations derived from a standard, linear regression based approach. This extra skill derives from VS-Lite's basis in mechanistic principles, which makes it more robust than the statistical methodology to climatic nonstationarity. A Bayesian parameterization approach is also developed that incorporates scientific information into the choice of locally optimal VS-Lite parameters. The parameters derived using the scheme are found to be interpretable in terms of the climate controls on growth, and so provide a means to guide applications of the model across varying climatologies. The first reconstructions of paleoclimate that assimilate scientific understanding of the ring width formation process are performed using VS-Lite to link the proxy data to potential climate histories. Bayesian statistical methods invert VS-Lite conditional on a given dendrochronolgy to produce probabilistic estimates of local bivariate climate. Using VS-Lite in this manner produces skillful estimates, but does not present advantages compared another set of probabilistic reconstructions that invert a simpler, linear, empirical forward model. This result suggests that future data-assimilation based reconstructions will need to integrate as many data sources as possible, both across space and proxy types, in order to benefit from information provided by mechanistic models of proxy formation.

We developed a network of tree-ring width chronologies of larch (Larix sibirica Led.) from upper tree-lines of the southeast Altai Mountains, South Siberia. Annual tree-ring variability of chronologies since A.D. 1710 was compared using factor analysis. The factor analysis clustered eight tree-ring chronologies into two groups that were used for compositing chronologies. One resulting composite chronology (A.D. 1582-1994) averaged sites from upper tree-lines in glacier-free areas and another chronology (A.D. 1090-1999) captured the sites at upper tree-lines in valleys of the Korumdu, Aktru, Yan-Karasu and Kizil-Tash Glaciers (North-Chuya Range). There is no significant difference in the estimated strength of temperature signals (June and July) of the composite chronologies. However, we observed a remarkable contrast in the decadal variability of larch growth between upper tree-lines of glacier-free areas and glacier valleys. The tree-ring growth of larch was coherent among the chronologies for the period A.D. 1582-1725. Suddenly, low-frequency similarity declined around A.D. 1730. The magnitude of differences became more pronounced after A.D. 1775 indicating three periods with opposite growth tendency (1775-1850, 1900-1915 and 1960-1994) that alternated with short periods of coherent growth. We assume that the low-frequency signal in the glacier valley larch chronology accommodates oscillations of both summer temperature and glacier dynamics. The periods of low-frequency departures are consistent with the 19th Century advance and tremendous 20th Century retreat of the glaciers. We argue that expanded glaciers enhance harmful impacts of katabatic wind on larch growth. It appears that employing tree rings from upper tree-lines of glaciated areas for estimation of decadal and centennial variability climatic proxies should be selected with great caution.

For the first time in northern Scotland, Modern tree-ring chronologies for Scots pine growing on peat are compared against those growing on mineral substrates. Mean tree-ring growth of pine on active bogs/mires is found to be limited to 0.5 to 1 mm yr-1, compared to ≥1.5 mm yr-1 on adjacent mineral sites. Almost instant change of radial growth rates in response to changes in water levels highlights the potential use of pine in reconstructions of lake levels and water tables in bog and mire. Dendroclimatological analysis identifies January and February temperatures to often be more important than summer temperature. Positive correlation of ring-width and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices also occur in January and February. Lower winter temperatures, due to increased altitude and distance from the moderating effects of the ocean, may be important in limiting tree growth near its northern margin. Moving correlation functions identify a widespread reduction in the response of pine growing on both substrates from the 1920s. Nine subfossil pine site chronologies located beyond the species current northern limit are cross-matched to form a chronology called WRATH-9. This chronology is tentatively crossdated against Irish pine chronologies to provide the first picture of Neolithic Scots pines 200 year expansion from c. 3200 BC and subsequent 250 year retreat across northern Scotland at annual resolution. The mean orientation of maximum radial growth at eleven modern pine sites is found to coincide well with the W/SW prevailing wind, suggesting Scots pine may provide a good proxy indicator of wind. Six coeval Neolithic sites indicate a broadly consistent northerly prevailing wind. This provides tentative evidence for a change of prevailing wind that may be related to a southward incursion of the polar front in the eastern N. Atlantic. The potential of this exciting subfield of dendroclimatological analysis is called dendroaeology and is highlighted for further research.

We apply a combination of suppression and release criteria to reconstruct the disturbance history of a ponderosa pine – Douglas-fir stand in central Idaho. In this stand, disturbance, likely fire, induced growth releases in some trees, and sudden, severe suppressions in others. To characterize growth release following disturbance, we developed boundary-line release criteria for Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine. Suppression criteria were applied to identify disturbances defined as a growth reduction of more than 1.8 standard deviations sustained for a minimum of five years. To prevent confusing a true release event with growth increases associated with recovery from suppression, release events were not tallied for at least fifteen years following a suppression event. Release and suppression events were combined to create a disturbance chronology characterized by a high frequency of disturbance between 1820 and 1920. This period of disturbance likely reflects post-European settlement land uses such as grazing and logging as well as an increase in fire frequency. Fire suppression in the latter part of the 20th Century likely explains the decrease in disturbance after 1940. We believe that a combination of release as well as suppression criteria best describes the disturbance history of this stand.