A good communication is a strategic marketing issue for all companies. This communication can be led through several assets such as logos. A well-built logo allows company’s identification in a world which is surrounded by brands. The logo consists in two key aspects: shape and colour. This paper proposes a reflexion concerning the use of colours in marketing following all the factors that affect it such as trends, culture and values. The study of companies’ logos colours may lead to a model which could help companies to decide on the colours they will use according to the message they want to transmit to the target population. After studying three hundred logos of companies all over the world, some clusters appear which gather companies sharing the same colours usage, values, culture and time vision through their logos. This reflexion leads to a set of colours trends which can be followed by companies afterwards.

It is well known that the South since 1960, is experiencing the most rapid population growth of the four census divisions of the U.S.A. This population growth in the South is occurring more in the State of Georgia. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Georgia population increase is due to natural increase or migration. In this study, fertility, mortality, and migration in Georgia were analyzed from 1940-1985. The major finding of this study is that natural increase affects population growth of Georgia more in the rural areas, whereas migration favors the urban areas. The significance of this study is that it will add to the existing knowledge concerning population growth and trends of Georgia, South and United States as a whole. The main sources of information for this study were obtained from books, journals, Georgia Department of Human Resources, and U.S. Bureau of the Census.

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The urban environment has attracted much scientific attention as it stands at the core of environmental changes caused by the growing human population. The responses of bird communities to urbanization have been especially frequently studied. Despite the intensive research, there are several unresolved questions resonating in the field of urban ecology of birds: i) Are cities ordinary components of the original environment with the same macroecological bird diversity patterns as can be observed in the surrounding environment or do they have some specific impacts on native avifaunas? ii) Which traits are characteristic for species being able to persist in cities and for those avoiding urban areas? iii) How does the impact of the most important factors influencing urban bird communities - area, habitat heterogeneity and spatial position - change with spatial scale? Towards answering these questions, data on breeding bird communities were extracted from 41 European urban bird atlases, avifaunas of regions in which cities are embedded were retrieved from the EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. Finer scale bird community data were obtained from the atlas of Prague and by point counts conducted in Prague. Data on bird traits were collated from published resources and additional environmental and...

Student Number : 0310359D - MSc project report - School of Public Health - Faculty of Health Sciences / Background: Studies into childhood mortality present the opportunity to identify the leading and common causes of childhood mortality in different populations. Objectives: To study the trends in all-cause mortality, and patterns of cause-specific mortality, in children 0-14 years living in the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa over the period 1992-2000. Methods: Secondary data analysis based on the longitudinal database from the Agincourt Demographic and Health Surveillance System was used to study trends in childhood mortality between 1992 and 2000, and a comparison was made between the earlier period (1992-96) and the later period (1997-2000). Results: Seven hundred and twenty four deaths occurred over the 9 year period, 1992 to 2000, in children aged 0-14 years in the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa. Over 80% of the deaths occurred in children under-five years of age. Death rates in children under one year in the periods 1992-1996 and 1997-2000 were 8.9/1000 live births and 18.0/1000 live births respectively. Children under five years between 1992-1996 and 1997-2000 had death rates of 18.0/1000 live births and 35.0/1000 live births respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in death rate in infants, and in children less than five years, in those who died over the period 1992-1996 and those who died during the later period 1997-2000, with mortality showing an increasing trend (p-values <0.0001 for infants and for children under five years). Overall mortality rates in all children under 14 years between 1992-1996 and 1997-2000 were 26.4/10000 person-years and 37.7/10000 person-years respectively. There was no significant statistical difference in the overall mortality trend among children aged 0-14 years between the two periods of time (p-value 0.614). Infectious and communicable diseases were the leading causes of death with diarrhoeal deaths accounting for 15.2%, HIV/AIDS 9.7% and malnutrition 7.6%. Deaths from diarrhoeal disease between 1992-1996 and 1997-2000 were 481/million and 449/million person-years respectively. Deaths from HIV/AIDS within the same time periods were 107/million and 607/million person-years respectively. HIV/AIDS showed a statistically significant difference over the two periods with an increased risk ratio of 5.59 (95% confidence interval of 4.6 to 70). Conclusion: This analysis reinforced previous findings pointing to the fact that infectious and communicable diseases are the leading causes of childhood mortality in South Africa and other developing countries. HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases have emerged as major causes of mortality in this analysis. Efforts to control the HIV epidemic and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS must be accelerated in the Agincourt sub-district.

