Esta tese visa aprofundar o entendimento das dinâmicas de interação entre atores estatais e não estatais nos processos de criação, continuidade e mudança de regimes internacionais. A pesquisa se apresenta como um estudo de caso demarcado a partir da criação do novo regime internacional de proteção dos direitos de patentes, instituído em 1994 quando da adoção do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) pelos países membros do GATT. Inclui as disputas entre as empresas farmacêuticas e o governo da África do Sul, o contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, na Organização Mundial do Comércio, e as negociações que culminaram na adoção da Declaração sobre o Acordo TRIPS e Saúde Pública, em novembro de 2001. A partir da problematização das decisões do governo dos Estados Unidos, nos vários momentos do caso, se propõe, como argumento central do trabalho, que a mídia constitui um importante elemento de ligação nos processos através dos quais atores não estatais com capacidade material reduzida exercem influência sobre atores estatais nas decisões acerca da política externa tanto no âmbito bilateral como multilateral / This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the interactive dynamics between governmental and non governmental actors in the processes of creation, continuity, and change of international regimes. The research is presented as a case study delimited from the creation of the new international regime of intellectual property rights, instituted in 1994, when the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted by the GATT member-countries. It includes the disputes between the pharmaceutical companies and the government of South Africa, the controversy between Brazil and the United States, in the World Trade Organization, and the negotiations that culminated in the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, adopted in November 2001. From the problematization of decisions of the United States Government, in the various moments of the case, as central argument it is proposed that the media is an important linkage element in the processes through which non state actors with reduced material capacity exercise influence on state actors on foreign policy decisions in regard to both bilateral as well as multilateral decisions

The present study is an attempt to better understand change in international relations through utilization of the concept of international regimes. The following chapters focus on creation of the international lending regime and change that has occurred within this regime. The work begins by reviewing the regime literature, noting definitional and conceptual problems of the approach. The review concludes with examples of regime scholarship that are utilized through the rest of the study. Examination of international lending as a regime consists of three sections: first, a profile of the creation of the United States-led, post-war multilateral lending regime; second, the replacement of U.S. geo-political concerns with a market emphasis desired by international banks; third, the more recent redirection of lending as the utility of market forces is constrained by adjustments necessary to facilitate emergency debt restructuring.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-17T11:23:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Everton De Almeida Silva.pdf: 1610325 bytes, checksum: 704ed0a2833dc3c77f0d278d99e8f91a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T11:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Everton De Almeida Silva.pdf: 1610325 bytes, checksum: 704ed0a2833dc3c77f0d278d99e8f91a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19 / This study aims to analyze the hegemonic position of Germany against the European Union, examining, from a historical perspective, the process of economic and monetary integration of the continent, highlighting the bargaining process among its Member States and the power relations, which precede the constitution of the European Union. Primordially, the economic relations among the States and the circumstances that led European States to pursue the international cooperation, in order to build an international regime, will be analyzed, considering whether such an arrangement resulted asymmetrical / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a posição hegemônica da Alemanha frente à União Europeia, examinando, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, o processo de integração econômica e monetária do continente, ressaltando os processos de barganha entre seus Estados Membros, bem como as relações de poder que antecederam a constituição da União Europeia. Primordialmente, serão analisadas as relações econômicas entre os Estados e as circunstâncias que levaram os Estados europeus à apoiarem-se na cooperação internacional, no sentido de construírem um regime internacional, ponderando se tal regime resultou assimétrico

