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Darbo tema: Poilsinis ir pažintinis turizmas (kelionės) moksleivių laisvalaikio kontekste: sociologinė analizė (Trakų miesto mokyklų atvejis). Darbo aktualumas ir problema Mes gyvename globaliame, mobiliame ir nuolat kintančiame pasaulyje. Labiausiai priimtina ir populiariausia žmonių mobilumo forma šiandien yra kelionės. Kelionė – tai judėjimas laiku ir erdve. Kelionėje bene svarbiausi yra susitikimai su kitu žmogumi, kita kultūra, kitokiu patyrimu. Kelionėse plėtojasi tokios asmenybės savybės kaip žingeidumas, savarankiškumas, noras įgyti aukštesnį išsilavinimą, pasiekti aukštesnį kultūros lygmenį. Jaunimo dalyvavimas kelionėse leidžia jiems susidaryti objektyvesnį pasaulio vaizdą, geriau suvokti praeitį ir dabartį, palyginti įvairių kraštų kraštovaizdį, žmonių gyvenseną, kalbą, kultūrą. Akademinis jaunimas vis dažniau „atsiliepia į vietovių erdvių signalus, kurie kviečia įsitraukti į socialumo plėtrą, socialinių santykių viešose vietose kūrimą“. Pasirinkome turizmo temą, nes jaunimo poilsinės ir pažintinės kelionės Lietuvoje sociologiniu požiūriu yra beveik nenagrinėtos. Apskritai galima teigti, kad sociologijos darbų, nagrinėjančių keliautojų tapatumą, kelionių priežastis ir motyvus, Lietuvoje trūksta, tad šis darbas – tai bandymas šį poreikį patenkinti. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti, kokią vietą poilsinis ir pažintinis turizmas užima moksleivių laisvalaikio struktūroje Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti teorines laisvalaikio apibrėžtis; atskleisti jaunimo laisvalaikio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work relevance and the problem We are living in a global, mobile and constantly changing world. The most acceptable and popular people form of mobility today are traveling. Travel – it is a movement of time and space. In the journey the most import thing are meeting with another person, knowing another culture, a different experience. Travel develops in the personality characteristics as curiosity, independence, the desire to acquire higher education, to reach a higher culture level. Youth participation in the trips allow them to obtain a more objective picture of the world, to understand better about the past and present, to compare a different edges of landscape, people lifestyle, language and culture. Academic Youth increasingly „responding to the areas of spacial signals are invited to become involved in the development of sociality, social relations, the creation of public spaces.” We have choosen tourism, because youth resort and sigthseeing tours in Lithuania from sociological point of view are not examinated. All over, we can suggest, that the sociology work dealing the identity of travelers, causes and reasons for travel in Lithuania is missing, so this work – an attempt to meet this need. The aim of this work – examine the place and educational tourism has the structure of sudents leisure. Objectives: 1. To explore the theoretical definition of leisure; disclosure of youth leisure features. 2. To examine the concept of tourism and nature; to discuss how youth... [to full text]

Esta tese visa aprofundar o entendimento das dinâmicas de interação entre atores estatais e não estatais nos processos de criação, continuidade e mudança de regimes internacionais. A pesquisa se apresenta como um estudo de caso demarcado a partir da criação do novo regime internacional de proteção dos direitos de patentes, instituído em 1994 quando da adoção do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) pelos países membros do GATT. Inclui as disputas entre as empresas farmacêuticas e o governo da África do Sul, o contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, na Organização Mundial do Comércio, e as negociações que culminaram na adoção da Declaração sobre o Acordo TRIPS e Saúde Pública, em novembro de 2001. A partir da problematização das decisões do governo dos Estados Unidos, nos vários momentos do caso, se propõe, como argumento central do trabalho, que a mídia constitui um importante elemento de ligação nos processos através dos quais atores não estatais com capacidade material reduzida exercem influência sobre atores estatais nas decisões acerca da política externa tanto no âmbito bilateral como multilateral / This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the interactive dynamics between governmental and non governmental actors in the processes of creation, continuity, and change of international regimes. The research is presented as a case study delimited from the creation of the new international regime of intellectual property rights, instituted in 1994, when the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted by the GATT member-countries. It includes the disputes between the pharmaceutical companies and the government of South Africa, the controversy between Brazil and the United States, in the World Trade Organization, and the negotiations that culminated in the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, adopted in November 2001. From the problematization of decisions of the United States Government, in the various moments of the case, as central argument it is proposed that the media is an important linkage element in the processes through which non state actors with reduced material capacity exercise influence on state actors on foreign policy decisions in regard to both bilateral as well as multilateral decisions

