L'ajout simultané d'inhibiteurs des histones déacétylases (HDAC) au TNFα prolonge l'induction du facteur de transcription NF-kB en stabilisant l'activation du complexe IKK. Au cours de ce travail, l'effet de la Trichostatin A (TSA), un inhibiteur de HDACs à large spectre daction, sur les différentes voies d'activation du NF-kB a été étudié. L'effet de laddition simultanée de la TSA aux inducteurs de la voie classique (TNFα, PMA), de la voie alternative (Lymphotoxine β) et des voies alternatives (H2O2 et Pervanadate de Sodium) a été analysé. Le pervanadate de sodium (PV) est agent insulino-mimétique qui inhibe les tyrosines phosphatases et mime un stress oxydant. Ces études comparatives ont montré un prolongement de l'activité du NF-kB si la TSA est ajoutée simultanément au TNFα, PMA et au PV ; pas si elle est ajoutée à l'H2O2 ou à des agents induisant la voie alternative. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents aux prolongements de l'activation élicitée par le TNFα et le PV ont été étudiés en détails. Deux processus différents sont impliqués. La TSA ajoutée aux inducteurs de la voie classique prolonge l'activité du complexe IKK alors qu'ajoutée au PV elle induit un retard de synthèse important du mRNA de l'inhibiteur IkBα. De nombreuses expériences d'immuno-précipitation de la chromatine ont montré que l'ajout de la TSA au PV diminue (i) le recrutement de l'ARN polymérase II, (ii) l'acétylation et la phosphorylation de l'histone H3 sur la Lys14 et la Ser 10 respectivement, (iii) la phosphorylation sur la Ser 536 de p65 et (iv) le recrutement d'IKKα. Il est important de savoir qu'aucune de ces différences ne s'observent au niveau du promoteur d'Icam-1, un autre gène dépendant du NF-kB. Ces observations ont donc montré que l'effet de la TSA sur l'activation du NF-kB dépend non seulement du type de stimuli mais aussi du promoteur. Ce travail met en évidence un rôle inhibiteur des HDAC dans l'activation du NF-kB qui varie en fonction des stimuli.

O Osteossarcoma é o tipo mais comum de câncer ósseo em cães e em seres humanos. Os osteossarcomas caninos representam um modelo único para o estudo desse tipo de câncer em humanos, devido a incidência relativamente alta, semelhanças no comportamento biológico, na apresentação clínica e características moleculares. Estudos envolvendo o desenvolvimento do fenótipo de osteoblastos em osteócitos terminalmente diferenciados, oferecem as bases para o entendimento do curso da transformação neoplásica. Neste sentido, a rápida expansão do conhecimento a respeito do processo de diferenciação óssea, em última análise pode conduzir ao desenvolvimento de marcadores diagnóstico e prognóstico, bem como terapias dirigidas para pacientes caninos e humanos portadores deste tipo de câncer. Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar alguns dos aspectos relacionados ao processo de diferenciação induzida de osteoblastos caninos após o tratamento com três diferentes agentes descritos como tendo possível potencial antineoplásico. Para tanto, avaliou-se, em cultura celular em três dimensões, duas linhagens de osteossarcoma após tratamento com a Arctigenina, a Genisteína e a Tricostatina-A. inicialmente, foi realizado o estabelecimento e caracterização de uma nova linhagem celular de osteossarcoma canino. Em seguida deu-se inicio aos trabalhos de avaliação dos marcadores de diferenciação por diferentes técnicas. Foram também utilizados estudos de viabilidade celular, ensaios de proliferação e morte celular induzida, assim como de invasão. Os resultados mostraram que todos os três tratamentos foram capazes de induzir diferenciação parcial nas linhagens de osteossarcoma, visto a heterogeneidade dos dados coletados, assim como, pela expressão parcial de marcadores tardios da transição osteoblasto/osteócito. Associado a isso se verificou que existe um decréscimo da viabilidade celular, porem sem ação diretamente ligada a caspase3. Notou-se ainda que mesmo com diferenças entre as linhagens, os princípios ativos foram capazes de inibir a capacidade de invasão nos ensaios de Transwell. Conclui-se, desta maneira, que os compostos utilizados induzem diferenciação parcial, porém, com efeito, antineoplásico importante. Em conjunto, estes resultados destacam a importância do processo de diferenciação, tumorigênese e terapia através da diferenciação. / Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in dogs and humans. Due to the fact that canine osteosarcoma is similar to human osteosarcoma in its high occurrence rate, biological behavior, clinical signs and molecular characteristics, this naturally occurring canine disease represents an important model for the study of osteosarcoma in humans. Studies regarding the development of the osteoblast phenotype into terminally differentiated osteocytes provide an understanding of the neoplastic transformation in bone cancer. For this reason, further studies of bone differentiation may lead to the discovery of bone-tumorspecific markers used for disease