The paper provides a detailed overview of population dynamics and trends in the Arab region. Furthermore, it explains the concept of demographic dividend and timing of the window of opportunity. With a view to enable countries in the region to reap the benefits of the changing population structure, the window is calculated for each country. The last part of the paper presents four case studies of countries that benefitted from their demographic dividend.

ABSTRACT Background Smoking is undoubtedly a major risk factor for morbidity, disability and premature death. Its use results in grave health and economic losses not only to the individual but also to the population and the world at large. Many surveys have been done in South Africa to estimate the prevalence of smoking. It is therefore imperative and expedient to have an overall impression of the prevalence rates over time. And also it is important to assess how subgroups affect the prevalence and trends in the national population. This will be of help in determining which subgroups have achieved reduction in smoking prevalence and which have not; evaluating the tobacco control policies in the country; and in designing specific interventions. This research was undertaken to determine the trends and patterns of smoking in the South African adult population Objectives The objectives for this study were: Regarding the South African adult population during 1995 – 1998, to: 1. Compute the prevalence of smoking and assess the trends of smoking prevalence. 2. Assess the patterns and trends of smoking prevalence in subgroups by sex, age, marital status, race, locality (urban or rural), education and province. 3. Identify factors in the population that may account for patterns and trends in smoking prevalence over time 4. Make recommendations regarding the public health implications of the findingsMethods This was an analytical study involving secondary analysis of existing datasets from four South African representative national surveys. From 11 surveys, which measured smoking in the South African population, four surveys were selected using some inclusion and exclusion criteria. The population of interest was the South Africa adult population (18 – 49), so variables of interest (outcome variable was current smokers) for this group were extracted. Prevalence (frequency) rates estimation of smoking in the national population and in subgroups were then estimated. Unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios were computed by bi-variate cross tabulation and multivariate logistic regression respectively. Time-trend analyses (Maentel Haenszel chi-squared test) were computed by logistic regression for trend in proportions Results From 1995 to 1997 about 1/3 of the adult South African population were smokers, but that dropped significantly to about ¼ in 1998. For the period however, there was no significant trend. The prevalence of smoking varied with, and was largely depended on population subgroup; while it was as high as 63.9% among Coloured males, 62.3% among Coloured females, 53.7 % among all males, 52.7% among rural males, it was as low as 11.4% among all females, 6.8% among rural females, 10.83% among Indian females and 5.06% among Black females. The only significant trends was an increasing smoking prevalence among Blacks, Coloured men, people with tertiary education, Free State and Gauteng provinces, age group 35 – 44; urban men and a decreasing smoking prevalence in all women, urban women and black women, age group 18 – 24 and the Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal, Northen Cape and Mpumalanga provinces. Sex, race, age, and education were the major risk factors for smoking in the South African adult population. Locality (rural/urban) though had different smoking rate was not a risk factor for smoking. Marital status was neither a determinant nor risk factor for smoking. Discussion and Conclusion The prevalence of smoking in the South African adult population is very high and did not achieve any significant trend between 1995 and 1998. However the significant drop from 1997 to 1998 probably means that smoking prevalence in the national population may have started declining; therefore, more monitoring is needed to ascertain this. This high prevalence of smoking in the South African population, which may have been for years, may predict a high burden of chronic smoking-related diseases in the near future. The patterns of smoking analyses reveal that smoking in the South African adult population is determined by a complex interplay of different factors.

