Doctor of Philosophy / In this thesis, a set of wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) produced by the Value Added Wheat Cooperative Research Centre with lower swelling power as compared to commercial Australian wheat varieties were studied to enhance our understanding of the role of amylose in starch functionality. These starches originated from a heterogeneous genetic background and had a narrow range of elevated amylose content (35 to 43%) linked with diverse functional properties. Small-angle X-ray scattering together with complementary techniques of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction have been employed to investigate the features of starch granular structure at the nanometer scale. Starch chemical structure was characterized in terms of amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution. Starch functionality was studied by a series of swelling, pasting and enzymic digestion methods. This study showed that swelling power of flour is a simple test that reflects a number of industrially relevant characteristics of starch, and therefore can be used as an indicator of amylose content and pasting properties of starch. In contrast to waxy starches and starches with normal amylose content, wheat starches with increased amylose content displayed characteristic pasting properties that featured decreasing peak, breakdown and final viscosities with increasing amylose contents. Existence of a threshold value in amylose content, above which final viscosity of starch paste does not further increase with increasing amylose content, was proposed. Variability in amylopectin chain length distribution was shown to have an additional effect on the swelling and pasting properties of the starches. On the molecular level, increased amylose content was correlated with increased repeat spacing of the lamellae present in the semicrystalline growth rings. In agreement with current understanding of starch synthesis, amylose was shown to accumulate in both crystalline and amorphous parts of the lamella. Using waxy starch as a distinctive comparison with the other samples confirmed general trend of increasing amylose content being linked with the accumulation of defects within crystalline lamellae. Amylose content was shown to directly influence the architecture of semicrystalline lamellae, whereas thermodynamic and functional properties were proposed to be brought about by the interplay of amylose content and amylopectin architecture. Subjecting starch granules with varying amylose content to pancreatic α-amylase showed differences in their digestion patterns. Pancreatic α-amylase preferentially attacked amorphous regions of waxy starch granules, whereas these regions for initial preferential hydrolysis gradually diminished with increasing amylose content. Observed variations in the extent of enzymic digestion were concluded to be primarily determined by the level of swelling of amorphous growth rings, which can also explain observed morphologies of partly digested granules with varying amylose content. It was confirmed that access to the granular components is not a function of the extent of crystallinity but rather the spatial positioning of the crystalline regions within the granule. Digestion kinetics is governed by factors intrinsic to starch granules, whereas influence of enzyme type was shown to be critical in determining the absolute rate of hydrolysis. Wheat starches with increased amylose content offer the potential to be used as slow digestible starch, mostly in their granular form or when complexed with lipids. Differences among varieties largely diminished when starches were gelatinized or allowed to retrograde demonstrating the importance of granular structure on starch hydrolysis. Wheat varieties used in this study displayed widely differing pasting properties in a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and textural characteristics of the respective retrograded starch gels. Varietal differences in starch chemical composition among wheat varieties were shown to have significant effect on the extent of the response of starch viscoelastic characteristics to the addition of monopalmitin. Amylose content was positively correlated with the increase in final viscosity, which was attributed to the presence of more amylose in non-aggregated state contributing to higher apparent viscosity of the starch paste. Comparison of stored gels obtained from amylose-rich starches with gel prepared from waxy wheat varieties confirmed the critical role of amylose on the formation of starch network and thus providing the strength of the gel. Lack of correlation between textural properties of stored gels with amylose content or rheological characteristics measured by the RVA indicated that subtle differences in starch structure may have far-reaching consequences in relation to the strength of the gels, although these differences may have only limited effect on pasting properties in the RVA Viscoelastic properties of starch paste prepared from commercial wheat starch were significantly altered depending on the chain length and saturation of the fatty acid of the monoglyceride added during repeated heating and cooling in the Rapid Visco Analyser. Varying effects of different monoglycerides on the paste viscosity were attributed to different complexation abilities of these lipids with starch. It was proposed that stability and structure of the starch-lipid complexes formed affect the viscosity trace of the paste subjected to multiple heating and cooling. Our study indicated that differing monoglycerides in combination with the number of heat-cool cycles can be used to induce form I or form II starch-lipid complexes and thus manipulate paste rheology, gel structure and resistant starch content.