detection and prognosis, and the development of drugtargeted therapies. The focus of this study is the process of induced bone differentiation after treatment with three different drugs that have a potential anti-neoplastic activity against osteosarcoma. Two osteosarcoma cell lines in three-dimensional culture were evaluated after being treated with Arctigenin, Genistein, and Trichostatin-A. Initially, we performed the establishment and characterization of a novel canine osteosarcoma cell line. Then the work on the evaluation of differentiation markers by different techniques has been initiated. Studies were also used for cell viability, proliferation assays and induced cell death, as well as invasion. The results showed that all three treatments were able to induce partial differentiation in osteosarcoma cell lines, since the heterogeneity of the data collected, as well as the partial expression of markers of late transition osteoblast / osteocyte. Associated with this it was found that there is reduced cell viability, but without acting directly connected to caspase3. It is further noticed that even with differences between strains, the active principles were able to inhibit the invasiveness in Transwell assay. The conclusion is thus that the partial differentiation inducing compounds used, but with important antineoplastic effect. Together, these results highlight the importance of the process of differentiation, tumorigenesis and differentiation therapy.

O Osteossarcoma é o tipo mais comum de câncer ósseo em cães e em seres humanos. Os osteossarcomas caninos representam um modelo único para o estudo desse tipo de câncer em humanos, devido a incidência relativamente alta, semelhanças no comportamento biológico, na apresentação clínica e características moleculares. Estudos envolvendo o desenvolvimento do fenótipo de osteoblastos em osteócitos terminalmente diferenciados, oferecem as bases para o entendimento do curso da transformação neoplásica. Neste sentido, a rápida expansão do conhecimento a respeito do processo de diferenciação óssea, em última análise pode conduzir ao desenvolvimento de marcadores diagnóstico e prognóstico, bem como terapias dirigidas para pacientes caninos e humanos portadores deste tipo de câncer. Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar alguns dos aspectos relacionados ao processo de diferenciação induzida de osteoblastos caninos após o tratamento com três diferentes agentes descritos como tendo possível potencial antineoplásico. Para tanto, avaliou-se, em cultura celular em três dimensões, duas linhagens de osteossarcoma após tratamento com a Arctigenina, a Genisteína e a Tricostatina-A. inicialmente, foi realizado o estabelecimento e caracterização de uma nova linhagem celular de osteossarcoma canino. Em seguida deu-se inicio aos trabalhos de avaliação dos marcadores de diferenciação por diferentes técnicas. Foram também utilizados estudos de viabilidade celular, ensaios de proliferação e morte celular induzida, assim como de invasão. Os resultados mostraram que todos os três tratamentos foram capazes de induzir diferenciação parcial nas linhagens de osteossarcoma, visto a heterogeneidade dos dados coletados, assim como, pela expressão parcial de marcadores tardios da transição osteoblasto/osteócito. Associado a isso se verificou que existe um decréscimo da viabilidade celular, porem sem ação diretamente ligada a caspase3. Notou-se ainda que mesmo com diferenças entre as linhagens, os princípios ativos foram capazes de inibir a capacidade de invasão nos ensaios de Transwell. Conclui-se, desta maneira, que os compostos utilizados induzem diferenciação parcial, porém, com efeito, antineoplásico importante. Em conjunto, estes resultados destacam a importância do processo de diferenciação, tumorigênese e terapia através da diferenciação. / Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in dogs and humans. Due to the fact that canine osteosarcoma is similar to human osteosarcoma in its high occurrence rate, biological behavior, clinical signs and molecular characteristics, this naturally occurring canine disease represents an important model for the study of osteosarcoma in humans. Studies regarding the development of the osteoblast phenotype into terminally differentiated osteocytes provide an understanding of the neoplastic transformation in bone cancer. For this reason, further studies of bone differentiation may lead to the discovery of bone-tumorspecific markers used for disease detection and prognosis, and the development of drugtargeted therapies. The focus of this study is the process of induced bone differentiation after treatment with three different drugs that have a potential anti-neoplastic activity against osteosarcoma. Two osteosarcoma cell lines in three-dimensional culture were evaluated after being treated with Arctigenin, Genistein, and Trichostatin-A. Initially, we performed the establishment and characterization of a novel canine osteosarcoma cell line. Then the work