The following collection includes three short stories and two essays compiled with a critical preface. “Valentine’s Day” explores the limits of friendship and love in various situations including, two road trips (one fictional and one factual), pet ownership, and the impersonations of Frank Sinatra.

Law of Pharmaceutical Patents in International Trade Agreements Klíčová slova: TRIPS, Patents, Pharmaceuticals Abstract Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights - especially pharmaceutical patents - were one of the most controversial topics in Trans-Pacific Partnership and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations. Whereas just thirty years ago international intellectual property law was mostly tied to the multilateral playground of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property rights (TRIPS), nowadays we can see increasing bilateralism and regionalism in this area. The agreements that build on the protection guaranteed by the TRIPS agreement are known as TRIPS-plus agreements. One of the root causes that led developed countries to promote intellectual property rights shifting from multilateralism to regionalism was the increased negotiation power tied to a smaller playground. This thesis argues that there is a shift in intellectual property rights regulations from multilateral to bilateral and regional trade agreements. This shifting serves the purpose of promoting increasingly extensive intellectual property rights protection. In its theoretical chapter the thesis describes the powers that formed the foundation of the World Trade Organisation. It...

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Slips, trips, and falls are the costliest source of disabling injuries in the workplace, costing $18.6 billion annually. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mental fatigue on gait variables associated with the risk of slipping and tripping. The study also investigated the efficacy of a 10-minute rest break in mitigating the effect of mental fatigue on those variables. Twenty healthy young adults (10 males and 10 females) participated and completed two experimental sessions. The order of sessions was counter-balanced for each participant. During the mental fatigue session, participants completed a computerized mentally fatiguing task for 90 minutes and performed a set of gait trials every 15 minutes throughout the task. During the control session, participants watched an emotionally neutral documentary in place of the mentally fatiguing task. After 90 minutes of the task or documentary, participants took a 10- minute break and then completed one last set of gait trials. Risk of slipping was inferred from the required coefficient of friction, heel contact velocity, and heel contact angle. Risk of tripping was inferred from minimum toe clearance and obstacle clearance. The results showed no increase in slip or trip risk. Rest breaks appeared to decrease levels of self-reported mental fatigue. However, they did not appear to have any mitigating effect on any of the gait variables that were measured. / Master of Science / Slips, trips, and falls are the costliest source of disabling injuries in the workplace, costing $18.6 billion annually. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of mental fatigue on the risk of falling. In this study, twenty healthy young adults (10 males and 10 females) completed two sessions. In the first session, the participants completed multiple walking sessions while performing a mentally fatiguing task. In the second session, the participants identical walking sessions, with the exception that instead of performing a mentally fatiguing task, they were watching a documentary. The study also aimed to study whether a 10-minute rest break could reduce the effect of mental fatigue on the participants' risk of falling. The results showed that mental fatigue had no effect on slip or trip risk. The rest break was successful at decreasing the self-reported mental fatigue rating but had no effect on the risk of slipping or tripping.

This study aims to study how individuals' attitudes to the new travel trend fitness journeys, with basis in gender and society's expectations. The study is about how Apollo and Ving’smarket looks for the segment fitness trips, but also how these two agencies can broaden it’s audience and attract the younger crowd who are individuals aged 30 years and younger. The study has a gender perspective, and therefore it is of interest to write about how women's and men's perception of fitness trips are different. The study is based on two methods, qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative approach is an interview form that was sent out through e-mail to Jenny Tägtström at Apollo who works as a sales-and marketing Co-ordinator and Magdalena Öhrn at Ving with the position as a communication manager. The quantitative method was designed as a questionnaire sent out through Facebook in different training groups, a total of 301 responses were submitted. The responses have been analyzed and reconnected with the theories that was further on used in the study. The theories that the study related to is stereotypes theory,escape seeking dichotomy, gender theoryabout the different gender rolesandidentity building theory. The study presents that it ́s manly the gender women who contribute in this kind of trips in a greater extent then men. The gender plays a big role when it comes to choose a fitness trip or not but also in the everyday society. The result also shows that there is room for Apollo and Ving to review their marketing as they currently do to them self-market themselves to a larger target group then they actually do but they miss the younger potential consumers which is individuals aged 30 years and younger

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / It is the purpose of this study, to determine the extent to which the elementary schools of an industrial city in Massachusetts, are utilizing the resources of the community. Although there is much material available as to those community resources that are being utilized and best suited for elementary schools, as well as suggestions and techniques for making the best use of them, little data are available as to a method or plan of determining to what extent the elementary schools are utilizing the resources of their particular community. Through research, it is hoped that a representative list of those community resources that are being utilized by individual teachers or groups of teachers throughout the country can be evolved, and a questionnaire, in the form of a check list, built. In this check list, the community resources will be classified and placed in the following categories: (1) Field trips, (2) Resource Visitors, (3) Interviews with Resource People, (4) Collections and Exhibits, (5) Contacts with Community Agencies, (6) Local Resource Surveys, and (7) Community Service Enterprises.