This thesis deals with global governance and its changing structures reflected in the challenges to the functioning of post-war intergovernmental institutions. The main aim of the thesis is to find out whether the World Trade Organization is effective enough in dealing with emerging global issues, which is tested on the case study of the adoption of the TRIPS agreement with special focus on pharmaceuticals. In the first chapter, it provides a theoretical framework of the global governance theory and the means for evaluating the effectiveness of international institutions in global governance through input and output legitimacy. The second chapter deals with the role of the World Trade organization in global governance and evaluating its performance. The third chapter evaluates the role of the World Trade Organization in protection of intellectual property rights with focus on pharmaceuticals. The methods used in the thesis include analysis, synthesis, deduction while the research is supported with quantitative data, tables and case study.

Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para estimar distâncias de viagens intrazonais com base em dados de pesquisas origem-destino (O/D). A análise conduzida na aplicação apresentada foi baseada em dados de uma pesquisa O/D realizada na cidade de São Carlos, Brasil. A área urbana foi subdividida várias vezes para produzir 471 zonas de análise de tráfego (TAZ) para análise. A análise partiu da identificação de características geométricas das zonas de análise de tráfego (TAZ) que podem influenciar as distâncias das viagens intrazonais. Em seguida, indicadores numéricos dos padrões geométricos selecionados foram comparados com os valores médios das distâncias intrazonais, a fim de procurar por evidências de correlação entre estas variáveis. Duas abordagens analíticas foram exploradas: i) contínua e ii) descontínua. No primeiro caso, todas as viagens foram consideradas em um único conjunto de dados, enquanto que no segundo caso, o conjunto de dados foi dividido em dois subgrupos com características homogêneas. Os conjuntos de dados com maior correlação foram usados para construir modelos globais e estratificados para estimar distâncias intrazonais. Nos modelos globais, viagens a pé, de bicicleta e de automóvel foram analisadas como uma única base de dados. Nos modelos estratificados, os três modos de transporte foram considerados separadamente. Foram ajustados, também, modelos adicionais que permitam estimar as viagens por um modo de transporte específico a partir de valores globais de distâncias intrazonais. Os valores obtidos com estes modelos foram então comparados com as estimativas de outros modelos encontrados na literatura. Os modelos descontínuos aqui obtidos superaram claramente os modelos tradicionais. Isto sugere que podem constituir alternativas para substituir os modelos tradicionais para estimar distâncias médias de viagens intrazonais, pelo menos no caso das cidades médias brasileiras. / This study aimed at the development of procedures for estimating intrazonal trip distances based on data of origin-destination (O/D) surveys. The analysis conducted in the application presented was based on an O/D survey conducted in the city of São Carlos, Brazil. The urban area was subdivided several times to produce 471 traffic analysis zones (TAZ) for analysis. Geometrical characteristics of the zones that can influence the distances of intrazonal trips were then identified. Next, numerical indicators of the selected geometrical patterns were compared with the average values of intrazonal trip distances in order to look for evidences of correlation between these variables. Two analytical approaches were explored: i) continuous and ii) discontinuous. In the first case, all trips were consideredas a single dataset, whereas in the second case the dataset was split in two subsets with homogeneous characteristics. The datasets with higher correlation were used to build global and stratified models for estimating intrazonal trip distances. In the global models, walking, cycling, and auto trips were all considered as part of a common dataset. In the stratified models, the three transport modes were separately taken into account. Additional models, which were meant to estimate trips per mode based on global values of intrazonal trip distances, were also developed. The values obtained with these models were then compared with the estimations of other models found in the literature. The discontinuous models calibrated in this study clearly outperformed the traditional models. This may be an indication that they can be used to replace the traditional models for estimating average intrazonal trip distances, at least in the case of Brazilian medium-sized cities.

Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para estimar distâncias de viagens intrazonais com base em dados de pesquisas origem-destino (O/D). A análise conduzida na aplicação apresentada foi baseada em dados de uma pesquisa O/D realizada na cidade de São Carlos, Brasil. A área urbana foi subdividida várias vezes para produzir 471 zonas de análise de tráfego (TAZ) para análise. A análise partiu da identificação de características geométricas das zonas de análise de tráfego (TAZ) que podem influenciar as distâncias das viagens intrazonais. Em seguida, indicadores numéricos dos padrões geométricos selecionados foram comparados com os valores médios das distâncias intrazonais, a fim de procurar por evidências de correlação entre estas variáveis. Duas abordagens analíticas foram exploradas: i) contínua e ii) descontínua. No primeiro caso, todas as viagens foram consideradas em um único conjunto de dados, enquanto que no segundo caso, o conjunto de dados foi dividido em dois subgrupos com características homogêneas. Os conjuntos de dados com maior correlação foram usados para construir modelos globais e estratificados para estimar distâncias intrazonais. Nos modelos globais, viagens a pé, de bicicleta e de automóvel foram analisadas como uma única base de dados. Nos modelos estratificados, os três modos de transporte foram considerados separadamente. Foram ajustados, também, modelos adicionais que permitam estimar as viagens por um modo de transporte específico a partir de valores globais de distâncias intrazonais. Os valores obtidos com estes modelos foram então comparados com as estimativas de outros modelos encontrados na literatura. Os modelos descontínuos aqui obtidos superaram claramente os modelos tradicionais. Isto sugere que podem constituir alternativas para substituir os modelos tradicionais para estimar distâncias médias de viagens intrazonais, pelo menos no caso das cidades médias brasileiras. / This study aimed at the development of procedures for estimating intrazonal trip distances based on data of origin-destination (O/D) surveys. The analysis conducted in the application presented was based on an O/D survey conducted in the city of São Carlos, Brazil. The urban area was subdivided several times to produce 471 traffic analysis zones (TAZ) for analysis. Geometrical characteristics of the zones that can influence the distances of intrazonal trips were then identified. Next, numerical indicators of the selected geometrical patterns were compared with the average values of intrazonal trip distances in order to look for evidences of correlation between these variables. Two analytical approaches were explored: i) continuous and ii) discontinuous. In the first case, all trips were consideredas a single dataset, whereas in the second case the dataset was split in two subsets with homogeneous characteristics. The datasets with higher correlation were used to build global and stratified models for estimating intrazonal trip distances. In the global models, walking, cycling, and auto trips were all considered as part of a common dataset. In the stratified models, the three transport modes were separately taken into account. Additional models, which were meant to estimate trips per mode based on global values of intrazonal trip distances, were also developed. The values obtained with these models were then compared with the estimations of other models found in the literature. The discontinuous models calibrated in this study clearly outperformed the traditional models. This may be an indication that they can be used to replace the traditional models for estimating average intrazonal trip distances, at least in the case of Brazilian medium-sized cities.