A pergunta que move este trabalho é se existem indícios, na atual construção argumentativa sobre a regulação internacional da internet, da conformação de um regime internacional da internet. Para respondê-la, o primeiro passo é explorar os significados do fenômeno da fragmentação do direito internacional. A partir da identificação de algumas linhas de pensamento, este trabalho adota o diagnóstico de que a fragmentação do direito internacional se liga a uma transposição da diferenciação funcional social para o campo do direito. Dessa forma, trabalhar com o direito internacional fragmentado exige levar em conta a presença de regimes diversos, constituídos por construções argumentativas movidas por um ethos próprio. Esses regimes produzem linguagem técnica que leva a um gerencialismo e que se volta contra outras linguagens, gerando disputas hegemônicas. Para o jurista, é essencial assumir seu papel dentro das construções argumentativas, tomando consciência da política dos regimes e utilizando instrumentos interdisciplinares que atinjam também o que é rotulado como não-direito. Uma vez definida, esta abordagem é aplicada para o estudo da regulação internacional da internet, como um segundo passo deste trabalho. A análise começa pelas batalhas que foram travadas pela alma da internet desde sua criação e os atores envolvidos nessas batalhas. Depois, aborda as representações sobre a regulação da internet durante os períodos de desenvolvimento dessa tecnologia. Diante de uma previsão sobre o último período, começa a olhar para as construções sobre a internet desde 2011. Na literatura analisada, a internet é definida de acordo com o que compõe sua regulação, sua extensão e seus limites. A literatura aponta vários atores e instituições que participam dessa regulação e o Estado aparece com papéis variados, mas a governança multissetorial tem destaque. Os autores divergem ao falarem sobre a aplicação do direito internacional às questões que consideram mais importantes na internet. Eles discordam sobre os problemas da regulação, sobre se e quais direitos deveriam ser aplicados e como os atores devem agir para essa regulação. Contudo, todos têm o movimento de suas argumentações em comum. Todos constroem exceções quanto ao direito em geral quando pensam na melhor regulação para a internet. O terceiro passo da pesquisa é então analisar o que isso significa, tendo em mente o quadro teórico de que partiu. Ela conclui que há indícios da conformação de um regime internacional da internet, tendo em vista que a defesa da especialização do direito para a internet se move com um propósito comum de diferenciar o mundo online do mundo off-line. Finalmente, ela indica algumas agendas de pesquisa que podem ser adotadas a partir desses resultados / The question that drives this work is whether there is evidence, within the current argumentative construction on international Internet regulation, of an international internet regime. To answer that, the first step is to explore the meanings of the phenomenon of fragmentation in international law. After the identification of some schools of thought on the subject, this paper adopts the diagnosis that the fragmentation of international law is due to a transposition of social functional differentiation to the legal field. Given that, dealing with a fragmented international law requires taking into account the presence of various schemes, consisting of argumentative constructions driven by their own ethos. These schemes produce a technical language that leads to managerialism and that pits itself against other languages, generating hegemonic disputes. Lawyers should assume their role within these argumentative constructions, becoming aware of regimes politics and using interdisciplinary tools to reach also what is labeled as non-legal. This theoretical approach is applied to the international internet regulation, as the second step of this research. The analysis begins with the battles that were fought for the soul of the Internet since its inception and the actors involved in these battles. The paper then addresses the representations on the regulation of the Internet during periods of development of this technology. Faced with a prediction about the last period, it looks at the constructions on Internet since 2011. In the examined literature, the Internet is defined according to what constitutes its regulation, its extent and its limits. The literature points to several actors and institutions that participate in this regulation and the State appears with varying roles, but multi-sectorial governance has central emphasis. The authors diverge when discussing the application of international law to issues that they consider most important on the Internet. They disagree on the issues of regulation, on whether and which duties should be imposed and how actors should act towards this regulation. However, all of them have the movement of their arguments in common. All develop exceptions to international law when they elaborate about a better regulation for the Internet. The third step of the research is then to analyze what this means, bearing in mind the theoretical framework adopted. It concludes that there is evidence of the construction of an international regime of the internet, as long as the defense of internets specialty moves along with a common purpose to differentiate the online world from the offline world. Finally, the paper points to some research agendas that can be derived from its results.

ABSTRACT UNDP&rsquo / S APPROACH TO WOMEN&rsquo / S RIGHTS: THE CASE OF TURKEY Devlet, Yelda M.Sc., Department of Gender and Women&rsquo / s Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yakin Ert&uuml / rk December, 2006, 152 pages. This study has focused on UNDP&rsquo / s approach to women&rsquo / s rights particularly in Turkey. In order to provide a context for the discussion of the role of the UNDP in Turkey on the realization of women&rsquo / s rights, the thesis examines the emergence of women&rsquo / s rights discourse within the international arena and its repercussions in Turkey. This has facilitated the understanding of (1) the emergence of a women&rsquo / s rights movement at the global level, (2) the spread of the idea and perception of &lsquo / women&rsquo / s rights&rsquo / movement in Turkish society, and (3) the transformation of the approaches related to women&rsquo / s issues within the Turkish context. in the light of the support of the UNDP programmes in Turkey. Within this context, this research focused on two UNDP programmes including &ldquo / National Programme for Enhancement of Women in Development&rdquo / and &ldquo / Local Agenda 21&rdquo / . Both of the programmes have had progressive impacts over the enhancement of women&rsquo / s rights in Turkey in different stages. They are critical tools on facilitating the contributions and effectiveness of the UNDP in engendering the political agenda in Turkey. It is believed that analyzing the impacts of the UNDP&rsquo / s women&rsquo / s rights related programs has crucial importance for identifying the gaps and recommending solutions to bridge the gaps in Turkey.