on the evaluation of differentiation markers by different techniques has been initiated. Studies were also used for cell viability, proliferation assays and induced cell death, as well as invasion. The results showed that all three treatments were able to induce partial differentiation in osteosarcoma cell lines, since the heterogeneity of the data collected, as well as the partial expression of markers of late transition osteoblast / osteocyte. Associated with this it was found that there is reduced cell viability, but without acting directly connected to caspase3. It is further noticed that even with differences between strains, the active principles were able to inhibit the invasiveness in Transwell assay. The conclusion is thus that the partial differentiation inducing compounds used, but with important antineoplastic effect. Together, these results highlight the importance of the process of differentiation, tumorigenesis and differentiation therapy.

Background: The genes coding for human (h) chorionic somatomammotropin (CS), hCS-A and hCS-B, and placental growth hormone (GH-V), hGH-V are located at a single locus on chromosome 17q22-24. Local regulatory (5´ P and 3´ enhancer) sequences and a remote locus control region (LCR) containing a placenta-specific hypersensitive site (HS) IV, have been implicated in the efficient expression of the placental hCS/GH-V genes, in part through gene transfer studies in placental and non-placental tumor cell lines. However, low levels of endogenous expression are reported in placental tumor cells compared to normal term placenta. Thus it was hypothesized that the hCS/GH-V chromatin structure in human choriocarcinoma cells is less accessible to regulatory regions essential for efficient expression due to DNA and/or histone modifications, specifically methylation and acetylation, respectively. Approach: To assess individual hCS-A, hCS-B and hGH-V gene expression in placental and non-placental tumor cells, and assess the effect of increasing “chromatin accessibility” on hCS/GH-V RNA levels by inhibiting DNA methylation and histone deacetylation using 5-aza-2´-deoxycytidine (azadC) and trichostatin A (TSA). Principal Findings: Low levels of hCS-A, hCS-B and hGH-V RNA were detected in placental and non-placental tumor cells compared to term placenta. A significant >5-fold increase in promoter activity was seen in placental but not non-placental cells transfected with hybrid hCS promoter luciferase genes containing 3´-enhancer sequences. Placental JEG-3 cells pretreated with azadC and TSA resulted in a significant >10-fold increase in hCS-A, hCS-B and hGH-V RNA levels compared to TSA treatment alone, however, a modest ~3-fold effect was seen in non-placental MCF-7 cells. By contrast to the effect of pretreatment with azadC, post-treatment with azadC mutes the stimulatory effects of TSA on hCS/GH-V transcripts. The specificity of the response suggests that azadC treatment, and presumably hypomethylation of DNA, results in an increase in response to TSA and histone hyperacetylation at the hGH/CS locus. An assessment of histone H3/H4 hyperacetylation in JEG-3 cells treated with azadC and TSA versus TSA alone revealed significant increases consistent with a more open chromatin structure including the hCS 3´-enhancer sequences and LCR. Conclusions: These observations suggest that accessibility of remote and local regulatory regions required for efficient placental hGH/CS expression can be restricted by DNA methylation and histone acetylation status. This includes restricting access of the hCS 3´-enhancer sequences to available placental enhancer transcription factors. / May 2016

Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) increases cytotoxicity of antineoplastic agent ellipticine to human neuroblastoma cells. Its mechanism of action has not yet been explained. One of the possible mode of action is conformational change in chromatin, which leads to changes in DNA that is more accessible to covalent modification and intercalation. The aim of this work is to study another mode of action, which can explain this phenomenon. The question is, if TSA can increase cytotoxicity of ellipticine to human neuroblastoma cells by modulation of activities and expression of cytochromes P450 and peroxidases. These enzymes are responsible for cytotoxicity of ellipticine to human neuroblastoma cells. TSA has no effect on oxidation of ellipticine mediated by cytochromes P450 leading to metabolites responsible for formation of ellipticine-DNA adducts and detoxication metabolites. TSA increases formation of ellipticine dimer, which is a detoxication metabolite, forming during its oxidation by peroxidases. TSA has no effect on activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A, which significantly participate in oxidation of ellipticine. TSA modulates expression of enzymes oxidizing ellipticin in human neuroblastoma cells. TSA in the presence of ellipticine increases expression of CYP1A1 a CYP3A4 in...