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Currently, World is facing global warming, which threats especially winter tourism. Many glaciers started to melt significantly as well as winter seasons get warmer and shorter in many ski areas (Gilaberte-Búrdaloa, et al., 2014). It is a really important issue and challenge especially for ski resorts. However, in spite of ski resorts there are also millions of tourists visiting ski destinations every year. Due to that it should also be important to all those winter enthusiasts to know and reduce their own impacts on environment, if they still want to enjoy snow-based sports and natural beauty of a mountain environment. Due to that, this study chosen to focus on emissions from ski trips seeing form the perspective of the skier in one of the most famous ski region in Sweden. The carbon footprint concept was used to calculate and compare four trips to different ski destinations such as Åre, Vemdalen, Frösön and Storulvån. From each trip the following factors where considered: emissions from production of ski equipment, emissions from skier travel, from purchased electricity in the ski resort and from consumption of fuel by vehicles on the slopes. At least six transportation scenarios per destination were created to investigate possible modes of transportation and their impacts. The results showed that the total amount of carbon footprint per skier differed among the trips from 74.01 kg to 2.40 kg of CO₂-eq. per skier depends on the transportation scenario and destination. It was concluded that skier travel can be a huge source of emissions depending on the distance to chosen destination and type of the transport. However, it was found out that impact from skier travel as well as from ski equipment can be reduced by individual’s choices. Moreover, it was also concluded that the fuel consumed by vehicles on the slopes had a significant impact in all ski resorts and it should become the major issue for ski resorts to find new solutions and practices, which would reduce the amount of emissions.. / <p>2016-08-30</p>

The graduation thesis surveys present treatment of intellectual property rights and their protection in WTO. The thesis briefly characterizes WTO and describes the development of protection of intellectual property before the TRIPS agreement was concluded. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the TRIPS agreement in detail because it is the most important instrument of protection of intellectual property rights at present. The thesis critically evaluates the regulation of particular legal institutes in TRIPS agreement and describes disputes of WTO member states in the relevant field. At the end of the thesis there is an outline of means for execution of the rights, present problems in the particular field and possible future development of the regulation.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg 2014 / Field trips to museums have been shown to achieve important learning outcomes and promote scientific literacy. However, the success of museum visits relies, in part, in the ability of teachers to effectively mediate the museum experience. A critical analysis of the literature on teacher-led field trips has shown that they are not always conducted in optimal ways and the use of worksheets is a good illustration of this dilemma. Characteristics of effective museum worksheets are described in best-practice literature; however there is a mismatch between researcher recommendations and teacher practices. Clearly there exists a need to improve teacher practice in informal educational settings. This study sought to provide insight on the ability of a teacher to follow recommendations outlined by the literature and create a best-practice worksheet. It involved two visits to the Johannesburg Zoo, with two different groups of Grade eight learners, where they were observed and audio-recorded whilst completing one of two museum worksheets. The first worksheet was designed before the teacher was aware of best-practice recommendations. The second worksheet attempted to improve on the first using researcher recommendations. The worksheets were analysed, using a worksheet analysing instrument, which showed that both contained more factors that would hinder learning and few factors that would facilitate learning. These findings suggest that, even with knowledge of best-practice recommendations, the teacher was not able to construct a worksheet that completely facilitated free-choice learning – barriers to the process included: the context of the zoo i.e. the plethora of information boards that rendered most observation-dependent questions as text-dependent; the tendency of the teacher to take advantage of the zoo setting and therefore the use of questions with a high site specificity; an increased use of orientation cues needed to reduce the ‘novelty factor’; and the use of the worksheet as an assessment tool that, therefore, provided little choice in where and how learners applied tasks asked of them. The study also investigated insight on whether or not the worksheets promoted curriculum related conversations among a group of learners. Learner conversations were coded, focusing on both nature of discourse as well as type of discourse, and analysis showed that learners cognitively and affectively engaged with worksheet tasks. However, the nature of cognitive engagement tended to be on a superficial level, suggesting learners do not have the necessary ii skills - e.g. language, argumentation and critical analysis - to initiate and conduct exploratory discussions. In view of these findings, it was concluded that it is difficult to translate best-practice recommendations into actual field trip experiences. The agenda of the teacher as well as the ability of his or her learners strongly influence how a worksheet is conducted and the worksheet is used.