自19世紀以降，各國體認以國內法律為基礎的保護方式具有侷限性，因此開始嘗試以國際條約的方式對智慧財產權進行規範，產生了巴黎公約、伯恩公約、羅馬公約等國際協定，可定位為智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構形成的第一階段，也是第一次各國國內立法朝國際保護靠攏的現象。1967年WIPO成立使多邊貿易架構顯得較為完備，然而在WIPO之運作架構下又因為不同國家的立場分歧未能進一步修正智慧財產權公約，多邊架構發展出現瓶頸，已開發國家未因此退出多邊貿易架構，反而選擇持續完善此多邊架構。TRIPS於1995年烏拉圭回合後生效，規定了嚴格且具體的執行規範，但是多邊架構未能於TRIPS後再取得重大成果，已開發國家和開發中國家在智慧財產權利益之立場分歧使得多邊架構之發展陷入僵局。已開發國家於TRIPS後時期選擇了另一種途徑，本文舉美國FTAs貿易政策為例，發現此時出現了暫時偏離多邊架構，改以雙邊架構為政策重心的分離，惟雙邊貿易政策經本文分析並無法產生美國的預期效果。 ACTA的發展可以定位出美國目前的政策走向，改採協商複邊貿易協定的方式，希望可以循FTAs政策的途徑，企圖讓ACTA此複邊架構的成果可以擴張到多邊架構中。本文認為2010年12月公布最終版本的ACTA能否順利生效仍屬未知數，即便順利生效，依其談判成果可以推定，已無法達到所有參與談判國的預期。不論已開發國家之後的政策走向為何，我們可以發現擁有智慧財產權利益國家的最終目標仍是提升國際間智慧財產權保護水準，過程中則變動地、持續地在多邊、複邊貿易架構中，選擇性執行能達成最終目標的政策，國際智慧財產權保護貿易架構中存在著各國政策反覆於多邊、複邊架構間來回擺盪的分合現象。 關鍵字：TRIPS、反仿冒貿易協定、智慧財產權保護、TRIPS-Plus / Countries found out that the protection of intellectual property based only on national law was insufficient. They chosen to base on international agreement from 19 century and concluded important treaties such as Paris Convention, Berne Convention and Rome Convention. This is the first phase in the process of which the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade framework forming. WIPO was established at 1967 and completed the multilateral trade framework a little further. But countries had different positions thus could not obtain mutual recognition on specific issues. The developed countries did not walk away from the framework; nevertheless, they worked even harder to try to get some result. TRIPS came into force at 1995 after the Uruguay Round which is the most important multilateral agreement at the present day. The multilateral trade framework was stuck after TRIPS resulting from the gap between the developed and developing countries. The former began to work in other direction. We took the U.S. bilateral trade policy of FTAs as an example and found out there is a temporary departure from the multilateral trade framework at this phase. The U.S. policy of FTAs however didn’t achieve the goal expected. We could point out the next step of U.S. by observing the negotiation of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). U.S. took a different approach by negotiating the ACTA and hoped there will be a spillover effect from the plurilateral agreement to the multilateral framework. Negotiating parties announced the final draft of ACTA on December 3rd, 2010. After analyzing the final draft, we could make a conclusion that the result from the negotiation is not outstanding; moreover, it is not clear whether the agreement will come into force in time. No matter what kind of action will the developed countries take in the next, their final and utmost goal is always trying to protect the intellectual property and their related interest. Changing policy becomes the normal condition. This leads to the phenomenon that the intellectual property protection is continuously swaying from the multilateral side to the bilateral or plurilateral trade framework, and vice versa. Key Words: TRIPS, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Intellectual Property Protection, TRIPS-Plus

The validity of the influence of urban form on travel behavior has been a topic of interest in travel behavior research. Empirical research shows that urban form influences travel behavior causing less travel impacts. However, according to the conventional travel impact assessment following the ITE?s (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Trip Generation Handbook, developments with higher levels of urban form measures will generate a greater travel impacts because they generate higher number of trips. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook is typically used as a guideline to estimate the number of trips generated by a development. The hypothesis made in the present research is that a development defined with higher levels of land use mix, street connectivity and residential density will generate a higher number of trips because of the greater accessibility but they will be shorter in length. Therefore, the effective distance travelled will be less even though higher numbers of trips are generated. Considering the distance travelled on a roadway will be an appropriate unit for measuring the travel impacts, the research argues that VMT (Vehicle Miles Travelled) can be a better measurement unit than the number of trips to validate the influence of urban form on travel behavior.

Since through trips can be a significant portion of travel in a study area, estimating them is an important part of travel demand modeling. In the past, through trips have been estimated using external surveys. Recently, external surveys were suspended in Texas, so Texas transportation planners need a way to estimate through trips without using external surveys. Other research in the area has focused on study areas with a population of less than 200,000, but many Texas study areas have a population of more than 200,000. This research developed a set of two logit models to estimate through trips for a wide range of study area sizes, including larger study areas. The first model estimates the portion of all trips at an external station that are through trips. The second model distributes those through trips at one external station to the other external stations. The models produce separate results for commercial and noncommercial vehicles, and these results can be used to develop through trip tables. For predictor variables, the models use results from a very simple gravity model; the average daily traffic (ADT) at each external station as a proportion of the total ADT at all available external stations; the number of turns on the routes between external station pairs; and whether the route is valid, where a valid route is one that passes through the study area and does not pass through any other external stations. Evaluations of the performance of the models showed that the predictions fit the observations reasonably well; at least 68 percent of the absolute prediction errors for each model and for the models combined were less than 10 percent. These results indicate that the models can be useful for practical applications.

China¡¦s IPR problem has been an important issue since 1979, and particularly so when competition between China and U.S for power and interest. The Chinese government directed several IPR policies which have had low efficiency. This research analyses the policy-making, the implementation, the feedback, and the adaptation of China¡¦s IPR policies by using system theory and public policy theory. Another focus of this research is to demonstrate China¡¦s problems in effect of internal and external influences. The research found that the formulation of China¡¦s IPR policies is deeply affected by internal and external factors, and the effect factor of implementation process in China is almostly the most important one, among the factors.