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with beneficial effects in spinal muscular atrophy mouse models that carry the human SMN2 transgene. Whether TSA specifically targets the upregulation of the SMN2 gene or whether other genes respond to TSA and in turn provide neuroprotection in SMA mice is unclear. We have taken advantage of the Smn2B/- mouse model that does not harbor the human SMN2 transgene, to test the hypothesis that TSA has its beneficial effects through a non-Smn mediated pathway. Daily intraperitoneal injection of TSA from postnatal day 12 to 25 was performed in the Smn2B/- mice and littermate controls. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that treatment with TSA increased the median lifespan of Smn2B/- mice from twenty days to eight weeks. As well, there was a significant attenuation of weight loss and improved motor behavior. Pen test and righting reflex both showed significant improvement, and motor neurons in the spinal cord of Smn2B/-mice were protected from degeneration. Both the size and maturity of neuromuscular junctions were significantly improved in TSA treated Smn2B/- mice. Here, we have shown that TSA treatment does not increase the levels of Smn protein in mouse embryonic fibroblasts or myoblasts obtained from the Smn2B/- mice. Further, qPCR analysis revealed no changes in the level of Smn transcripts in the brain or spinal cord of TSA-treated SMA mice. Similarly, western blot analysis revealed no significant increase in Smn protein levels in the brain, spinal cord, hind limb muscle, heart muscle, or the liver of TSA treated Smn2B/- mice. However, TSA has beneficial effects in the muscles of Smn2B/- mice and improves motor behavior and myofiber size. TSA improves muscle development by enhancing the activity of myogenic regulatory factors independent of the Smn gene. The beneficial effect of TSA is therefore likely through an Smn-independent manner. Identification of these protective pathways will be of therapeutic value for the treatment of SMA.

Orientador: Joaquim Mansano Garcia / Banca: Lígia Veiga Pereira / Banca: Irina Kerkis / Resumo: O estudo dos processos de diferenciação em células tronco embrionárias (CTE) representa uma importante ferramenta para o entendimento das vias moleculares que os regem, apresentando grande aplicação tanto na ciência básica quanto na engenharia de tecidos e medicina regenerativa. Pouco é conhecido sobre as marcas epigenéticas existentes na cromatina destas células, e de que forma a regulação da expressão gênica ocorre no momento da diferenciação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo dos efeitos da hiperacetilação das histonas causada pela droga tricostatina A (TSA), uma inibidora das enzimas histona desacetilases, sobre a diferenciação destas células em estádios iniciais e avançados. Para tanto, a hiperacetilação induzida pela droga foi estimada por reações de imunocitoquímica para AcLys9H3. Os efeitos anti-proliferativos da TSA foram mensurados pelo teste de TUNEL e contagem de células. Ainda, foram conduzidos experimentos de diferenciação in vitro de CTE e análise da expressão de proteínas características de linhagens celulares diferenciadas por reações de imunocitoquímica (Oct3/4, nestina, âIII tubulina, desmina e troponina I), em cultivos tratados com TSA em diferentes concentrações e em diferentes momentos. Desta forma, foi estimada a população de tipos celulares oriundos dos folhetos embrionários ectodérmico e mesodérmico, como neurônios, e células musculares, quando foi promovida a hiperacetilação das histonas nas CTE, em diferentes momentos da diferenciação celular in vitro. A TSA induziu apoptose em níveis superiores aos do grupo controle, e retardou/inibiu a divisão celular. Promoveu hiperacetilação dose-dependente nos períodos