Powdery mildew caused by <i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> is one of the most devastating diseases in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) worldwide. Hypersensitive, race specific genes primarily have been deployed to control the disease, however recent efforts have shifted to breeding for more durable resistance, such as "adult plant resistance" (APR). Molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with APR to powdery mildew must first be validated and QTL effects evaluated in different genetic backgrounds and breeding populations to be useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Eighteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers previously mapped near the three QTL in Massey for APR to powdery mildew were evaluated for association with APR for powdery mildew in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) breeding population derived from a cross between USG 3209 and a moderately susceptible cultivar Jaypee, wherein Massey is the resistance source for APR in USG 3209. Thirteen new SSR markers were added to the pre-existing genetic linkage maps near the three QTL associated with APR in the Becker by Massey (BM) population. Interval mapping analysis of mildew severity data collected in 2002 (F_5:6) and 2003 (F_6:7) field experiments with marker genotype data obtained in 2003 (F_6:7) confirmed the presence of three QTL for APR on chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 2B in the USG 3209 by Jaypee (UJ) population. The QTL on chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 2B explained 12% to 13%, 59% to 69%, and 22% to 48% of the phenotypic variance for powdery mildew severity in the UJ RIL populations, respectively, in the two field experiments. The efficiency of MAS was examined using powdery mildew data collected in 2002 and 2003 field experiments and also from a greenhouse experiment in 2004 (F_7:8), wherein adult plants of the 293 RILs were evaluated for disease severity using a composite of five different isolates of <i>B. graminis</i>. Selection of RILs possessing the QTL on chromosome 2A and to a lesser extent the one on chromosome 1B was effective in identifying powdery mildew resistance in both greenhouse and field experiments, whereas the effect of the QTL on chromosome 2B was insignificant in the greenhouse. Overall, selecting RILs with QTL on chromosomes 2A and 2B was most successful in identifying highly resistant RILs compared to selecting RILs having other combinations of two or three QTL combinations. The RILs possessing both QTL on chromosomes 2A and 2B had mean mildew severities of 4.4% and 3.2% in 2002 and 2003 field experiments, respectively. Breeders implementing MAS programs for APR to powdery mildew via selection of RILs containing the two QTL on chromosomes 2A and 2B likely will obtain RILs having high levels of resistance in the field. However, combining all three QTL may ensure greater durability of APR, on the basis that resistance conferred by QTL on chromosome 2A and 1B are genetically stable across all environments in this study. / Master of Science

Frente ao aumento populacional e consequente incremento na demanda por alimentos, é importante estabelecer um melhor aproveitamento da área de cultivo, objetivando a colheita de produtos agrícolas em maior quantidade e de melhor qualidade. O aumento da concentração de micronutrientes nos produtos colhidos, especialmente de zinco é um desafio crescente para a agricultura, com possibilidade de trazer benefícios à saúde humana e à produtividade da cultura. Nesse sentido, a aplicação foliar de zinco realizada periodicamente, à partir da antese floral, é uma técnica capaz de incrementar o teor do micronutriente nas sementes e biofortificar os grãos de feijão e trigo, causando melhoria de aspectos agronômicos (crescimento vegetativo e produtividade da cultura) de plantas provenientes dessas sementes, além de resultar proveitos para a saúde humana daqueles que se alimentam de produtos biofortificados, e ainda com potencial para produzir grãos e sementes como produtos de maior valor comercial no mercado, valendo-se de inovação tecnológica. Porém, atualmente pouco se conhece sobre os diversos aspectos desta técnica. Assim sendo, objetivou-se: (i) elucidar o efeito da aplicação foliar de zinco, à partir da antese floral, como método para incrementar o teor do micronutriente nos grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.), em substrato com teor adequado do micronutriente (ii) utilização de diferentes fontes de zinco aplicadas via foliar visando estabelecer a melhor fonte para o aumento do teor do micronutriente no grão de feijoeiro e (iii) determinação das doses de zinco mais adequadas a serem aplicadas através de pulverização foliar visando o aumento do teor do nutriente no grão de plantas de feijão e de trigo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que (i) a aplicação foliar de zinco realizada periodicamente, à partir da antese floral é capaz de aumentar o teor do micronutriente em grãos de feijão e de trigo; (ii) a fonte mais viável para o enriquecimento de grãos de feijão é o sulfato de zinco; (iii) e todas