On Sept. 11, 2001, three planes crashed into the upper floors of Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It was an apparent terrorist¡¦s attack on U.S.A. The terrorist¡¦s attacks have caused thousands of people¡¦s death. The world-wide aftermath of this catastrophe has also brought about massive changes in the way of life. Many countries have further acknowledgement of the importance of society¡¦ security and country¡¦s border control. This is especially true in the perception of social security and people¡¦s privacy. Customs is a symbol of sovereignty and a country¡¦s border control. It not only takes charge of duty collection and smuggling interdiction, but also protects national security and social stability. Furthermore, Customs executes trade policies, curbs counterfeit goods, and enforces environmental protection policies. At the beginning of the new millennium, the global village has gradually formulated a mainstream concept that international interactions will be more and more pervasive. In the future, Customs will play an even greater role in national financial administration. ¡§International Regime¡¨theory is a very important point at international relation issue, ¡§International Regime¡¨can be defined as a set of implicit or explicit principles¡Bnorms¡Brules¡Band decision-making procedures in which actor¡¦s expectations converge in a given area of international relations. ¡§World Customs Organization¡¨is the best symbol to reveal International Regime theory and the function of Customs. The missions of World Customs Organization (WCO) are as follows: 1. WCO establishes, maintains, supports and promotes international instruments for the harmonization and uniforms application of simplified and effective Customs systems and procedures governing the movement of commodities, people and conveyances across Customs frontiers. 2. WCO reinforces its¡¦ members¡¦ efforts to secure compliance with their legislation, by endeavoring to maximize the level of effectiveness of members¡¦ co-operation with one another and with international organizations in order to combat Customs violations and other transnational offences. 3. WCO assists its¡¦ members in their efforts of meeting the challenges of the modern business environment and efforts of adapting to the changing circumstances. WCO also promotes communication and co-operation among members or with other international organizations. It can effectively foster integrity, human resource development, Customs transparency, management improvements and working methods. This thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis on Taiwan Strait, both sides¡¦ Customs legal base, organization level, clearance & revenue collection, anti-smuggling, anti-terrorism, and other subjects. The analysis is based from 1949, the year of dividing sovereignty across the Taiwan Strait. For years, the two Customs administrations across the Taiwan Strait have enforced their own different systems under the authority of their respective government. Although reciprocal contacts and communications have been slow and symbolical in the past, both sides still have the same language and same race. Most of all, both Customs authorities have the sameness: the major and concurrent missions of duty collection, anti-smuggling and anti-terrorism etc. Therefore, by utilizing international regime¡¦s cooperation institute system, Customs between Mainland China and Taiwan can construct pragmatic and existing institutes for mutual benefits. In order to meet the rules after both sides¡¦ entering WTO in 2002, both sides Customs will review their organization with new administration. Under norms of international Customs practice, we will progressively reform Customs operation, enhance administrative efficiency and upgrade the quality of service to achieve our goals of barrier-free clearance, and to facilitate our national economic growth. Depending on international trade, economy norms and Customs function- co-operations, both sides shall be establishing systematized rules and bilateral mechanism in the near future. Moreover, both sides will be able to reach a consensus so that a win-win situation can be created. This thesis is written to be expected for the contributions as below: 1. We will acknowledge that Customs is a symbol of sovereignty and an organization of a country¡¦s border control. After USA 911 disaster, anti-terrorism and anti-smuggling of illegal articles on border have become the focus of Customs missions. 2. World Customs Organization (WCO) is an essential institution at international trade and economy relation issue. It could frame a norm basis to facilitate two sides¡¦ Customs cooperation. 3. Across the Taiwan Strait, two sides¡¦ Customs should shoulder the bridge role of economy cooperation and provide mutual smuggle information to each other so as to combat drug smuggling and illegal activities. 4. Customs could be a frontier of country diplomacy. When Mainland China & Taiwan¡¦s diplomacy relations can¡¦t make a breakthrough in difficult situations and positions, Customs may assist government in playing a role of negotiator on trade and economy matters. 5. As the work of ¡§Three Links¡¨ is related as closely as to the Customs business, constructing Interactive Mechanism of Customs between Mainland China and Taiwan is an absolute necessity.