MPH, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction: The study analysed the admission trends at six adult medical wards in a regional hospital in Gauteng over 2005 and 2007. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data from admission ward registers and patient case notes. Information obtained included age, gender, duration of stay, clinical outcomes and disease profile. The study population comprised of all patients admitted to the adult medical wards at Tambo Memorial Hospital for the period 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2005 and 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2007. Results: The number of medical admissions increased by 2.07% during the years of study. The male admissions were slightly higher than the female admissions. The mean age of male patients decreased from 42.30 years to 40.41 years. In contrast the mean age for female patients increased from 38.00 years to 40.50 years. The average length of stay decreased from 6.16 days to 5.33 days. The younger age groups (15-34 years of age) accounted for the majority of admissions. Based on the ICD 10 coding, infectious and parasitic diseases accounted for the majority of the admissions followed by respiratory disorders. Tuberculosis became the most frequent diagnosis and was prevalent in the younger age groups followed by pneumonia. Hypertension was a common diagnosis in the older age groups (55 years and older). As was expected the majority of patients (86-95% in 2005 and 80.24% in 2007) were discharged home but a considerable number of patients were transferred to other institutions. Importantly, a decrease in the mortality rate from 4.02% to 0.03% was also demonstrated. Conclusions: An increase in the number of patient’s admissions, a decrease in the average length of stay and a decrease in mortality rate were noted during the study period. Changing trends with regards to gender, age and disease profile were also observed. The challenges and recommendations identified by the study will provide valid information that would be meaningful to hospital management as well as potential users such as budget planners, resource allocators and efficient referral pathways designers.

Este proyecto tiene como propósito presentar, de manera estructurada, tendencias de tecnologías de información hacia los próximos años. Asimismo, identificar cuáles son las principales tecnologías que van a ser más relevantes y, a partir de esta fuente, elaborar una cartera de proyectos orientado a los conocimientos que se proveen dentro de la EISC. A través de esto, se podrá contribuir al desarrollo de futuros proyectos en la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. Las fuentes de referencia de las tendencias de TI serán las que brindan Gartner, Forrester e IDC. Asimismo, realizar un benchmarking sobre las metodologías que brindan cada una de estas organizaciones. El proyecto se desarrolla en diferentes etapas, las cuales serán plasmadas dentro del documento a través de capítulos, donde se define la descripción del proyecto, objetivo de estudio, problemática y planteamiento de la solución. Esto se verá reflejado en el desarrollo de la investigación tomando como base las tecnologías y profundizando el contexto y su aplicación hacia el futuro. Asimismo, el desarrollo del proceso metodológico para la obtención de resultados y la gestión debida para estos. / This project aims to present in a structured, trends of information technology to the next five years. Also, identify key technologies that will be more relevant and, from this source, develop a portfolio of projects oriented knowledge are provided within the EISC are. Through this, it will contribute to the development of future projects in the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences. Reference sources IT trends will be providing Gartner, Forrester and IDC. Also, perform benchmarking on methodologies that provide each of these organizations. The project is developed in different stages, which will be reflected in the document through chapters, where the description of the project, study objective, problem and approach of the solution is defined. This will be reflected in the development of the research based on the technologies and deepening the context and its application to the future. Likewise, the development of the methodological process for the obtaining of results and the due management for these. / Tesis

Social determinants have impacted disease states. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of social determinants on the incidence of tuberculosis over a 20-year period for the state of New Jersey to determine interventions that can be developed for the state. The epidemiological triad (host-agent-environment) served as the theoretical foundation for this study. A quantitative series of cross sectional analyses were performed using secondary data from a New Jersey Department of Health database on population tuberculosis incidence for the state. Categorical data analyses were used to describe the data. According to study results, certain social determinants; such as gender, substance abuse, residence, and place of birth; and the age of the patient had an impact on tuberculosis incidence trend at the state level. The social change implications for this project could be that identifying the factors that impact tuberculosis incidence may reduce and lead to more targeted interventions, which in turn, would help to reduce the different kind of burdens; such as financial, social, and emotional; associated with this disease on the community where it is occurring.