as doses testadas (125, 250, 375 e 500 g Zn ha-1) aplicadas via foliar na forma de sulfato de zinco foram efetivas para o enriquecimento de grãos de feijão e de trigo, em relação ao controle (0 g Zn ha-1). / In view of the population increase and consequent growth of food demand, it is important to establish a better utilization of the cultivation area, aiming the harvest of agricultural products in greater quantity and of better quality. The increased concentration of micronutrients in products harvested, especially zinc, is a growing challenge for agriculture, with potential to bring benefits to human health and crop productivity. In this matter, the foliar zinc application performed periodically starting at floral anthesis is a technique capable of increasing the micronutrient content in the seeds and biofortifying grains of common bean and wheat, causing agronomic aspects improvement (vegetative growth and crop productivity) of plants derived from these seeds, in addition to bringing benefits to human health of those who feed on biofortified products, and still with potential to produce grains and seeds as products of greater commercial value in the market, being a technological innovation. However, currently little is known about the aspects that circumvent this technique. The objective of this study was: (i) elucidate the effect of foliar application of zinc, starting at floral anthesis, as a method to increase the micronutrient content of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (ii) the use of different sources of zinc applied in a foliar way, in order to establish the best source for increasing the micronutrient content in common bean grains, and (iii) the determination of the most suitable zinc doses, applied by foliar spraying to increase the nutrient content of common bean and wheat plants. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that (i) the periodic application of zinc foliar application starting at floral anthesis is capable of increasing the micronutrient content in common bean and wheat grains; (ii) the most viable source for the enrichment of bean grains is zinc sulphate; (iii) and all the doses tested (125, 250, 375 and 500 g Zn ha-1) applied via foliar in the form of zinc sulfate were effective for the enrichment of common bean and wheat grains, in relation to the control (0g Zn ha-1).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 henriquec.pdf: 216448 bytes, checksum: e0d1c9ae923e6c3eb7de206691047710 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-10 / The use of nitrogen in the culture of the wheat seeks the increase of the productivity.However, it also increases the probability of occurrence of the lodgnign. That can be avoided with the application of growth regulators. In that sense, he took place a field experiment, in the city of Castro, PR, seeking to evaluate the effects of the application of the trinexapac-ethyil in different times and of doses of nitrogen on wheat, cultivars (VANTE and BRS 77). The experimental field was blocks at random in factorial outline 4x4 with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of the combination of 100 g i.a ha -1 of applied trinexapac-ethyl among the 1º and 2º visible knot of the wheat, 2º and 3º visible knot, sequential application on half of the dose between the 1º and the 2º visible knot and half between the 2º and 3º visibleknot, besides the witness without trinexapac-ethyl apllication. The doses of nitrogen were of 90, 135, 180 and 225 kg.ha - 1 fot to AVANTE and 60,90, 120 and 150 kg.ha - 1 for to BRS 177. They were certain the stand, tillers numbers for plant, height of plants, diameter of the stem, lengthof the stem, length of thes stem among the leaf flag unitl the insert of the erar, lodging in the antesis and in the pre-cropo haverst, tenor of nitrogen in the leaves, yield and yield componentes and industrial quality of thewheat. The trinexapac-ethyl was efficient in reducing the length of the he/she enters us, reducidng the height of the plants and lodging percentage, being the moment of application of hte trinexapac-ethyl that promotes larger effects in the height of plants in between the 2º and 3º visible knot. The application of hte trinexapac - ethyl mainly in the phase of 1º and 2º visivle knot or 2º and 3º visible knot promoted significant increase of the ears number and in the productivity of grains when compared to the treatment without application of the growth regulator in cultivar AVANTE, what didn t happen for to cultivar BRS 177. The increase of the dose of nitrogen increases the tenor of the element in the plant and it promotes larger lodging factor that can be mininmized by the application of the growth reducer. It didn t happen earnings about the production components and productivity for the increase of the doses of nitrogen, showing that the recommended doses assistg the demands of the cultivars. The industrial quality of hte wheat was not influenced by the trinexapac-ethyl application, except for to cultivate BRS 177 that presented increase of theweight hectolitric in the treatments with trinexapac-ethyl. The increase of the dose of nitrogen increased the amount of gluten humid, dry and of the Force of Gluten (W) and it reduced the weight hectolitric and Falling Number to cultivar BRS 177, in cultivar AVANTE the doses of N didn t influence the parameters regarding the industrial quality / O uso de nitrogênio na cultura do trigo visa o aumento da produtividade. No entanto, aumenta também a probabilidade de ocorrência do acamamento. Que pode ser evitado com a aplicação de reguladores de crescimento. Nesse sentido, realizou-se um experimento de campo, no município de Castro, PR, visando avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio nas cultivares de trigo AVANTE e BRS 177. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4X4 , com quatro repetições para cada cultivar. Os tratamentos constaram da combinação de 100 g i.a ha-1 de trinexapac-ethyl aplicado entre o 1º e o 2º nó visível e metade entre o 2º e o 3º nó visível, além da testemunha sem aplicação. As doses de nitrogênio em cobertura foram de 90, 135, 180 e 225 kg.ha-1 para a cultivar AVANTE e 60,90, 120 e 150 kg.ha-1 para a cultivar BRS 177. Foram avaliados o stand, números de perfilhos por planta, estatura de plantas, diâmetro de colmo, comprimento dos entre-nós, comprimento do caule do último nó e a inserção da espiga, acamamento no florescimento e na pré-colheita, teor de nitrogênio nas folhas, componentes da produção, produtividade e qualidade industrial do trigo. O Trinexapac-ethyl foi eficiente em reduzir o comprimento dos entre-nós, diminuindo a estatura das plantas e a porcentagem de acamamento, sendo o momento da aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl que promove maiores efeitos na estatura de plantas é entre o 2º e 3º nó visível. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl principalmente na fase de 1º e 2º nó visível ou 2º e 3º nó visível promoveu aumento significativo do número de espiguetas e na produtividade de grãos quando comparado ao tratamento sem aplicação do regulador de crescimento na cultivar AVANTE, o que não ocorreu para a cultivar BRS 177. O aumento da dose de nitrogênio aumenta o teor do elemento da planta e promove maior acamamento, fator que pode ser minimizado pela aplicação do redutor de crescimento. Não ocorreu ganho sobre os componentes de produção e produtividade pelo aumento das doses de nitrogênio, mostrando que as doses recomendadas atendem as exigências das cultivares. A qualidade industrial do trigo não foi influenciada pela aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl, com exceção da cultivar BRS 177 que apresentou aumento do peso hectolitrico nos tratamentos com trinexapac-ethyl. O aumento da dose de nitrogênio aumentou a quantidade de glúten úmido, seco e da Força de Glúten (W) e diminuiu o peso hectolitrico (PH) e Falling Number (FN) para cultivar BRS 117, na cultivar AVANTE as doses de N não influenciaram os parâmetros referentes à qualidade industrial.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElianaFernandes.pdf: 2300440 bytes, checksum: be71036a0fe8687a5f4c3207149fd0cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The maximization of the farm inputs use and an efficient crops management can develop the yield potential for area. With the aim of evaluate the effect of trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator and plants populations in the agronomical characteristics, diseases severity, yield components and yield of wheat cultivars with different resistance to the lodging, three experiments was established in the Farm School of the Ponta Grossa State University, in the year of 2008. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, in a factorial design 6 x 2 with four repetitions for the three experiments. The treatments consisted of six plants populations (150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 seeds of wheat m-2) and of the use or not of the trinexapac-ethyl growth regulator in the rate of 100 g ha-1, applied between 1 and 2 perceivable knot. The treatments were applied in three experiments that deferred to wheat cultivars of different lodging answers: resistance (OR-1), moderately resistant (BRS 208) and moderately susceptible (Safira). The number of tillers per plant, the foliar area per plant and the stem diameter had diminished with the increase of the plants population, independent of the cultivar. The plant height of the BRS 208 cultivar increased with the plants population increase. The plants height and the length of peduncle, had decreased with the trinexapacethyl application, as well as the lodging percentage in the BRS 208 and OR-1 cultivars. To Safira and OR-1 cultivars the yield was greater with the use of trinexapac-ethyl, but without effects in the BRS 208 cultivar. To Safira and OR-1 cultivars the yield adjustment equation in relation to the plants population was quadratic, occurring an increase of the yield with the increase of the plants population of, until a limit, variable with the cultivar. / A maximização do uso de insumos agrícolas e um manejo eficiente das lavouras podem aumentar o potencial produtivo por área. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl e de populações de plantas em características agronômicas, severidade de doenças, omponentes da produção e produtividade de cultivares de trigo, realizou-se três experimentos na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, no ano de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 com quatro repetições para os três experimentos. Os tratamentos constaram de seis populações de plantas (150, 300, 450, 600, 750 e 900 sementes de trigo m-2) e do uso ou não do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl na dose de 100 g ha-1, aplicado entre o 1º e o 2º nó perceptível. Os tratamentos foram aplicados em três experimentos que diferiram em cultivares de diferentes respostas ao acamamento: resistente (OR-1), moderadamente resistente (BRS 208) e moderadamente suscetível (Safira). O número de perfilhos por planta, a área foliar por planta e o diâmetro do colmo diminuíram com o aumento da população de plantas, independente da cultivar. A altura da planta da cultivar BRS 208 aumentou com o aumento da população de plantas. A altura das plantas e o comprimento do pedúnculo diminuíram com a aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl, bem como a porcentagem de acamamento nas cultivares BRS 208 e OR-1. Para as cultivares Safira e OR-1 a produtividade foi maior com o uso do trinexapac-ethyl, porém sem efeitos na cultivar BRS 208. Para as cultivares Safira e OR-1 a equação de ajuste da produtividade em relação à população de plantas foi quadrática, ocorrendo um aumento da produção com o aumento da população, até um limite, variável com a cultivar.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pamella Hilgemberg.pdf: 1006022 bytes, checksum: 658a9e23cc65477b9afe8672032cdf1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-19 / A correct management with lower costs in the crop can make a difference when one considers the maximization of yield for area of wheat crop management techniques should be adjusted to provide the greater profitability for producers of wheat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators and plant densities in three wheat cultivars. The experiments were deployed Farm School Capão da Onça in 2008, winter season. The treatments were sowing densities (150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 seeds m-2) and with or without the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl, in cultivars BRS208 and OR1. In the cultivar Safira, the treatments were six sowing rates (150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900 seeds m-2) and regulators, trinexapac-ethyl and cycocel & ethepon. In all experiments, the regulators were applied between 1˚ and 2 ˚ node visible. Increasing the plant population decreased the number of tillers per plant, leaf area per plant, n ˚ green leaves per plant mother and increased productivity for the cultivars safira and OR1. In the experiments did not observe the presence of lodging, even in the cultivar safira, more susceptible. To cultivate safira observed an effect of regulators in the length of flag leaf, and to cultivate OR1, trinexapac-ethyl affected the width of the flag leaf. In the cultivar safira saw the effect of regulators in the reduction in height, which occurred specifically in 2 ˚, 3˚ and 4˚ internodes. The use of growth regulators in the experiments gave a decrease of plant height, for and the cultivar safira, regulators contributed to higher productivity, which was not observed OR1 and BRS208. / Um manejo correto com custos menores na cultura pode fazer diferença quando se considera a maximização da produtividade por área da cultura do trigo. Assim, as técnicas de manejo devem ser ajustadas de forma a proporcionar maior lucratividade o aos produtores de trigo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de reguladores de crescimento e de densidades de plantio em três cultivares de trigo. Os experimentos foram implantados da Fazenda Escola Capão da Onça, no ano de 2008, safra inverno. Os tratamentos foram seis densidades de semeadura (150, 300, 450, 600, 750 e 900 sementes m-2) e o uso ou não do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl, para as cultivares BRS208 e OR1. Para a cultivar Safira, os tratamentos foram seis densidades de semeadura (150, 300, 450, 600, 750 e 900 sementes m-2) e os reguladores trinexapac-ethyl e cycocel & ethepon. Em todos os experimentos os reguladores foram aplicados entre o 1˚ e 2˚ nó visível. O aumento da população de plantas diminuiu o número de perfilhos por planta, a área foliar por planta, n˚ de folhas verdes por planta mãe e aumentou a produtividade para as cultivares safira e OR1. Nos experimentos não foi observada a presença de acamamento, mesmo na cultivar Safira, mais suscetível. Para a cultivar Safira observou-se efeito dos reguladores no comprimento da folha bandeira, e para a cultivar OR1, o trinexapac-ethyl afetou a largura da folha bandeira. Para a cultivar safira verificou-se o efeito dos reguladores na diminuição de altura, que ocorreu mais especificamente no 2˚, 3˚ e 4˚ entrenós. O uso de reguladores de crescimento nos experimentos conferiu uma diminuição de altura das plantas, e para a cultivar safira, os reguladores promoveram maior produtividade, o que não ocorreu para OR1 e BRS208.