The world faces many complex and difficult problems at the global level – problems that are increasingly recognised as requiring political as much as technical solutions. While such issues are often taken to concern, in broad terms, global governance, more specifically, the political aspects of such governance are fundamentally linked to interactions between the United Nations system and the power exercised by the United States of America (US). One important and distinctive arena within which these interactions can be viewed is the international food aid regime, and its central organisation, the World Food Programme (WFP) - an area lacking in concerted political science study in recent years. This thesis is concerned with the role of the US in shaping the legitimacy of the WFP within the institutional context of the international food aid regime. Legitimacy is defined as deriving from the three elements of inclusion, accountability and effectiveness. The WFP and international regime are, it is argued, well respected, relatively effective, and enjoy high levels of legitimacy. At a micro level there are many specific historical and localised factors resulting in this legitimacy; at the macro level many of these factors can be linked to the interaction of norms and interests between the US and the regime. / In particular, the regime’s development and success has been closely related to both a congruence between the US domestic feed-the-hungry norm and the regime’s international feed-the-hungry norm, and a process of divergence between those norms. It is this normative interplay that has enabled US power to be deployed and constrained in a manner resulting in high levels of legitimacy for the WFP. While in many respects this has limited WFP’s capacity to do more with the problem of global hunger than merely ameliorate it, the nature of the problem is much bigger than the capacities of any single operational agency of the United Nations.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-11-30T20:46:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Marconi Rates Santiago Sobrinho.pdf: 1486053 bytes, checksum: f8731001d9a979ded88329596993f9c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T20:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Marconi Rates Santiago Sobrinho.pdf: 1486053 bytes, checksum: f8731001d9a979ded88329596993f9c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / CAPES / The present study aims to examine, in the light of International Relations Regimes theory, the harmonization of Intellectual Property Regime in the modern international scenery - Post- TRIPS - and its influence on technological and economic development of the countries subject to this specific regime, observing the perspectives of developed and developing countries.The theme of Intellectual Property became more important through the debates that led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the specific international organization on the subject, namely, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It is a topic of high political value present in international agendas of economic blocs and individual states; that is why there is a need to broaden the discussion of intellectual property, and to identify the impact of this particular regime on the results and behavior of the countries subject to the regime in its economic area.There is a patent need to verify whether there is harmonization between the principles, norms, rules and procedures on policy decisions of states, in addition to observe the effectiveness of the regime in relation to national development. Finally, it is noticed that the relationship between the rules of intellectual property and the economic and technological development of states care not directly related, it means, there is no necessary bond between them. However, international and domestic policies that build on foundations of the intellectual property system help, in fact, the construction of a national system able to assist the process of national development. / O presente trabalho busca analisar, à luz das Teorias dos Regimes das Relações Internacionais, a harmonização do Regime de Propriedade Intelectual no panorama internacional moderno – Pós-TRIPS – e sua influência no desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico dos países submetidos a este regime específico, observando as perspectivas dos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. O tema da Propriedade Intelectual tomou proporções de maior escala por meio dos debates que deram origem à Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e da criação da organização internacional específica a respeito do tema, qual seja, a Organização Mundial de Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI), sendo um tópico de alto valor político presente nas agendas internacionais dos blocos econômicos e dos Estados individuais; razão pela qual se verifica a necessidade de ampliar a discussão da Propriedade Intelectual, além de verificar o impacto deste regime específico sobre os resultados e comportamentos dos países membros do regime em sua seara econômica. Há de se verificar se realmente existe harmonização entre os princípios, normas, regras e procedimentos sobre as decisões políticas dos Estados, além de se observar a eficácia do regime no que tange ao desenvolvimento nacional. Ao final, nota-se que a relação entre as normas de Propriedade Intelectual e o desenvolvimento econômico e tecnológico dos estados podem não estar diretamente relacionados, ou seja, não há um liame necessário entre ambos. No entanto, políticas internacionais e domésticas que se apoiem em fundamentos do regime de propriedade intelectual auxiliam, de fato, a construção de um sistema nacional capaz de auxiliar o processo de desenvolvimento nacional.

Esta tese visa aprofundar o entendimento das dinâmicas de interação entre atores estatais e não estatais nos processos de criação, continuidade e mudança de regimes internacionais. A pesquisa se apresenta como um estudo de caso demarcado a partir da criação do novo regime internacional de proteção dos direitos de patentes, instituído em 1994 quando da adoção do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS) pelos países membros do GATT. Inclui as disputas entre as empresas farmacêuticas e o governo da África do Sul, o contencioso entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, na Organização Mundial do Comércio, e as negociações que culminaram na adoção da Declaração sobre o Acordo TRIPS e Saúde Pública, em novembro de 2001. A partir da problematização das decisões do governo dos Estados Unidos, nos vários momentos do caso, se propõe, como argumento central do trabalho, que a mídia constitui um importante elemento de ligação nos processos através dos quais atores não estatais com capacidade material reduzida exercem influência sobre atores estatais nas decisões acerca da política externa tanto no âmbito bilateral como multilateral / This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the interactive dynamics between governmental and non governmental actors in the processes of creation, continuity, and change of international regimes. The research is presented as a case study delimited from the creation of the new international regime of intellectual property rights, instituted in 1994, when the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted by the GATT member-countries. It includes the disputes between the pharmaceutical companies and the government of South Africa, the controversy between Brazil and the United States, in the World Trade Organization, and the negotiations that culminated in the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, adopted in November 2001. From the problematization of decisions of the United States Government, in the various moments of the case, as central argument it is proposed that the media is an important linkage element in the processes through which non state actors with reduced material capacity exercise influence on state actors on foreign policy decisions in regard to both bilateral as well as multilateral decisions

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