estudados, e estimulou a diferenciação de precursores mesodérmicos (50nM d5) e ectodérmicos (15nMd0-5 e 50nMd5), cardiomiócitos (50nMd5 e 100nMd13) e neurônios (15nMd0-5, 50nMd5, 100nMd5, 100nMd13). / Abstract: Studies on embryonic stem cells (ESC) differentiation represents an important tool leading to understanding of its molecular pathways, with many applications both on basic research and tissue engineering / regenerative medicine. Little is known about epigenetic marks on ESC chromatin, and how gene expression occurs at differentiation time. The aim of this work was to study effects of histone hiperacetylation, induced by cell treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), an histone deacetylase inhibitor, on both initial and late differentiation. For that, drug-induced hyperacetylation was studied by AcLys9H3 immunocitochemistry. TSA anti-proliferative effects were analysed by TUNEL test and cell counts. Experiments on ESC in vitro differentiation and immunocitochemistry for specific cell types proteins (Oct3/4, nestin, âIII tubulin, desmin and troponin I) were performed, in treated and control groups, at different moments. This analysis showed specific cell types populations derived from embryonic ectodermal and mesodermal, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, when histone hyperacetylation were induced, on both initial and late diferentiation. Our results showed that TSA induces apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation. Also, TSA promoted dose-dependent histone hyperacetylation at studied moments, and stimulated mesodermal (50nM d5) and ectodermal (15nMd0-5 e 50nMd5) precursors, cardiomyocytes (50nMd5 e 100nMd13) and neurons (15nMd0-5, 50nMd5, 100nMd5, 100nMd13) differentiation. / Mestre

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with beneficial effects in spinal muscular atrophy mouse models that carry the human SMN2 transgene. Whether TSA specifically targets the upregulation of the SMN2 gene or whether other genes respond to TSA and in turn provide neuroprotection in SMA mice is unclear. We have taken advantage of the Smn2B/- mouse model that does not harbor the human SMN2 transgene, to test the hypothesis that TSA has its beneficial effects through a non-Smn mediated pathway. Daily intraperitoneal injection of TSA from postnatal day 12 to 25 was performed in the Smn2B/- mice and littermate controls. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that treatment with TSA increased the median lifespan of Smn2B/- mice from twenty days to eight weeks. As well, there was a significant attenuation of weight loss and improved motor behavior. Pen test and righting reflex both showed significant improvement, and motor neurons in the spinal cord of Smn2B/-mice were protected from degeneration. Both the size and maturity of neuromuscular junctions were significantly improved in TSA treated Smn2B/- mice. Here, we have shown that TSA treatment does not increase the levels of Smn protein in mouse embryonic fibroblasts or myoblasts obtained from the Smn2B/- mice. Further, qPCR analysis revealed no changes in the level of Smn transcripts in the brain or spinal cord of TSA-treated SMA mice. Similarly, western blot analysis revealed no significant increase in Smn protein levels in the brain, spinal cord, hind limb muscle, heart muscle, or the liver of TSA treated Smn2B/- mice. However, TSA has beneficial effects in the muscles of Smn2B/- mice and improves motor behavior and myofiber size. TSA improves muscle development by enhancing the activity of myogenic regulatory factors independent of the Smn gene. The beneficial effect of TSA is therefore likely through an Smn-independent manner. Identification of these protective pathways will be of therapeutic value for the treatment of SMA.