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lorena M Martins.pdf: 771181 bytes, checksum: 1ad497598f87d45c93be44bf7385481f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl aims to reduce height of wheat plants avoiding lodging and losses caused by it. In addition, causes changes leaf architecture the plant have a better utilization of solar radiation. With the aim to evaluate the effects of application times of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl with or without artificial shade at different growth stages of wheat, two experiments were carried out in the Farm School of State University of Ponta Grossa, in the municipality of Ponta Grossa, Parana, two in 2010 and one in 2011. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications in a factorial design, in 2010 was 4 x 3 (times of application of trinexapac-ethyl x time shading) in wheat cultivars Quartzo and Supera in 2011 in schedule 4 x 4 (time of application of trinexapac-ethyl x time shading), the cultivar Quartzo. Treatments consisted of four periods of application of trinexapac-ethyl (without application, tillering, between first and second perceivable knot and between second and third perceivable knot) at a dose of 100 g ha-1 in both the years and four seasons of shading (without coverage, the booting stage to silking + 15 days (x), X + 15 days) in the year 2011 three times (without coverage, the silking + 15 days (x) and X + 15 days) in 2010. No interaction was observed between treatments for the evaluated characteristics. In both trials no differences were observed for stem diameter, leaf area and harvest index. The shade did not affect the number of spikes per meter, grains per spikelet, number of tillers per plant in two years and the lowest grain yield occurred when the shading was done at the end of anthesis and grain filling (X + 15). The number of spikelets per spike was not affected by shading in the 2010 harvest, but the 2011 the period of shading done at the end of silking + 15 days increased the number of spikelets. The trinexapac-ethyl did not affect most of the yield components evaluated. Shading not affect the plant height. In the 2011 harvest, with the application of growth regulator between the first and second knot and between the second and third knot visible to the plant height was lower. The yield was not affected by timing of application of trinexapac-ethyl. In the 2011 harvest shading done at the end of anthesis and grain filling (X + 15 days) resulted in lower productivity. / O uso do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl visa reduzir a altura das plantas de trigo evitando assim o acamamento e as perdas ocasionadas por ele. Além disso, muda a arquitetura foliar fazendo com que a planta tenha um melhor aproveitamento da radiação solar. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de épocas de aplicação do regulador de crescimento trinexapacethyl associado ou não ao sombreamento artificial em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento do trigo, realizaram-se três experimentos na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, dois no ano de 2010 e um no ano de 2011. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial, sendo que no ano de 2010 foi 4 x 3 (épocas de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl x épocas de sombreamento) nas cultivares de trigo Quartzo e Supera e no ano de 2011 no esquema 4 x 4 (épocas de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl x épocas de sombreamento), na cultivar Quartzo. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro épocas de aplicação do trinexapacethyl (sem aplicação, no perfilhamento, entre o 1 e o 2 nó perceptível e entre o 2 e o 3 nó perceptível) na dose de 100 g.ha-1 em ambos anos e de quatro épocas de sombreamento artificial (sem cobertura, da fase de emborrachamento ao espigamento, do espigamento + 15 dias (x) e x + 15 dias) no ano de 2011 de três épocas (sem cobertura, do espigamento + 15 dias (x) e x + 15 dias) no ano de 2010. Não houve interação entre os tratamentos para as características avaliadas. Em ambos dos ensaios não foram observadas diferenças para diâmetro do colmo, área foliar, e índice de colheita. O sombreamento artificial não afetou o número de espigas por metro, de grãos por espigueta e de perfilhos por planta nos dois anos e o menor peso de grãos ocorreu quando o sombreamento foi realizado no final da antese e enchimento de grãos (X + 15). O número de espiguetas por espigas não foi influenciado pelo sombreamento na safra 2010, porém na safra 2011 o sombreamento no final do espigamento + 15 dias aumentou o número de espiguetas por espiga. O trinexapac-ethyl não influenciou a maioria dos componentes de produção avaliados. O sombreamento não interferiu na altura de plantas. Na safra 2011, com a aplicação do regulador de crescimento entre o primeiro e segundo nó e entre o segundo e terceiro nó perceptível a altura de plantas foi menor. A produtividade não foi afetada pelas épocas de aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl. Na safra 2011 o sombreamento artificial efetuado no final da antese e enchimento de grãos (X + 15 dias) resultou em menor produtividade.

