Purpose - Considering personality as changeable through a bottom-up process of altering states, habits and traits, constitutes a shift in the predominant paradigm within personality psychology. The purpose of this paper is to reconsider Bateson's theory of learning and organizational triple-loop learning in light of this recent empirical evidence. Design/methodology/approach - This paper uses a multi-disciplinary conceptual approach. Based on an integrative analysis of literature from recent work in personality psychology, four dimensions (process, content, time and context) are identified that allow linking personality change and triple-loop learning. Findings - Identifying a bottom-up process of changing states, habits and traits as being central to change personality, allows for reconsidering Bateson's theory of learning as a theory of personality development (Learning II) and personality change (Learning III). Functionally equivalent, organizational triple-loop learning is conceptualized as a change in an organization's identity over time that may be facilitated through a change in responding to events and a change in the organization's routines. Practical implications - Interventions that change how organizations respond to events and that change the routines within an organization may be suitable to facilitate triple-loop learning in terms of changing organizational identity over time. Originality/value - This paper contributes to the discussion on Bateson's theory of learning and organizational triple-loop learning. As interest in personality change grows in organization studies, this paper aims to transfer these findings to organizational learning.

The global demand for digital services has been growing steadily, which has led to an increase in the utilization of data and consumption of energy, causing an increment of the global digital carbon footprint. Therefore, corporations providing digital services are gradually enforced to be able to measure and quantify their digital carbon footprint, which requires them to restructure their organizational strategy, processes, and culture. Yet, previous research in the digital service industry presents a gap in understanding how to accelerate the adoption of measuring the digital carbon footprint and fails to provide a framework for corporations to incorporate new sustainability initiatives. Thus, this thesis investigates the usefulness and need for digital services companies to use a triple-loop learning framework for adopting the digital carbon footprint as a new measurement for sustainability. From this, the study has made use of semi-structured interviews with professionals from ten digital services companies aimed at examining their processes for incorporating the digital carbon footprint into their sustainability operations. Results show that many companies used a combination of the three loops of learning, and the majority applied triple-loop learning in various sustainability initiatives. The creation or redesign of industry-level standards, by inter-organizational networks and communities of practices, was the primary process of triple-loop learning applied for the adoption of the digital carbon footprint. Here, multiple organizations came together to create standards for measuring the digital carbon footprint, redirecting the behaviour of the digital services industry and, potentially, of the global market towards sustainability. Therefore, the application of a triple-loop learning framework has the potential to create a more sustainable digitalization of the corporate world, which allows for different stakeholders to share knowledge and join forces to produce standards that have the potential to transform the societal- traditional systems needed for the incorporation of the digital carbon footprint.

Kontext, värderingar och människors personliga tyckande är något som alltid kommer vara en del av samhället. Stadsplaneringen är en komplex process där olika viljor och intressen konkurrerar och stadsplanerare som tjänstepersoner har en viktig roll. Detta arbete strävar efter att undersöka hur kontext och värderingar påverkar de val stadsplanerare gör i sin vardag. I studien presenteras tre teorier som beskriver kontext och värderingsaspekter i de mänskliga systemen. Med stöd från dessa teorier skapades ett antal experimentella intervjufrågor och tre stycken djupintervjuer genomfördes med stadsplanerare som arbetar inom Stockholms län. Resultatet från de kvalitativa intervjuerna visade att kontext och värderingar spelar roll för stadsplaneringens slutresultat och att speciellt kontext i form av arbetsorganisation har betydelse. På grund av arbetets experimentella karaktär kunde inga allmänna slutsatser kring planerarrollen att dras. En del av arbetet var att testa ifall de valda teorierna och den valda kvalitativa forskningsmetoden var användbara för att undersöka hur de olika aspekterna kring kontext och värderingar hanteras av stadsplanerare. Metoden fungerade någorlunda, men vissa av intervjufrågorna bör utvecklas något. Alternativa metoder, såsom exempelvis fokusgrupper, diskuteras i slutet av arbetet. / Context, values and people's personal opinions are something that will always be a part of society. Urban planning is a complex process where different wills and interests compete and urban planners as officials have an important role. This work strives to investigate how context and values affect the choices city planners make in their everyday lives. The study presents three theories that describe context and value aspects in the human systems. With the support of these theories, a number of experimental interview questions were created and three in-depth interviews were conducted with city planners working in Stockholm County. The results from the qualitative interviews showed that context and values play a role in the end result of urban planning and that special context in the form of work organization is important. Due to the experimental nature of the work, no general conclusions about the planner role could be drawn. Part of the work was to test whether the chosen theories and the chosen qualitative research method were useful to investigate how the various aspects of context and values are handled by city planners. The method worked reasonably well, but some of the interview questions should be developed somewhat. Alternative methods, such as focus groups, are discussed at the end of the work.