Vitamin D plays an important role in preserving healthy bones, and has additional roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, differentiation, neuromuscular and immune function, and anti-inflammatory function. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and regulates transcription of vitamin D-dependent target genes, such as those for key proteins involved in calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone development. Histone acetylation weakens the association of histones with DNA, and increases the accessibility of transcriptional regulatory proteins to chromatin templates, thereby increasing transcriptional activity of gene expression. Histone deacetylases remove the acetyl groups and condense chromatin structure, thereby preventing transcription. TSA is a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor and can significantly enhance gene expression. Bioactive food component, sulforaphane (SFN) is found in cruciferous vegetables and is known to be a histone deacetylase inhibitor, leading to transcriptional activation of gene expression. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the bioactive food components modulate vitamin D action in adipocytes. To investigate the effects of TSA and SFN on vitamin D response, 3T3L1 mouse preadipocytes were treated with the combination of various concentrations of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, TSA, and SFN. Upon harvesting cells, the amounts of 24-hydroxylase mRNA, marker of vitamin D response, were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis. The results showed that the cells treated with 1μM TSA increased 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D-induced CYP24 mRNA level nearly 3.5-fold (p < 0.05) at 1nM 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and nearly 2.5-fold (p < 0.05) in 10 nM 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, and the cells treated with 5μM SFN increased 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D-induced CYP24 mRNA level nearly 1.4-fold at 1nM 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D and nearly 1.2-fold at 10 nM 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cs_me_jabo.pdf: 1799127 bytes, checksum: 5a858a3a6eed3c27cf1b8f8968db5a50 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo dos processos de diferenciação em células tronco embrionárias (CTE) representa uma importante ferramenta para o entendimento das vias moleculares que os regem, apresentando grande aplicação tanto na ciência básica quanto na engenharia de tecidos e medicina regenerativa. Pouco é conhecido sobre as marcas epigenéticas existentes na cromatina destas células, e de que forma a regulação da expressão gênica ocorre no momento da diferenciação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo dos efeitos da hiperacetilação das histonas causada pela droga tricostatina A (TSA), uma inibidora das enzimas histona desacetilases, sobre a diferenciação destas células em estádios iniciais e avançados. Para tanto, a hiperacetilação induzida pela droga foi estimada por reações de imunocitoquímica para AcLys9H3. Os efeitos anti-proliferativos da TSA foram mensurados pelo teste de TUNEL e contagem de células. Ainda, foram conduzidos experimentos de diferenciação in vitro de CTE e análise da expressão de proteínas características de linhagens celulares diferenciadas por reações de imunocitoquímica (Oct3/4, nestina, âIII tubulina, desmina e troponina I), em cultivos tratados com TSA em diferentes concentrações e em diferentes momentos. Desta forma, foi estimada a população de tipos celulares oriundos dos folhetos embrionários ectodérmico e mesodérmico, como neurônios, e células musculares, quando foi promovida a hiperacetilação das histonas nas CTE, em diferentes momentos da diferenciação celular in vitro. A TSA induziu apoptose em níveis superiores aos do grupo controle, e retardou/inibiu a divisão celular. Promoveu hiperacetilação dose-dependente nos períodos estudados, e estimulou a diferenciação de precursores mesodérmicos (50nM d5) e ectodérmicos (15nMd0-5 e 50nMd5), cardiomiócitos (50nMd5 e 100nMd13) e neurônios (15nMd0-5, 50nMd5, 100nMd5, 100nMd13). / Studies on embryonic stem cells (ESC) differentiation represents an important tool leading to understanding of its molecular pathways, with many applications both on basic research and tissue engineering / regenerative medicine. Little is known about epigenetic marks on ESC chromatin, and how gene expression occurs at differentiation time. The aim of this work was to study effects of histone hiperacetylation, induced by cell treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), an histone deacetylase inhibitor, on both initial and late differentiation. For that, drug-induced hyperacetylation was studied by AcLys9H3 immunocitochemistry. TSA anti-proliferative effects were analysed by TUNEL test and cell counts. Experiments on ESC in vitro differentiation and immunocitochemistry for specific cell types proteins (Oct3/4, nestin, âIII tubulin, desmin and troponin I) were performed, in treated and control groups, at different moments. This analysis showed specific cell types populations derived from embryonic ectodermal and mesodermal, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, when histone hyperacetylation were induced, on both initial and late diferentiation. Our results showed that TSA induces apoptosis and inhibits cellular proliferation. Also, TSA promoted dose-dependent histone hyperacetylation at studied moments, and stimulated mesodermal (50nM d5) and ectodermal (15nMd0-5 e 50nMd5) precursors, cardiomyocytes (50nMd5 e 100nMd13) and neurons (15nMd0-5, 50nMd5, 100nMd5, 100nMd13) differentiation.