A aplicação de micronutrientes nas sementes pode constituir alternativa interessante para a disponibilização destes elementos às plantas, reduzindo perdas e disponibilizando-os no início do desenvolvimento das mesmas, favorecendo sua utilização. O nutripriming da semente é uma técnica em que há hidratação das sementes com solução aquosa de nutrientes, associando os benefícios do priming com a disponibilização de elementos essenciais à nutrição vegetal. Assim, foi avaliada a adequação do priming para as sementes de trigo, do nutripriming com a aplicação do cobre e do manganês e a interferência desses procedimentos na qualidade da semente e no desenvolvimento da plântula; foram utilizados os cultivares Quartzo e Supera, avaliados em cinco épocas: inicial e aos 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias. Para a avaliação das sementes foram determinados o teor de água, a germinação (total e primeira contagem), a emergência da plântula (total e índice de velocidade), os comprimentos da plântula (manualmente e com o software SVIS&reg;), a condutividade elétrica e os índices de vigor e uniformidade de plântulas O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 7 x 2 (controle e doses de micronutrientes x sementes sem priming e com nutripriming), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Independentemente do cultivar, o nutripriming em sementes de trigo, utilizando doses superiores a 100 mg de Cu/kg de semente, afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento da plântula reduzindo o crescimento das raízes. A aplicação na semente de trigo, doses 10 e 33 mg de Cu/kg de semente, sem priming ou utilizando nutripriming, não causa redução da qualidade da semente e não compromete o desenvolvimento da plântula. A utilização do manganês, independentemente do cultivar e da forma de aplicação, não interfere negativamente na qualidade da semente e no desenvolvimento da plântula. / Micronutrient application through seeds may consist in an interesting alternative to provide these elements to plants, reducing losses and making them available at their initial growth stages, which may favor their utilization. Nutripriming is a technique that involves seed hydration in aqueous nutrient solution, which combines the priming benefits with the supply of essential elements for plant nutrition. Thus, this research evaluated the adequacy of priming for wheat seeds, the application of copper and manganese through nutripriming and the interference of these procedures on seed quality and seedling development. Wheat cultivars Quartzo and Supera were used; the evaluations were performed in five periods: initial (day 1), 45, 90, 135 and 180 days. Seeds were evaluated by water content, germination (total and first count), seedling emergence (total and speed index), seedlings length (manually and with SVIS&reg; software), electrical conductivity and vigor and uniformity indices seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design 7 x 2 (control and doses of micronutrients x non-primed and primed seeds). Regardless the cultivar, nutripriming of wheat seeds, at doses higher than 100 mg Cu / kg seed, negatively affects seedling development, reducing root length. The application of doses 10 and 33 mg Cu / kg seed, via seed dressing or nutripriming, does not affect seed quality and seedling development. The use of manganese, regardless the cultivar and application type, does not interfere on seed quality and seedling development.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Lorena_Maia_Noreto.pdf: 1204258 bytes, checksum: 13d5a3e9e5a92c9d8ebf5436c3142a61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to determine the growing degree-days sum and the relationship between the period length from sowing to physiological maturity and sowing dates of thirteen wheat cultivars, in the Palotina PR and Cascavel - PR. The data on wheat crop were colected by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) and correspond to the harvests of 2006 to 2011. The treatments consisted of 13 wheat cultivars, 3 sowing dates for Cascavel and 4 sowing dates for Palotina. The data used for the analysis were: Total elapsed days from sowing to the silking and to physiological maturity, and of the silking to physiological maturity, along with the growing degree-days sum for these periods, beyond grains yield and hectoliter weight. The results