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Domestic violence is a complex crime against humanity that has been socially constructed over time by a patriarchal system that has encouraged an imbalance of power relationships between men and women for centuries (Dupont & Sokoloff, 2005, p. 42-43). The objective of this thesis is to create further dialogue based on the pioneering work of Danns and Parsad’s (1989) research in exploring the role colonization plays in shaping domestic violence in the Caribbean. As a result, this research identified gaps in knowledge around women’s reluctance to report incidents of domestic violence, a tendency to rationalize men’s violence and at some level male violence is tolerated, as well how colonization altered the national identities and ethnicities of Caribbean people. The concepts presented throughout this thesis were informed through social constructionism, where certain ideologies have created psychological or ‘internal’ divisions around ethnicity, region, and gender (Brereton, 2010). Over time, Danns and Parsad (1989) argue that the implications of colonization have created issues of insecurities, frustration, and ego by means of social norms which emphasize a male machismo. Danns and Parsad (1989)’s study also refers to the impact of colonization as a root of domestic violence and how Caribbean history reproduces male dominance. As a result, violence against women and domestic violence is based on gender inequality and female subordination, which has transcended through colonization. Further, women’s vulnerability is reinforced by the lack of economic opportunity and the power of authorities to dismiss or minimize women’s issues (p. 23). This has led me to think about the history of Trinidad and Tobago, domestic violence, and how this has impacted on women. In addition, I asked if such policies and legislation as the Domestic Violence Act (1991) support organizations in their role to help and assist women from violence then why is violence against women not decreasing in Trinidad and Tobago? To explore these ideas and the impact domestic violence has had on Caribbean women, I engaged in a qualitative research study over a six-week period on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. This research focused on two major questions: (a) what are some of the contributing factors that sustain domestic violence in Trinidad and Tobago and (b) how do organizations respond to the demands of women enduring domestic violence. The research engaged a feminist and a critical theoretical approach, eliciting stories from 10 women. From these stories, a number of themes emerged which included: 1) ‘visible’ yet ‘invisible’; 2) ‘light skin’/’dark skin’; 3) ‘private matters’; 4) re-victimization of women by the system; and 5) an overarching theme of ‘power’ and ‘control’. As a result, women shared that domestic violence and the history of colonization play a role in keeping women in subordinate positions in three disadvantaged dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market. Yet, this research also speaks to potential ways in which men and women can find common ground through the deconstruction of the history and colonial legacy of violence (Cruz et al., 2011; Murdoch, 2009). The research also points to ways for the unequal distribution of power to be minimized in both the public and private spheres, and ways to understand the impact of domestic violence and the possibility of ending it in the future. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

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The Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA), a high-stakes exam mandatory for all Standard 5 students in Trinidad and Tobago, is posited to be anxiety inducing. The purpose of this correlational research was to examine the relationships among the psychological constructs of the achievement goal theory, and students’ test anxiety. The study specifically looked at whether relationships exist among students’ (n= 215) perceptions of their parents’, teachers’, and classroom goals; their own achievement goals; and their cognitive anxiety about the SEA. The results revealed that students’ personal achievement goals were not associated with SEA cognitive anxiety, but their perceptions of parents’, teachers’, and classroom goals were significantly associated. Perceived avoidance goal messages from peers were also significantly associated with students’ cognitive anxiety, and with tendencies to avoid displaying normative incompetence or failure. Results from this study can be useful for future research in the area of social and emotional learning in Trinidad and Tobago by investigating the effect increased social awareness, through empathy development, has on reducing students’ test anxiety and improving task-engagement, peer relationships, and general academic performance. / Graduate

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-20T12:00:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alexandre Martins de Araujo - 2007.pdf: 6326909 bytes, checksum: 3e3cd3f098af05204ad76182182d14df (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-20T12:02:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alexandre Martins de Araujo - 2007.pdf: 6326909 bytes, checksum: 3e3cd3f098af05204ad76182182d14df (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-20T12:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Alexandre Martins de Araujo - 2007.pdf: 6326909 bytes, checksum: 3e3cd3f098af05204ad76182182d14df (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-15 / This study is on the relationship between Indian and African Descendant Community in Trinidad during the nineteenth century. Theses two populations coexisted under the tense atmosphere involving all kinds of stereotypes, dispersion policies and interest wars from local gazettes playing in defense of each involved group. Thus arises the following question: how was it possible for the two groups to work together, that is, in the same space of plantation, without serious conflicts? A probable response to this question is found on perception of existence of cultural negotiation spaces, built up by circumstance of “liminal stage”, into the “journeys”, in which people from different cultures can temporally seeing each other without social status. / Este estudo discute o relacionamento entre as comunidades de Indianos e Afro-descendentes em Trinidad, durante o século dezenove. Essas duas populações coexistiram sob uma tensa atmosfera envolvendo todo o tipo de construção de estereótipos, políticas de dispersão e guerras de interesses por parte de jornais locais em defesa de cada grupo envolvido. Assim, surge a seguinte questão: como foi possível, para os dois grupos trabalharem juntos, quer dizer, no mesmo espaço das Plantations sem sérios conflitos? Uma provável resposta a esta questão é encontrada na percepção da existência de espaços culturais de negociação, construídos por meio de circunstâncias de “estágios liminares”, dentro de “jornadas”, nas quais pessoas de diferentes culturas podem, temporariamente, perceber um ao outro despojados de status social.

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This Minor Field Study, sponsored by SIDA, undertaken as a Bachelor´s Thesis investigates equestrian tourism in Trinidad, Cuba. Tourism has become a vital tool for development of the destination. Since the legalization of equestrian excursion, horses have become a link between less developed areas and the profit from tourism. The income from equestrian excursions is vital for people's livelihood. A rapid increase of excursions due to low entry barriers have led to varying quality. Equestrian excursions in Trinidad face challenges concerning horses’ welfare and safety. When the equestrian tourism is growing, it is crucial that the development is sustainable to ensure this vital income in the future. A number of critical factors were identified and solutions presented involve planning for carrying capacity, industry coordination, raising producer awareness and integrating animal welfare in the community.

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