indicate that the average length of sowing to silking was 64 days for Palotina and 71 days for Cascavel. For the period from silking to physiological maturity the average length was 56 days for Palotina and 54 days for Cascavel. The increase in length of time from sowing to silking in cultivars sowed in May 25th (JD 145) was due to the decrease in air temperature. The average of growing degree-days sum between the period from sowing to physiological maturity was 1487, for both locations. The cultivars that stood out presenting a shorter period of silking to physiological maturity and high productivity were the cultivars CD 114, CD 120 and CD 124 for Palotina and CD 114, CD 120, CD 121, CD 122, CD 124 and Onix for Cascavel / O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o acúmulo de graus-dia e a relação entre a duração do período da semeadura a maturação fisiológica e as datas de semeadura de treze cultivares de trigo, nos municípios de Palotina - PR e Cascavel PR. Os dados referentes a cultura do trigo foram cedidos pela Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) correspondente as safras agrícolas de 2006 a 2011. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 13 cultivares de trigo, 3 datas de semeadura para Cascavel e 4 datas de semeadura para Palotina. Os dados utilizados para a análise foram: totais de dias transcorridos da semeadura ao espigamento e a maturação fisiológica e do espigamento a maturação fisiológica, juntamente com o acúmulo de graus-dia para estes períodos, além do rendimento de grãos e peso hectolitro. Os resultados indicam que a duração média do período da semeadura ao espigamento foi de 64 dias para Palotina e 71 dias para Cascavel. Para o período do espigamento a maturação fisiológica a duração média foi de 56 dias para Palotina e 54 dias para Cascavel. O aumento na duração do período da semeadura ao espigamento para cultivares semeados em 25 de Maio (DJ 145) ocorreu em virtude da diminuição da temperatura do ar. O acúmulo médio de graus-dia entre o período da semeadura a maturação fisiológica foi de 1487 para as duas localidades. Os cultivares que destacaram-se, apresentando um menor período do espigamento a maturação fisiológica e com boa produtividade foram os cultivares CD 114, CD 120 e CD 124 para Palotina e CD 114, CD 120, CD 121, CD 122, CD 124 e Onix para Cascavel

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane_Pauly.pdf: 986474 bytes, checksum: edb5179048924602bc98f262392d5036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate, in two cultivars of wheat agronomic characteristics and technological quality of flour depending on the spacing. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a 4 x 2 factorial, with the first factor refers to the spacing (20 cm, 28 cm, 36 cm end 40 cm) and the second factor refers cultivars (CD 150 and BRS Tarumã). The experiment was set up in Santa Tereza do Oeste/PR in May 2011 and the crop was harvested at 126 DAE for cultivar CD 150 and 168 DAE for BRS Tarumã. The yield and grain moisture were reduced with increasing spacing 3.98% and 26.18% respectively. The hectolitre weight, the thousand grain weight, moisture of flour, ash dry basis, falling number and flour color were not affected by increasing spacing. The cultivar CD 150 showed lighter color, higher hectolitre weight, less ash and fewer drop compared to BRS Tarumã / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em duas cultivares de trigo as características de interesse agronômico e a qualidade tecnológica da farinha em função do espaçamento entre linhas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo que, o primeiro fator refere-se ao espaçamento entre linhas (20 cm, 28 cm, 36 cm e 40 cm) e o segundo fator refere-se as cultivares (CD 150 e BRS Tarumã). O experimento foi instalado em Santa Tereza do Oeste/PR em maio de 2011 e a colheita foi realizada aos 126 DAE para a cultivar CD 150 e 168 DAE para a cultivar BRS Tarumã. A produtividade e a umidade de grãos foram reduzidas com o aumento do espaçamento em 3,98% e 26,18% respectivamente. O peso hectolitro, a massa de mil grãos, a umidade da farinha, o teor de cinzas base seca, o número de queda e a cor da farinha não foram influenciados pelo aumento do espaçamento entre linhas. A cultivar CD 150 apresentou cor mais clara, maior peso hectolitro, menor teor de cinzas e menor número de queda em relação à BRS Tarumã